Timeline of Polish science and technology

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
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Polish science and technology
)
Maria Skłodowska-Curie, Stanisław Ulam, and Benoit Mandelbrot

Education has been of prime interest to Poland's rulers since the early 12th century. The catalog of the library of the Cathedral Chapter in

Cracow Academy, which would become one of the great universities of Europe.[1] The Polish people have made considerable contributions in the fields of science, technology and mathematics.[2] The list of famous scientists in Poland begins in earnest with the polymath, astronomer and mathematician Nicolaus Copernicus, who formulated the heliocentric theory and sparked the European Scientific Revolution.[3]

In 1773 King

Commission of National Education (Polish: Komisja Edukacji Narodowej, KEN), the world's first ministry of education.[4]

After the

Maria Skłodowska-Curie, a physicist and chemist living in France. Another noteworthy one was Ignacy Domeyko, a geologist and mineralogist who worked in Chile.[6]

In the first half of the 20th century, Poland was a flourishing center of mathematics. Outstanding Polish mathematicians formed the

Benoît Mandelbrot, whose family left Poland when he was still a child. An alumnus of the Warsaw School of Mathematics was Antoni Zygmund, one of the shapers of 20th-century mathematical analysis. According to NASA, Polish scientists were among the pioneers of rocketry.[9]

Today Poland has over 100 institutions of post-secondary education — technical, medical, economic, as well as 500 universities — which are located in most major cities such as Gdańsk, Kraków, Lublin, Łódź, Poznań, Rzeszów, Toruń, Warsaw and Wrocław.[10] They employ over 61,000 scientists and scholars. Another 300 research and development institutes are home to some 10,000 researchers. There are, in addition, a number of smaller laboratories. All together, these institutions support some 91,000 scientists and scholars.

Timeline

From 2001

ESO
accession agreement with Poland 2014.

1951–2000

Copernicus Monument
.
Mandelbrot Set
extrasolar planet PSR B1257+12
.
  • PT-91, Polish main battle tank. Designed at the Research and Development Centre of Mechanical Systems OBRUM (Ośrodek Badawczo-Rozwojowy Urządzeń Mechanicznych) in Gliwice
  • Grom (missile), an anti-aircraft missile
  • 206FM
    , class minesweeper (NATO: "Krogulec")
  • Meteor (rocket), a series of sounding rockets (1963)
  • PZL TS-11 Iskra, a jet trainer aircraft, used by the air forces of Poland and India (1960)
  • Lim-6
    , attack aircraft (1955)
  • Andrzej Trybulec, Polish mathematician who designed the Mizar system in 1973. The system consists of a formal language for writing mathematical definitions and proofs, a proof assistant, which is able to mechanically check proofs written in this language, and a library of formalized mathematics, which can be used in the proof of new theorems; it was designed by [51]
  • Mieczysław G. Bekker, Polish engineer and scientist, co-authored the general idea and contributed significantly to the design and construction of the Lunar Roving Vehicle used by missions Apollo 15, Apollo 16, and Apollo 17 on the Moon.[52]
  • The Polish Academy of Sciences, headquartered in Warsaw, was founded in 1951.[53]
  • immunologist, inventor of the world's first effective live polio vaccine (1950).[54]
.
  • OGLE project, which led to the such significant discoveries as the detection of the first merger of a binary star, first Cepheid pulsating stars in the eclipsing binary systems, unique nova systems, quasars and galaxies.[55]
  • endocrinologist and Nobel Prize laureate (1977).[58] His research contributed to the discovery that the hypothalamus controls hormone production and release by the pituitary gland, which controls the regulation of other hormones in the body.[59]
  • Tomasz Dietl, Polish physicist; known for developing the theory, confirmed in recent years, of diluted ferromagnetic semiconductors, and for demonstrating new methods in controlling magnetization.[60]
  • Peres-Horodecki criterion.[61]
Ball and stick model of a single layer of the Kevlar crystal structure.
nuclides
, ordered by number of protons and neutrons. The expected location of the island of stability around Z = 112 is circled.
Kordylewski clouds exist in the regions of L4 and L5
.

