Politics of Sweden

The politics of Sweden take place in a framework of a

Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament, elected within a multi-party system. The judiciary

is independent, appointed by the government and employed until retirement. Sweden is formally a monarchy with a monarch holding symbolic power.

Sweden has a typical Western

parliamentarism

— de jure since 1975, de facto since 1917.

Since the

Social Democratic Workers' Party, which has held a plurality (and sometimes a majority) in the Swedish parliament since 1917. General elections

are held every four years.

The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Sweden a "full democracy" its report for 2020.

political rights according to Freedom House (2020).^[3]

Constitution

The Constitution of Sweden consists of four fundamental laws. The most important is the Instrument of Government of 1974 which sets out the basic principles of political life in Sweden, defining rights and freedoms. The Act of Succession is a treaty between the old

checks and balances

the executive power is entrusted to the politicians.

The four fundamental laws are:

Instrument of Government (1974)

Act of Succession (1809)
Freedom of the Press Act (1766)
Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression (1991)^[4]

Monarchy

King Carl XVI Gustaf

of the House of Bernadotte became king in 1973. His authority is formal, symbolic, and representational.

Heiress apparent to the throne is Crown Princess Victoria since 1980.

Executive branch

Head of government

The prime minister of Sweden is nominated by the speaker of the Riksdag and elected through negative parliamentarism. In practice, this means that the prime minister nominee is confirmed if fewer than 175 members of parliament vote 'no', regardless of the number of 'yes' votes or abstentions.^[5]

Following a lengthy

government formation process as a result of the general election held on 9 September 2018, Stefan Löfven of the Swedish Social Democratic Party was re-elected prime minister of Sweden for a second term by the new parliament on 18 January 2019, after initially being ousted by parliament. Together with the Green Party, Löfven presided over a minority government which relied on confidence and supply from the Centre Party and Liberals

.

The deputy prime minister was Isabella Lövin of the Green Party.^[6]

In August 2021, Prime Minister Stefan Löfven announced his resignation and Finance Minister Magdalena Andersson was elected as the new head of Sweden's ruling Social Democrats in November 2021.^[7] On 30 November 2021, Magdalena Andersson became Sweden's first female prime minister. She formed a minority government made up of only her Social Democrats. Her plan for forming a new coalition government with the Green Party was unsuccessful because her budget proposal failed to pass.^[8]^[9]

On 18 October 2022, Ulf Kristersson of the Moderate Party became the new Prime Minister of Sweden.^[10] Kristersson's Moderates formed a centre-right coalition with the Christian Democrats and the Liberals. The new government is backed by the biggest right-wing party, Sweden Democrats (SD) led by Jimmie Åkesson, meaning tougher immigration policies as a crucial part of a policy deal with the SD.^[11]

Government

The highest executive authority of the state is vested in the government, which consists of a prime minister and roughly 22 ministers who head the ministries. The ministers are appointed at the sole discretion of the prime minister. The prime minister is nominated by the speaker and appointed following a vote in the Riksdag itself. The monarch plays no part in this process. The only way to oust a government is through a motion of no confidence (misstroendevotum) in the Riksdag. This motion must get a majority of the total number of votes in the Riksdag (at least 175). Another example of the power the legislature has given the government is the adoption of the budget in the Riksdag. The government's proposition to budget is adopted, unless a majority of the members of the Riksdag vote against it. This is to make it possible to govern even in minority.

The main functions of the government are to:

Present bills to the Riksdag
Implement decisions taken by the Riksdag
Exercise responsibility for the budget approved by the Riksdag
Represent Sweden in the European Union
Enter into agreements with other states
Directing central government activities^[12]

Legislative branch

The unicameral Riksdag has 349 members, popularly elected every four years. It is in session generally from September through mid-June.

The Riksdag in Stockholm

Inside the Riksdag

Legislation may be initiated by the

Constitution of Sweden, but only with approval by a supermajority

and confirmation after the following general elections.

The Swedish Social Democratic Party has played a leading political role since 1917, after

Reformists confirmed their strength and the revolutionaries left the party. After 1932, the Cabinets have been dominated by the Social Democrats. Only five general elections (1976, 1979, 1991, 2006 and 2010) have given the centre-right bloc enough seats in the Riksdag to form a government. This is considered one reason for the Swedish post-war welfare state, with a government expenditure of slightly more than 50% of the gross domestic product

.

