Timeline of Polish science and technology
Education has been of prime interest to Poland's rulers since the early 12th century. The catalog of the library of the Cathedral Chapter in
In 1773 King
After the
In the first half of the 20th century, Poland was a flourishing center of mathematics. Outstanding Polish mathematicians formed the
Today Poland has over 100 institutions of post-secondary education — technical, medical, economic, as well as 500 universities — which are located in most major cities such as Gdańsk, Kraków, Lublin, Łódź, Poznań, Rzeszów, Toruń, Warsaw and Wrocław.[10] They employ over 61,000 scientists and scholars. Another 300 research and development institutes are home to some 10,000 researchers. There are, in addition, a number of smaller laboratories. All together, these institutions support some 91,000 scientists and scholars.
Timeline
From 2001
- supermassive black hole at the centre of Messier 87.[12]
- Olga Malinkiewicz, Polish physicist and inventor of a method of producing solar cells based on perovskites using inkjet printing.[13]
- air quality and its impact on human health, with a specific focus on atmospheric fine, ultrafine and nanoparticles. In 2020, she contributed to the area of airborne infection transmission of viruses, including COVID-19.[14]
- Poland joins the European Southern Observatory ESO (2014), 16-nation intergovernmental research organisation for astronomy.[16]
- Poland becomes a member the European Space Agency (2012).[17]
- PW-Sat, the first Polish satellite was launched into space (2012); other Polish satellites include Lem and Heweliusz.[18]
- Piorun (missile), a man-portable air-defense system designed to destroy low-flying aircraft, airplanes, helicopters and unmanned aerial vehicles.[19]
- Polish
- Warsaw University announced a joint development of acquisition technology of large pieces of graphene with the best quality so far.[22] In April the same year, Polish scientists with support from the Polish Ministry of Economy began the procedure for granting a patent to their discovery around the world.[23]
- Maximal entropy random walk (MERW) is a popular type of biased random walk on a graph, used e.g. in complex network analysis, image analysis, tractography, physics, which was started by article[24] from Jagiellonian University.
- high pressure physics. In 2001, he led a team of Polish scientists who built a blue semiconductor laser, first blue laser in Poland and third in the world.[25]
- decoherence and non-equilibrium dynamics of symmetry breaking and resulting defect generation; Kibble–Zurek mechanism, Kibble–Zurek scaling laws, quantum discord, einselection,[26] quantum Darwinism, no-cloning theorem.[27]
1951–2000
- microlensing.
- Janusz Pawliszyn, Polish chemist, inventor of solid-phase microextraction (SPME).[32]
- Janusz Brzozowski, Polish-Canadian computer scientist known for developing the Brzozowski derivative and Brzozowski's algorithm.[35]
- PSR 1257+12, a pulsar located 2,630 light years from Earth. It is believed to be orbited by at least four planets.[36]
- Tadeusz Reichstein, Polish-Swiss chemist and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine laureate (1950), who was awarded for his work on the isolation of cortisone.[37]
- Władysław Świątecki, Polish physicist noted for pioneering research in nuclear physics including the nuclear shell model[38] and for independently predicting the existence of the so-called island of stability.[39]
- Jack Tramiel, Polish American businessman, best known for founding Commodore International; Commodore PET, VIC-20 and Commodore 64 are some home computers produced while he was running the company.[40]
- Foundation For Polish Science - a non-governmental organisation aiming at supporting academics with high potential - since (1991)[41]
- Stanisław Kamiński, Polish aeronautical engineer, designer of PZL W-3 Sokół, a helicopter, FAA certificate in (1989)[42]
- computer networks; he was one of the two independent inventors of packet switching, which is today the dominant basis for data communications in computer networks worldwide.[43]
- Walkie-Talkies and one of the authors of his company success in the fields of radio communication.[44]
- Flaris LAR01, Polish five-seat single-engined very light jet, currently under development by Metal-Master of Jelenia Góra.[46]
- hybrid buses from the Solaris Urbino series for city communication services manufactured by Solaris Bus & Coach in Bolechowo near Poznań in Poland.[47]
- PZL Kania, a helicopter, first prototype (1979), FAR-29 certificate (early 1980s).[48]
- Odra (computer), a line of computers manufactured in Wrocław (1959/1960)[49]
- FB MSBS, an assault rifle developed by FB "Łucznik" Radom
