Politics of Denmark
Politics of Denmark Dansk politik | |
---|---|
General Judicial System | |
Courts | Courts of Denmark |
Supreme Court | |
Chief judge | Thomas Rørdam |
The politics of Denmark take place within the framework of a
Executive power is exercised by the cabinet of Denmark (commonly known as "the Government", Danish: regeringen), presided over by the Prime Minister (statsminister) who is first among equals. Legislative power is exercised by the Folketing, the unicameral parliament, and secondarily by the Cabinet. Members of the judiciary are nominated by the executive (conventionally by recommendation of the judiciary itself), formally appointed by the monarch and employed until retirement.
Denmark has a
On many issues the political parties tend to opt for co-operation, and the Danish state welfare model receives broad parliamentary support. This ensures a focus on public-sector efficiency and devolved responsibilities of local government on regional and municipal levels.
The degree of
Monarchy
The text of the Danish constitution dates back to 1849. Therefore, it has been interpreted by jurists to suit modern conditions. In a formal sense, the monarch retains the ability to deny giving a
According to the principles of constitutional monarchy, the monarch's role is largely ceremonial today, restricted in his or her exercise of power by the convention of parliamentary democracy and the separation of powers. However, the monarch does continue to exercise three rights: the right to be consulted; the right to advise; and the right to warn. Pursuant to these ideals, the Prime Minister and the Cabinet attend the regular meeting of the
Political parties
This section needs additional citations for verification. (November 2022) |
Denmark has a multi-party system. Ten parties are represented in parliament, while an additional three were qualified to contest the most recent 2019 general election but did not win any seats. The four oldest, and in history most influential, parties are the Conservative People's Party, the Social Democrats, Venstre (the name literally means "Left", but it is a right-wing liberal-conservative party) and the Social Liberal Party. However, demographics have been in favour of newer parties (such as the national conservative far-right Danish People's Party and the far-left Red-Green Alliance).
No two parties have exactly the same organization. It is however common for a party to have an annual convention which approves
Political blocs
Though coined in 1994 by then leader of Venstre Uffe Ellemann-Jensen, the terms red bloc and blue bloc first became mainstream around the 2011 Danish general election.[9] Left-wing parties are described as belonging to the red bloc while right-wing parties belong to the blue bloc. The Social Democrats and Venstre have historically served as the de facto leaders of the red and blue bloc respectively, though in 2022 leader of the blue bloc party Conservative People's Party Søren Pape Poulsen declared his prime minister candidacy alongside leader of Venstre Jakob Ellemann-Jensen.[10]
The Moderates, founded in 2021 by former prime minister Lars Løkke Rasmussen, rebuke bloc politics and support a government with parties from both traditional blocs, and use the color purple to represent this.[11] Similarly, The Alternative have refused their designation as a red party declaring they are a green party.[12]
Executive
This section needs additional citations for verification. (August 2012) |
The government performs the executive functions of the kingdom. The affairs of government are decided by the Cabinet, headed by the Prime Minister. The Cabinet and the Prime Minister are responsible for their actions to the Folketing (the parliament).
Members of the Cabinet are given the title of "
Head of government
Enjoying the status of primus inter pares, the Prime Minister is head of the Danish government (as taken to mean the Cabinet). The Prime Minister and members of the Cabinet are appointed by the Crown on basis of the party composition in the Folketing. No vote of confidence is necessary to install a new government after an election. If the Folketing expresses its lack of confidence in the Prime Minister, the entire cabinet must step down, unless a new parliamentary election is called in which case the old government continues as a caretaker government until a new government can be formed.
Since the 1990s, most governments have been coalition governments led by either Venstre or the Social Democrats. Until 2001, Poul Nyrup Rasmussen (S) led a coalition with the Social Liberals, supported by the SPP and the Red-Green Alliance. A coalition of Venstre and the Conservatives, supported by the DPP, was then in power from 2001 to 2011, led first by Anders Fogh Rasmussen (V) and then from 2009 by Lars Løkke Rasmussen (V). The Liberal Alliance formed in 2007. After the 2011 election, Løkke was replaced by Helle Thorning-Schmidt (S), whose government consisted of the Social Democrats, the Social Liberals, and the SPP. The SPP left the government again in 2014, following heavy internal disagreement over the planned sale of state-owned shares in the company DONG (now known as Ørsted). The Social Democrats and Social Liberals continued in power, with SPP and Red-Green support, until the 2015 election when Løkke returned to power in a single-party Venstre government. The Løkke II Cabinet held only 34 seats in the Folketing, making it the narrowest since Poul Hartling's (V) 22-seat government in the 1970s, and the first single-party government since Anker Jørgensen's (S) fifth government in the early 1980s. After finding it difficult to govern with such a small government, Løkke invited the Conservatives and the Liberal Alliance to join his government in 2016, turning it into the Løkke III Cabinet.[13]
Following the 2019 general election the Social Democrats, led by leader Mette Frederiksen, formed a single-party government with support from the left-wing coalition.[14] Frederiksen became prime minister on 27 June 2019.[15]
In November 2022 general election, Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen's Social Democrats remained as the biggest party with two more seats, gaining its best result in two decades.[16] The second biggest was Liberal Party (Venstre), led by Jakob Ellemann-Jensen. The recently formed Moderates party, led by two-time former Prime Minister Lars Løkke Rasmussen, became the third-biggest party in Denmark.[17] In December 2022, Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen formed a new coalition government with her Social Democrats and the Liberal Party and the Moderates party. Jakob Ellemann-Jensen became deputy prime minister and defence minister, Lars Løkke Rasmussen was appointed foreign minister.[18]
Cabinet government
According to section 14 of the constitution, the king sets the number of ministers and the distribution of cases between them. The monarch formally appoints and dismisses ministers, including the Prime Minister.[19] That means that the number of cabinet positions and the organisation of the state administration into ministries are not set by law, but subject to change without notice. A coalition of many parties usually means a large cabinet and many ministries, while a small coalition or the rare one-party-government means fewer, larger ministries.