1901–1950

cryptologists who worked at breaking the German Enigma ciphers before and during World War II
.
Teller–Ulam design (a staged fusion bomb), with a yield
of 10.4 megatons on 1 November 1952.
Lwów School of Mathematics in 1930.
PZL.37 Łoś twin-engine medium bomber
Drzewiecki-designed submarine built in 1881 and now in the Central Naval Museum, Saint Petersburg.
Chemical element Protactinium (Pa) was discovered by Kazimierz Fajans in 1913.
Banach-Tarski paradox
.
Cover of Argonauts of the Western Pacific (1922), a seminal work of Bronisław Malinowski.
The Maurzyce Bridge designed by Stefan Bryła in 1928, is the first welded road bridge in the world.

1851–1900

Maria Skłodowska-Curie
Nobel Prize Diploma from 1911.
Ignacy Łukasiewicz Monument in Bóbrka, where he established the world's first oil field in 1854.
Frames from Rink in Łazienki film shot in the 1890s by Kazimierz Prószyński with his pleograph device.
zwitterionic form of adrenaline. The hormone was discovered by Napoleon Cybulski
in 1895.
L.L. Zamenhof
, Esperanto is the world's most successful constructed language.
Ludwik Rydygier Monument in Chełmno, where he performed his pioneering surgical procedures in the 1880s.
Ferrocarril Central Andino, constructed by Ernest Malinowski between 1871–1876, was the world's highest railway line at the time.

1801–1850

1701–1800

1601–1700

Engraving of Hevelius' 46 m (150 ft) focal-length telescope.
  • Adam Adamandy Kochański, Polish mathematician, physicist and clockmaker found an approximation of π today called the Kochański's Approximation (1685).[228] He also suggested replacing the clock's pendulum with a spring (1659), constructed a clock with a magnetic pendulum (1667), and was the author of the world's first systematic paper on the construction of clocks.
  • Johannes Hevelius was an astronomer who published the earliest exact maps of the moon and the most complete star catalog of his time, containing 1,564 stars. In 1641 he built an observatory in his house; he is known as "the founder of lunar topography".[229]
  • Jan Brożek (Ioannes Broscius) was the most prominent 17th-century Polish mathematician. Following his death, his collection of Nicolaus Copernicus' letters and documents, which he had borrowed 40 years earlier with the intent of writing a biography of Copernicus, was lost.
  • Kazimierz Siemienowicz, Polish–Lithuanian general of artillery, gunsmith, military engineer, and pioneer of rocketry who developed the concept of a multistage rocket.
  • John II Casimir, founded the University of Lviv (1661).[230]
  • Jesuit missionary to China, scientist and explorer; he is notable as one of the first westerners to travel within the Chinese mainland, and the author of numerous works on Asian fauna, flora and geography. He was the first in Europe to describe Korea as a peninsula, as until then it was believed to be an island, and the first in Europe to establish the factual location of a number of Chinese cities and the Great Wall of China.[231]
  • Adam Freytag, mathematician and military engineer, wrote Architectura militaris nova et aucta, the first manual of bastion fortifications of the so-called Old Dutch system (1631).
  • Krzysztof Arciszewski, Polish–Lithuanian nobleman, military officer, engineer, and ethnographer. Arciszewski also served as a general of artillery for the Netherlands and Poland
  • Jan Jonston
    , Polish scholar and physician of Scottish descent; author of Thautomatographia naturalis (1632) and Idea universae medicinae practicae (1642)
Michał Sędziwój, who discovered that air is not a single substance and contains a life-giving substance (later called oxygen), on a painting by Jan Matejko
.
  • saltpetre); this substance, the 'central nitre', had a central position in Sendivogius' schema of the universe.[232]

1501–1600

  • Bartholomäus Keckermann, A Short Commentary on Navigation (the first one written in Poland)
  • Josephus Struthius, he published in 1555 Sphygmicae artis iam mille ducentos perditae et desideratae libri V. in which he described five types of pulse, the diagnostic meaning of those types, and the influence of body temperature and nervous system on pulse. This was one of books used by William Harvey in his works
  • philosopher and physician who lectured and published notable works in the field of medicine.[233]
Nicolaus Copernicus on a painting by Jan Matejko.

Middle Ages

Collegium Maius, Jagiellonian University, Kraków.

See also

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Bibliography

External links