- Łucznik Arms Factory in the city of Radom
- Polish Polar Station, Hornsund was established in 1957.[50]
- PZL Swidnik
- EP-09, 'B0B0' Polish electric locomotive class
- PT-91, Polish main battle tank. Designed at the Research and Development Centre of Mechanical Systems OBRUM (Ośrodek Badawczo-Rozwojowy Urządzeń Mechanicznych) in Gliwice
- Grom (missile), an anti-aircraft missile
- 206FM, class minesweeper (NATO: "Krogulec")
- Meteor (rocket), a series of sounding rockets (1963)
- PZL TS-11 Iskra, a jet trainer aircraft, used by the air forces of Poland and India (1960)
- Lim-6, attack aircraft (1955)
- Andrzej Trybulec, Polish mathematician who designed the Mizar system in 1973. The system consists of a formal language for writing mathematical definitions and proofs, a proof assistant, which is able to mechanically check proofs written in this language, and a library of formalized mathematics, which can be used in the proof of new theorems; it was designed by [51]
- Mieczysław G. Bekker, Polish engineer and scientist, co-authored the general idea and contributed significantly to the design and construction of the Lunar Roving Vehicle used by missions Apollo 15, Apollo 16, and Apollo 17 on the Moon.[52]
- The Polish Academy of Sciences, headquartered in Warsaw, was founded in 1951.[53]
- immunologist, inventor of the world's first effective live polio vaccine (1950).[54]
- OGLE project, which led to the such significant discoveries as the detection of the first merger of a binary star, first Cepheid pulsating stars in the eclipsing binary systems, unique nova systems, quasars and galaxies.[55]
- endocrinologist and Nobel Prize laureate (1977).[58] His research contributed to the discovery that the hypothalamus controls hormone production and release by the pituitary gland, which controls the regulation of other hormones in the body.[59]
- Tomasz Dietl, Polish physicist; known for developing the theory, confirmed in recent years, of diluted ferromagnetic semiconductors, and for demonstrating new methods in controlling magnetization.[60]
- Peres-Horodecki criterion.[61]
- Stephanie Kwolek, American chemist of Polish origin, who in 1965 created the first of a family of synthetic fibers of exceptional strength and stiffness. The best-known member is Kevlar, a material used in protective vests as well as in boats, airplanes, ropes, cables, and much more—in total about 200 applications.[62]
- Andrzej Szczeklik, Polish immunologist; credited with discovering the anti-thrombotic properties of aspirin, and studies on the pathogenesis and treatment of aspirin-induced bronchial asthma.[63]
- Antoni Zygmund, Polish mathematician, considered one of the greatest analysts of the 20th century.[64]
- Nobel Prize in Economics.[65]
- Artur Ekert, Polish physicist; one of the pioneers of quantum cryptography.[66]
- Jacek Pałkiewicz, Polish journalist, traveler and explorer; fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, discoverer of the sources of the Amazon River (1996).[67]
- Warsaw School of Mathematics; Kuratowski's theorem, Kuratowski-Zorn lemma; Kuratowski closure axioms.[68][69]
- Tadek Marek, Polish automobile engineer, known for his Aston Martin engines.[70]
- Radon-Nikodym property.[71]
- Kazimierz Dąbrowski, Polish psychologist; he developed the theory of positive disintegration, which describes how a person's development grows as a result of accumulated experiences (1929).[73]
- Jerzy Pniewski and Marian Danysz, Polish physicists discovered hypernucleus in 1952.[74]
- semantic primes.[75]
- Michał Misiurewicz, Polish mathematician known for his contributions to chaotic dynamical systems and fractal geometry, notably the Misiurewicz point.[76]
- Andrzej Grzegorczyk, Polish mathematician; he introduced the Grzegorczyk hierarchy - a subrecursive hierarchy that foreshadowed computational complexity theory.
- Stanisław Jaśkowski, Polish mathematician; he is regarded as one of the founders of natural deduction, which he discovered independently of Gerhard Gentzen in the 1930s; he was among the first to propose a formal calculus of inconsistency-tolerant (or paraconsistent) logic; furthermore, Jaśkowski was a pioneer in the investigation of both intuitionistic logic and free logic.[77][78]
- neural plasticity, and he developed theoretical ideas regarding it.[81]
- social interactions based on information processing which significantly influenced the development of socionics.[82]
- heart transplant in Poland;[83]in 1995 he was the first surgeon to graft an artificial valve created from materials taken from human corpses; in 2004 Religa and his team developed an implantable pump for a pneumatic heart assistance system.