In June 2015 in the wake of the parliamentary election, the cabinet had 17 members including the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister leads the work of the Cabinet and is minister for constitutional affairs, overseas territories and for the affairs of the press. The seventeen cabinet ministers hold different portfolios of duties, including the day-to-day role as head of one or more segments of the government departments.
Government departments
The Danish executive consists of a number of government departments known as
A department acts as the secretariat to the Minister. Its functions comprises overall planning, development and strategic guidance on the entire area of responsibility of the Minister. The Minister's decisions are carried out by the permanent and politically neutral
List of ministers
Portfolio | Minister | Took office | Left office | Party | Ref | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prime Minister | 27 June 2019 | Incumbent | Social Democrats | [20][21] | ||
Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Defence | 23 October 2023 | Incumbent | Venstre | [20] | ||
Minister for Foreign Affairs | 15 December 2022 | Incumbent | Moderates | [20] | ||
Minister for Finance | 27 June 2019 | Incumbent | Social Democrats | [20] | ||
Minister for Economy | 23 November 2023 | Incumbent | Venstre | [20][22] | ||
Minister for the Interior and Health | 15 December 2022 | Incumbent | Venstre | [20] | ||
Peter Hummelgaard Thomsen | 15 December 2022 | Incumbent | Social Democrats | [20] | ||
Minister for Culture | 15 December 2022 | Incumbent | Moderates | [20] | ||
Minister for Business | 15 December 2022 | Incumbent | Social Democrats | [20] | ||
Minister for Development Cooperation and Global Climate Policy | 15 December 2022 | Incumbent | Social Democrats | [20] | ||
Minister for the Environment | 15 December 2022 | Incumbent | Social Democrats | [20] | ||
Minister for Social Affairs and Housing | 15 December 2022 | Incumbent | Social Democrats | [20] | ||
Minister for Employment | 15 December 2022 | Incumbent | Social Democrats | [20] | ||
Minister for Children and Education | 15 December 2022 | Incumbent | Social Democrats | [20] | ||
Minister for Immigration and Integration | 2 May 2022 | Incumbent | Social Democrats | [20] | ||
Minister for Taxation | 4 February 2022 | Incumbent | Social Democrats | [20] | ||
Minister for Food, Agriculture and Fishery | 15 December 2022 | Incumbent | Venstre | [20] | ||
Minister for Church, Minister for Rural Areas, and Minister for Nordic Cooperation | 15 December 2022 | Incumbent | Venstre | [20] | ||
Minister for Transport | 15 December 2022 | Incumbent | Venstre | [20] | ||
Minister for Higher Education and Science | 15 December 2022 | Incumbent | Moderates | [20] | ||
Minister for Digitalization and Equality | 15 December 2022 | Incumbent | Venstre | [20] | ||
Minister for the Elderly | 15 December 2022 | Incumbent | Moderates | [20] | ||
Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities | 15 December 2022 | Incumbent | Moderates | [20] |
Tradition of minority governments
As known in other parliamentary systems of government, the executive (the Cabinet) is accountable to the parliament (the Folketing). Under the
The current government of the
Legislature
The Folketing performs the legislative functions of the Kingdom. As a parliament, it is at the centre of the political system in Denmark, and is the supreme legislative body, operating within the confines of the constitution. The Prime Minister is drawn from parliament through the application of the Danish parliamentary principle (a majority must not exist in opposition to the government), and this process is also generally the case for the government also. The government is answerable to parliament through the principle of parliamentary control (question hour, general debates and the passing of resolutions or motions). Ministers can be questioned by members of Parliament regarding specific government policy matters.