- Maria Siemionow, a renowned Polish transplantation surgeon and scientist who gained world recognition when she led a team of eight surgeons through the world's first near-total face transplant at the Cleveland Clinic in 2008.[84]
- ophthalmologist; he pioneered the use of cryosurgery in ophthalmology;[85] he was the first to describe a method of cataract extraction by cryoadhesion in 1961,[86]and to develop a probe by means of which cataracts can be grasped and extracted.
- eradicating the disease.[87]
- Stefan Kudelski, Polish audio engineer known for creating the Nagra series of professional audio recorders.[89]
- Zdzisław Pawlak, Polish mathematician and computer scientist; known for his contribution to many branches of theoretical computer science; he is credited with introducing the rough set theory and also known for his fundamental works on it; he had also introduced the Pawlak flow graphs, a graphical framework for reasoning from data.[90]
- Samuel Eilenberg, Polish-American mathematician, Eilenberg–MacLane space, Eilenberg–Mazur swindle, Eilenberg–Maclane spectrum, Eilenberg–Steenrod axioms.[91][92]
- Jan Czekanowski, Polish anthropologist, ethnographer, statistician and linguist; one of the founders of computational linguistics,[93] he introduced the Czekanowski binary index.
- Friedlander-Iwaniec theorem.[94]
- risk measures.[95]
- Einstein field equation, the Robinson-Trautman gravitational waves.[98]
- Osman Achmatowicz Jr., Polish chemist. He is credited with discovering the Achmatowicz reaction (1971).[99]
- paleobiologist. In the mid-1960s, she led a series of Polish-Mongolian paleontological expeditions to the Gobi Desert. She discovered such dinosaur species as Deinocheirus and Gallimimus.[100][101]
- Jerzy Vetulani, Polish neuroscientist and biochemist. He is known for his early hypothesis of the mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs, suggesting in 1975 together with Fridolin Sulser that downregulation of beta-adrenergic receptors is responsible for their effects.[102][103]
- Zbyszek Darzynkiewicz, Polish-American cell biologist active in cancer research and in developing new methods in histochemistry for flow cytometry.[104]
- polyomavirus — capable of causing cancers in laboratory mice.[105]
- Ryszard Gryglewski, Polish physician and pharmacologist. He co-discovered prostacyclin (1976), which set off many further scientific discoveries.[106]
- oncologist. He conducted research on drug resistance and molecular genetics and is known for the Szybalski's rule.[107][108]
- Bogdan Baranowski, Polish chemist who made notable contributions to the study of non-equilibrium thermodynamics and solid state physical chemistry. He discovered nickel hydride in 1958.[109]
1901–1950
- land mines. It contributed substantially to British Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery's 1942 victory over German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel at El Alamein.[110]
- Marian Rejewski, Polish mathematician who was among the team of Polish cryptologists who broke the Enigma machine in the 1930s. In 1938, he designed the Cryptologic bomb, a special-purpose machine to speed the breaking of the Enigma machine ciphers that would be used by Nazi Germany in World War II. It was a forerunner of the "Bombes" that would be used by the British at Bletchley Park, and which would be a major element in the Allied Ultra program that may have decided the outcome of World War II.[111][112]
- Biuro Szyfrów (Cipher Bureau) was the Polish military intelligence agency that made the first break (1932, just as Adolf Hitler was about to take power in Germany) into the German Enigma machine cipher that would be used by Nazi Germany through World War II, and kept reading Enigma ciphers at least until France's capitulationin June 1940.
- Jan Czochralski, Polish chemist credited with inventing the Czochralski method, a technique of crystal growth used to obtain single crystals of semiconductors (e.g. silicon, germanium and gallium arsenide), metals (e.g. palladium, platinum, silver, gold) and salts (1916). The method is still used in over 90 percent of all electronics in the world that use semiconductors.[113]
- Joseph Rotblat, Polish physicist who worked on the Manhattan Project, Nobel laureate.[114]
- Huff-Duff, and enabled the bearings of U-boats to be determined when the U-boats made high frequency radio transmissions.[117]
- Rudolf Gundlach, Polish engineer who designed the Vickers Tank Periscope MK.IV, the first device to allow the tank commander to have a 360-degree view from his turret (1936).[118][119]
- Jan Łukasiewicz, Polish mathematician and logician who invented the Polish notation, also known as prefix notation, is a method of mathematical expression (1920).[120]
- Reverse Polish notation, (RPN), also known as postfix notation (1920)
- Enigma ciphers.[121]
- Banach-Tarski paradox, Banach algebra, Functional analysis, Banach fixed-point theorem, uniform boundedness principle, Banach–Alaoglu theorem and Banach measure.
- Lwów School of Mathematics was a group of eminent Polish mathematicians that included Hugo Steinhaus, Stanisław Ulam, Mark Kac and many more.[123]
- CAT scan.[124]
- Tadeusz Banachiewicz, Polish astronomer, inventor of the chronocinematograph (1927).[125][126]
- Second World War(1935).
- Piotr Wilniewczyc, Polish engineer and arms designer. He designed FB Vis, a 9×19mm caliber, single-action, semi-automatic pistol.
- PZL.23 Karaś, light bomber and reconnaissance aircraft designed in the PZL (1934)
- Zygmunt Pulawski, Polish aircraft designer. He designed in the early 1930s PZL P.11, Polish fighter aircraft. It was briefly the most advanced fighter aircraft of its kind in the world.
- Jerzy Dąbrowski, Polish aeronautical engineer. He designed in the mid-1930s PZL.37 Łoś, twin-engine medium bomber.[127]
- Zbysław Ciołkosz, Polish aircraft designer who designed LWS-6 Żubr, initially a passenger plane. Since the Polish airline LOT bought Douglas DC-2 planes instead, the project was converted to a bomber aircraft (early-1930s).
- SS Sołdek, the first ship built in Poland after World War II (1948)
- Alfred Korzybski, Polish philosopher and mathematician who developed the field of general semantics and is known for the map–territory relation.[128]
- Mieczysław Wolfke, Polish physicist considered "one of precursors in the development of holography" (a quote from Dennis Gabor).[129]
- Banach-Steinhaus theorem, three-gap theorem.[130]
- LWS, an abbreviation name used by Polish aircraft manufacturer Lubelska Wytwórnia Samolotów (1936–1939)
- PZL, an abbreviation name used by Polish aerospace manufacturers (1928–present)
- RWD, an abbreviation name used by Polish aircraft manufacturer (1920–1940)
- TKS, a tankette (1931)
- Stetysz(1929).
- RWD-1, sports plane of 1928, constructed by the RWD
- Polish Army during the Invasion of Polandof 1939.
- Feynman-Smoluchowski ratchet.[131]
- Kazimierz Fajans, Polish physical chemist, the co-discoverer of chemical element protactinium (1913).[132] He is also known for the Fajans' rules, Fajan's and Soddy's law, Fajans–Paneth–Hahn Law and Fajans method.[133]
- Banach-Tarski paradox, Tarski's axioms, Tarski's undefinability theorem, semantic theory of truth, Tarski monster group, Jónsson–Tarski duality.[136][137]
- Wacław Sierpiński, known for outstanding contributions to set theory (research on the axiom of choice and the continuum hypothesis), number theory, theory of functions and topology; Sierpiński triangle, Sierpiński carpet, Sierpiński curve, Sierpiński number.[138][139]
- Wiktor Kemula, Polish chemist. He developed the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE).
- Aleksander Jabłoński, Polish physicist, known for Jablonski diagram.[140]
- beautician, entrepreneur and inventor. As a founder of the cosmetics giant Max Factor & Company, he largely developed the modern cosmetics industry in the United States.[141]
- Mertens's theorems.[142]
- windscreen wipers.[143]
- Rudolf Weigl, Polish biologist and inventor of the first effective vaccine against epidemic typhus.[144]
- ABO blood types.[145]
- mathematical modelsand statistical data to economic questions.
- Zarankiewicz crossing number conjecture.
- Juliusz Schauder, Polish mathematician known for Schauder basis, Schauder fixed-point theorem, Schauder estimates, Banach–Schauder theorem and Faber-Schauder system.