General debates on broader issues of government policy may also be held in parliament and may also be followed by a motion of "no-confidence". The opposition rarely requests motions of no-confidence, as the government is usually certain of its majority; however, government policy is often discussed in the plenary assembly of Parliament. Since 1953, the year that marked the reform of the Danish constitution, parliament has been unicameral.
History
With the implementation of the first democratic constitution in 1849, Denmark's legislature was constituted as a
1943 dissolution of government
During the
Composition
The Folketing is composed of 179 seats, of which two are reserved for the Faroe Islands and two for Greenland. The remaining 175 seats are taken up by MPs from elected in Denmark. All 179 seats are contested in elections held at least every four years and in the present parliament, all seats are taken up by members belonging to a political party.
All parties receiving more than 2% of the votes are represented in parliament. Comparatively, this is quite low; in Sweden the minimum level of support necessary for getting into parliament is 4%. Often, this has led to the representation of many parties in parliament, and correspondingly complex or unstable government majorities. However, during the last decade the political system has been one of stable majorities and rather long government tenures. Independent politicians running for parliament need about 15,000-20,000 votes in the electoral district they ran in. Since the 1953 constitution of Denmark, only one independent, Jacob Haugaard, has been successful in doing this. Only two politicians have done this in the history of the Danish parliament.
Proportional representation and elections
Denmark uses a system of
Parties must pass a
- 2019 election
Overall the election was a win for the "red bloc" – the parties that supported Mette Frederiksen, leader of the Social Democrats, as Prime Minister. In total, the Social Democrats, the Social Liberals, Socialist People's Party and the Red–Green Alliance won 91 seats. Green party The Alternative chose to go into opposition as a "green bloc".[28]
The Social Democrats defended their position as the largest party, and won an additional seat despite a slightly reduced voter share. They were closely followed by Venstre, who saw the largest gains in seats, picking up an extra nine. In the "blue bloc", only Venstre and the Conservative People's Party saw gains, the latter doubling their seats. The Danish People's Party's vote share fell by 12.4
Of the new parties, only New Right won seats, with Hard Line, the Christian Democrats and Klaus Riskær Pedersen failing to cross the national 2% threshold, although the Christian Democrats were within 200 votes of winning a direct seat in the western Jutland constituency.[32] On election night, Klaus Riskær Pedersen announced that he would dissolve his party.[33]
In the Faroe Islands, Republic (which had finished first in the 2015 elections)[34] dropped to fourth place and lost their seat. The Union Party replaced them as the first party while the Social Democratic Party finished in second place again, retaining their seat.[35] In Greenland, the result was a repeat of the 2015 elections, with Inuit Ataqatigiit and Siumut winning the two seats. Siumut regained parliamentary representation after their previous MP, Aleqa Hammond, was expelled from the party in 2016.[36][37] Hammond later joined Nunatta Qitornai,[38] which finished fourth and failed to win a seat.[37][39]
Partii Naleraq 1,564 | 7.82 | 0 | 0 | | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Atassut | 1,098 | 5.49 | 0 | 0 | |||||
Cooperation Party | 518 | 2.59 | 0 | New | |||||
Total | 19,990 | 100.00 | 2 | 0 | |||||
Valid votes | 19,990 | 97.16 | |||||||
Invalid/blank votes | 585 | 2.84 | |||||||
Total votes | 20,575 | 100.00 | |||||||
Registered voters/turnout | 41,344 | 49.77 | |||||||
Source: Statistics Denmark, Kringvarp Føroya, Qinersineq |
By constituency
Constituency | A | B | C | D | E | F
|
I | K | O | P
|
V | Ø | Å |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Copenhagen | 17.2 | 16.4 | 5.3 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 11.5 | 2.6 | 0.7 | 4.2 | 1.3 | 15.0 | 16.8 | 6.5 |
Greater Copenhagen | 25.8 | 10.9 | 9.4 | 2.3 | 0.8 | 9.4 | 2.6 | 0.9 | 8.2 | 1.9 | 17.2 | 7.2 | 3.1 |
North Zealand | 21.3 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 3.3 | 1.0 | 6.9 | 3.3 | 1.1 | 7.5 | 1.5 | 23.4 | 5.6 | 2.7 |
Bornholm | 34.0 | 3.3 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 0.9 | 4.3 | 1.0 | 4.1 | 10.4 | 1.9 | 25.3 | 8.1 | 3.3 |
Zealand | 28.2 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 2.6 | 1.0 | 8.8 | 1.8 | 0.8 | 10.9 | 2.7 | 24.3 | 5.2 | 2.0 |
Funen | 30.2 | 7.3 | 6.2 | 1.9 | 0.8 | 6.7 | 1.9 | 1.1 | 8.9 | 1.9 | 23.4 | 6.8 | 3.0 |