- Ralph Modjeski, Polish civil engineer who achieved prominence as a pre-eminent bridge designer in the United States.[149][150]
- Wojciech Świętosławski, Polish chemist and physicist, considered the father of thermochemistry
- Józef Tykociński, Polish engineer and a pioneer of sound-on-filmtechnology
- phase transfer catalysis reactions.[151]
- Bronisław Malinowski, Polish anthropologist, often considered one of the most important 20th-century anthropologists. His writings on ethnography, social theory, and field research have exerted a profound influence on the discipline of anthropology.[152]
- cosmonaut; the first Polish person in space.[153]
- Henryk Arctowski, Polish scientist, explorer and an internationally renowned meteorologist; a pioneer in the exploration of Antarctica.[154][155]
- French Academy of Science as fundamental in the development of modern propellers.
- Tadeusz Tański, Polish automobile engineer and the designer of, among others, the first Polish serially-built automobile, the CWS T-1
- Leonard Danilewicz, Polish engineer, he came up with a concept for a frequency-hopping spread spectrum.[157]
- Florian Znaniecki, Polish sociologist and philosopher; he made significant contributions to sociological theory and introduced such concepts as humanistic coefficient and culturalism; he is the co-author of The Polish Peasant in Europe and America, which is considered the foundation of modern empirical sociology.[158]
- brain waves.[159]
- Andrzej Schinzel, Polish mathematician, studying mainly number theory; Schinzel's hypothesis H, Davenport–Schinzel sequence
- Witold Hurewicz, Polish mathematician; Hurewicz space, Hurewicz theorem.[161]
- Józef Wierusz-Kowalski, Polish physicist, discoverer of the phenomenon of progressive phosphorescence.[162]
- Henryk Derczyński, Polish photographer. He developed the isohelia technology, a technique that sharpens contrasts and defines three-dimensional images.[163]
- Sendzimir mill and Sendzimir process.[167]
- Leopold Infeld, Polish physicist known for Born–Infeld model, Einstein–Infeld–Hoffmann equations and Infeld–Van der Waerden symbols.[169]
- Eugène Minkowski, Polish psychiatrist and emigrant to France, known for his incorporation of phenomenology into psychopathology.[170]
- tandem rotor helicopter designs and created the compound helicopter concept of vectored thrust using a ducted propeller.[171]
- Władysław Świątecki, Polish airman and inventor known for the Swiatecki bomb slip.
- Jakub Karol Parnas, Polish-Soviet biochemist. He co-discovered the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway, the most common type of glycolysis,[172] and phosphorolysis.[173]
- Turbomecain France.
1851–1900
- Zygmunt Wróblewski and Karol Olszewski, the first to liquefy oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in a stable state (not, as had been the case up to then, in a dynamic state in the transitional form as vapour) (1833).[175]
- Zygmunt Florenty Wróblewski discovers carbon dioxide clathrate (1882).[176]
- The Polish Academy of Learning, an academy of sciences, was founded in Krakówin 1872.
- Casimir Zeglen, inventor of one of the first bulletproof vests.[179][180]
- botanist; he coined the term of phytosociology and was one of the founders of this branch of botany (1896).[181]
- Jan Szczepanik, Polish inventor, with several hundred patents and over 50 discoveries to his name, many of which are still applied today, especially in the motion picture industry, as well as in photography and television, which include telectroscope and colorimeter.[182]
- blood tests.[183]
- sociologist, "one of the forerunners of scientific sociology".[184]
- Antoni Leśniowski, Polish surgeon, discoverer of Leśniowski-Crohn's disease.[185]
- neurologist and psychiatrist, his name in medicine is linked to Redlich-Flatau syndrome, Flatau-Sterling torsion dystonia, Flatau-Schidler disease and Flatau's law. He published a human brain atlas (1894), wrote a fundamental book on migraine (1912), established the localization principle of long fibers in the spinal cord (1893), and with Sterling published an early paper (1911) on progressive torsion spasm in children and suggested that the disease has a genetic component.
- Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky, Polish-Russian engineer and electrician; inventor of the three-phase electric power system. In 1891, he also created a three-phase transformer and short-circuited (squirrel-cage) induction motor.[187][188]
- Babinski sign, a pathological plantar reflex indicative of corticospinal tract damage.[189]
- Ernest Malinowski, Polish engineer, he constructed at that time the world's highest railway Ferrocarril Central Andino in the Peruvian Andes in 1871–1876.[191][192]
- Bruno Abakanowicz, Polish mathematician and electrical engineer, inventor of the integraph,[193] spirograph, parabolagraph and an electric arc lamp of his own design.[194]
- Vistula River in Warsaw known as the Kierbedź Bridge; he designed and supervised the construction of dozens of bridges, railway lines, ports and other objects in Central and Eastern Europe.
- entomologist and philosopher; his ground-breaking studies and scientific publications laid down the foundations of malacology
- Ludwik Zamenhof, Polish medical doctor, inventor and writer; creator of Esperanto, the most successful constructed language in the world.[195]
- physiologist and a pioneer of endocrinology and electroencephalography; discoverer of adrenaline (1895).[196]
- Patek Philippe & Co., one of the most famous watchmaker companies in the world.[199]
- resection; in 1884 he introduced a new method of surgical peptic ulcer treatment using Gastroenterostomy; Rydygier proposed (1900) original concepts for removing prostatic adenoma and introduced many other surgical techniques that are successfully used to date.[201]
- apiculture".
- Stanisław Leśniewski, philosopher and logician, known for coining the term mereology.[204]
- Stanisław Kostanecki, Polish chemist known for the Kostanecki acylation.[205]
- amino acids rather than being preformed on a protein molecule and that it is accompanied by binding of carbon dioxide. He also discovered rhodanine in 1877.[206]
- surface chemistry and is known for the Szyszkowski equation.[207]
- medical gloves during surgery. He is known for Mikulicz' disease, Heineke–Mikulicz strictureplasty, Mikulicz's drain.
- Aleksander Możajski, Polish-Russian aviation pioneer, researcher and designer of Mozhaysky's airplane.[209][210]
- inventor. He is best known as the co-creator of the technology of arc welding (along with Nikolay Benardos).[211]
- Karol Adamiecki, Polish engineer and management theorist. He invented a novel means of displaying interdependent processes so as to enhance the visibility of production schedules (1896). With minor modifications, Adamiecki's chart is now more commonly referred to in English as the Gantt chart.[212]
- achylia. It was one of the first observations of Helicobacter pylori. He published those findings in 1899 in a book titled "Podręcznik chorób żołądka" ("Handbook of Gastric Diseases"). His findings were independently confirmed by Robin Warren and Barry Marshall, who received the Nobel Prize in 2005.[213]
- Albert Wojciech Adamkiewicz, Polish pathologist. His research of the variable vascularity of the spinal cord was an important contribution to the development of modern clinical vascular surgery. He is known for Artery of Adamkiewicz and Adamkiewicz reaction.[214]
- Bosnian waters. The discovery enabled the development of vaccines for numerous infectious diseases of humans and animals.[215]
- Adam Bruno Wikszemski , inventor of a device for phonographic recording of sound vibrations (1889)[216]
- Ivan Yarkovsky, Polish-Russian civil engineer. He is credited with the discovery of the Yarkovsky effect and the co-discovery the YORP effect.[217]
1801–1850
- Felix Wierzbicki, physician and geographer, author of California as It Is and as It May Be, or A Guide to the Gold Region, the first English-language geographic overview and guide to California (1849)[218]
- Ignacy Domeyko - geologist and mineralogist, a geological map of Chile, describing the Jurassic rock formations, and discovered deposits of a rare mineral (1846).[219]
- Jędrzej Śniadecki, Polish writer, physician, chemist, biologist and philosopher. He became the first person who linked rickets to lack of sunlight (1822). He also created modern Polish terminology in the field of chemistry.[223][224][225]
- Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, Polish scholar, poet, and statesman
- general; principal engineer and designer of the Augustów Canal
- Wojciech Jastrzębowski, Polish scientist, naturalist and inventor, professor of botany, physics, zoology and horticulture; considered as one of the fathers of ergonomics
- Alexander I established the University of Warsaw (1816) on the initiative of Stanisław Potocki and Stanisław Staszic.[226]
1701–1800
- Commission of National Education (Polish: Komisja Edukacji Narodowej), founded in 1773, was the world's first national Ministry of Education.