South Jutland | 26.1 | 5.9 | 5.1 | 4.1 | 0.7 | 5.2 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 12.5 | 1.8 | 28.5 | 4.1 | 1.6 |
East Jutland | 25.8 | 9.9 | 5.7 | 2.0 | 0.7 | 8.2 | 2.9 | 2.1 | 7.8 | 1.5 | 22.6 | 7.1 | 3.4 |
West Jutland | 24.6 | 5.3 | 9.2 | 1.7 | 0.6 | 6.2 | 2.2 | 5.3 | 8.4 | 1.6 | 29.8 | 3.4 | 1.7 |
North Jutland | 33.9 | 5.1 | 4.9 | 2.0 | 0.8 | 5.4 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 9.5 | 1.7 | 26.8 | 4.3 | 2.0 |
Seat distribution
The following is the number of constituency seats for each party with each asterix (*) indicating one of the seats won was a levelling seat.[40]
Constituency | A | B | C | D | F
|
I | O | V | Ø | Å | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Copenhagen | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3* | 1* | 1* | 3 | 4* | 1 | 20 | |
Greater Copenhagen | 4 | 2* | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3* | 1 | 1* | 14 | ||
North Zealand | 3 | 2* | 2* | 1* | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1* | 14 | ||
Bornholm | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||
Zealand | 8* | 2* | 2* | 1* | 3* | 3* | 7* | 2* | 1* | 29 | |
Funen | 5* | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2* | 4* | 1 | 15 | |||
South Jutland | 6 | 1 | 1 | 1* | 1 | 1* | 3 | 6 | 1* | 21 | |
East Jutland | 7* | 3* | 1 | 1* | 2 | 1* | 2* | 6* | 1 | 1* | 25 |
West Jutland | 4 | 1 | 2* | 1 | 1* | 1 | 5 | 1* | 16 | ||
North Jutland | 7* | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2* | 5 | 1* | 1* | 19 | ||
Total | 48 | 16 | 12 | 4 | 14 | 4 | 16 | 43 | 13 | 5 | 175 |
- 2022 election
Social Democrats (Socialdemokraterne) was the biggest party with 50 Denmark seats, gaining two more seats. Liberal Party (Venstre) was the second with 23 Denmark seats, losing 20 seats. The third was the biggest winner, recently founded Moderates (Moderaterne) with 16 Denmark seats. Green Left (Socialistisk Folkeparti) secured 15 seats. In 2022 founded anti-immigration, far-right Denmark Democrats (Danmarksdemokraterne) and Liberal Alliance secured both 14 seats.[41]
Judicial system
Denmark has an independent and highly professional judiciary.[42] Unlike the vast majority of civil servants, Danish judges are appointed directly by the Monarch.[43] However, since the constitution ensures the independence of the judiciary from Government and Parliament in providing that judges shall only take into account the laws of the country (i.e., acts, statutes and practices),[44] the procedure on appointments is only a formality.
Until 1999 appointment of judges was the responsibility of the
Ombudsmanden
The Danish Parliamentary Ombudsman, Jørgen Steen Sørensen,[47] is a lawyer who is elected by parliament to act as a watchdog over the government by inspecting institutions under government control, focusing primarily on the protection of citizens' rights.[48] The Ombudsman frequently inspects places where citizens are deprived of their personal freedom, including prisons and psychiatric hospitals.[47] While the Ombudsman has no power to personally act against the government, he or she can ask the courts to take up cases where the government might be violating Danish law.
The Ombudsman can criticize the government after an inspection and bring matters to public attention, and the government can choose to act upon or ignore his/her criticism, with whatever costs it might have towards the voters and the parliament.
Domestic and foreign relations
The unity of the Realm
Iceland, Greenland, and the Faroe Islands used to be dependencies of Denmark. The Danish–Icelandic Act of Union (1918) changed the status of Iceland into that of a kingdom in personal union with Denmark. Iceland remained subordinate to Denmark until independence in 1944 amidst World War II. In the nineteenth century Greenland and the Faroe Islands were given the status of counties, and their own legislatures were disbanded, becoming integral parts of a unitary state.[49] They later gained home rule; the Faroe Islands in 1948 and Greenland in 1979.[49]
Today Greenland and the Faroe Islands are effectively
Foreign policy
The foreign policy of Denmark is based on its identity as a sovereign nation in Europe. As such its primary foreign policy focus is on its relations with other nations as a sovereign independent nation. Denmark has long had good relations with other nations. It has been involved in coordinating Western assistance to the Baltic states (
Following
Danes have enjoyed a reputation as "reluctant" Europeans. When they rejected ratification of the
Notes
See also
Further reading
- Klint, Thorkil; Evert, Anne Sofie; Kjær, Ulrik; Pedersen, Mogens N.; Hjorth, Frederik (2023). "The Danish legislators database". Electoral Studies.
References
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