- Polish Enlightenment
- inventor, lawyer, and economist; he is credited with formulating the Wronskian and developing the system of continuous track.[227]
1601–1700
- Adam Adamandy Kochański, Polish mathematician, physicist and clockmaker found an approximation of π today called the Kochański's Approximation (1685).[228] He also suggested replacing the clock's pendulum with a spring (1659), constructed a clock with a magnetic pendulum (1667), and was the author of the world's first systematic paper on the construction of clocks.
- Johannes Hevelius was an astronomer who published the earliest exact maps of the moon and the most complete star catalog of his time, containing 1,564 stars. In 1641 he built an observatory in his house; he is known as "the founder of lunar topography".[229]
- Jan Brożek (Ioannes Broscius) was the most prominent 17th-century Polish mathematician. Following his death, his collection of Nicolaus Copernicus' letters and documents, which he had borrowed 40 years earlier with the intent of writing a biography of Copernicus, was lost.
- Kazimierz Siemienowicz, Polish–Lithuanian general of artillery, gunsmith, military engineer, and pioneer of rocketry who developed the concept of a multistage rocket.
- John II Casimir, founded the University of Lviv (1661).[230]
- Jesuit missionary to China, scientist and explorer; he is notable as one of the first westerners to travel within the Chinese mainland, and the author of numerous works on Asian fauna, flora and geography. He was the first in Europe to describe Korea as a peninsula, as until then it was believed to be an island, and the first in Europe to establish the factual location of a number of Chinese cities and the Great Wall of China.[231]
- Adam Freytag, mathematician and military engineer, wrote Architectura militaris nova et aucta, the first manual of bastion fortifications of the so-called Old Dutch system (1631).
- Krzysztof Arciszewski, Polish–Lithuanian nobleman, military officer, engineer, and ethnographer. Arciszewski also served as a general of artillery for the Netherlands and Poland
- Jan Jonston, Polish scholar and physician of Scottish descent; author of Thautomatographia naturalis (1632) and Idea universae medicinae practicae (1642)
- saltpetre); this substance, the 'central nitre', had a central position in Sendivogius' schema of the universe.[232]
1501–1600
- Bartholomäus Keckermann, A Short Commentary on Navigation (the first one written in Poland)
- Josephus Struthius, he published in 1555 Sphygmicae artis iam mille ducentos perditae et desideratae libri V. in which he described five types of pulse, the diagnostic meaning of those types, and the influence of body temperature and nervous system on pulse. This was one of books used by William Harvey in his works
- philosopher and physician who lectured and published notable works in the field of medicine.[233]
- Gresham's Law" the year (1519) that Thomas Gresham was born.[234]
- King of Poland, Stephen Báthory founded the Vilnius University in 1579, which became the easternmost university in Europe.[235]
- botanist known especially for his Herbarz polski ("Polish Herbal")
- humanist; author of Fundamentum scienciae nobilissimae secretorum naturae.[236]
- Albert Brudzewski, Polish astronomer, mathematician, philosopher and diplomat. He was the author of Commentum planetarium in theoricas Georgii Purbachii and was the first to state that the Moon moves in an ellipse and always shows its same side to the Earth.[237]
- Bishop Jan Lubrański founded the university college known as the Lubrański Academy in 1518.[238]
Middle Ages
- Kraków Academy (Akademia Krakowska) was founded in 1364 by King Casimir III the Great.
- Witelo (ca. 1230 – ca. 1314), was a philosopher and a scientist who specialized in optics. His famous optical treatise, Perspectiva, which drew on the Arabic Book of Optics by Alhazen, was unique in Latin literature and helped give rise to Roger Bacon's best work. In 1284, he described the reflection and refraction of light.[239] In addition to optics, Witelo's treatise made important contributions to the psychology of visual perception.
See also
References
- ^ "History of the Jagiellonian University". en.uj.edu.pl. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
- ISBN 978-83-7271-768-9.
- ^ "A History of the Scientific Revolution, 1500-1700". brewminate.com. 20 August 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
- ^ Supron, Uladzislau (10 July 2018). "Komisja Edukacji Narodowej". ruj.uj.edu.pl. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
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- ISBN 978-0-8160-7011-4. p. 691.
Bibliography
- Judycki, Zbigniew Andrzej (2020). Lekarze polskiego pochodzenia w świecie (in Polish). Kielce. ISBN 978-83-936896-5-1.)
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