Political parties and elections

A general election is held alongside local and regional elections every four years. The last election was held on 11 September 2022.^[13]

Judiciary

Swedish law, drawing on Germanic, Roman, and Anglo-American law, is neither as codified as in France and other countries influenced by the Napoleonic Code, nor as dependent on judicial practice and precedents as in the United States.

Courts: Civil and criminal jurisdiction
- Supreme Court or Högsta domstolen (literally The Highest Court) Note: the supreme court has no power to overturn any laws, including laws in conflict with the constitution.
- Courts of appeal or Hovrätter (literally Royal Court)
- Tingsrätter
  (literally Thing assembly Court)
Administrative Courts: Litigation between the Public and the Government.
- The Supreme Administrative Court or Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen^[14] (literally Government/Regent Court)
- Administrative courts of appeal or Kammarrätter (literally Chamber Court)
- Administrative courts or Förvaltningsrätt (literally Administration Court)
Ombudsman:
- The Parliamentary Ombudsman or Justitieombudsmannen,
- The Chancellor of Justice or Justitiekanslern

Government agencies

Government policy is carried out by the administrative authorities (förvaltningsmyndigheter) and government agencies of Sweden. These bodies are state-controlled and are formally headed by government-appointed directors-general but act independently from the executive and legislative branches of government. Ministerial governance (ministerstyre) is illegal; in accordance with 2 §, chapter 12 of the Instrument of Government, no member of the Riksdag or government may interfere in the day-to-day operation of an agency, nor in the outcome of individual cases.

Politicians

Sweden has a history of strong political involvement by ordinary people through its "popular movements" (folkrörelser), the most notable being

temperance movement, and – more recently – sports movement. Election turnout in Sweden has always been high in international comparisons, although it has declined in recent decades, and is around 87%, (87.18% in the general election of 2018

).

Some Swedish political figures that have become known worldwide include Joe Hill, Carl Skoglund, Raoul Wallenberg, Folke Bernadotte, Dag Hammarskjöld, Olof Palme, Carl Bildt, Hans Blix, and Anna Lindh.

According to a survey investigation by the sociologist Jenny Hansson,^[15] Swedish national parliamentarians have an average work week of 66 hours, including side responsibilities. Hansson's investigation further reports that the average Swedish national parliamentarian sleeps 6.5 hours per night.

Administrative divisions

Sweden is divided into 21 counties. In each county there is a

county council. Each county contains several municipalities, in total 290. Stockholm is the capital of Sweden. The king, the Riksdag and the government have their permanent seat in Stockholm. Up to 1968 when the Overgovernor's Office was incorporated into Stockholm County

, it had a special status.

As of the 1974 constitutional revision, the number of municipal divisions was reduced from several thousand to 290, while also removing most of the previous lol enjoyed by the municipal governments (such as local laws, local law enforcement, and more).

Energy politics

After the

Swedish parliament in 1980 after a referendum to decide that no further nuclear power plants should be built and that a nuclear power phase-out should be completed by 2010. Following the recommendation of the 1980 referendum, two nuclear power reactors were closed by government decision in 1999 and 2005, respectively. However, in February 2009, the Swedish centre-right wing government announced that new nuclear power stations may be constructed if they replace old ones, thus ending the previous de facto phase out policy.^[16]

As of 2005 [update], the use of

TWh and 40% of the country's production of electricity with nuclear power delivering 65 TWh (49%). At the same time, the use of biofuels, peat etc. produced 13 TWh of electricity.^[17] Sweden was the highest ranked country in the Climate Change Performance Index until 2022, when it was displaced by Denmark.^[18]

In March 2005, an opinion poll showed that 83% supported maintaining or increasing nuclear power.[19] Since then however, reports about radioactive leakages at a nuclear waste store in Forsmark, Sweden, have been published.^[20] This does not seem to have changed the public support of continued use of nuclear power.

Foreign relations

Throughout the 20th century,

Swedish foreign policy was based on the principle of non-alignment in peacetime, neutrality in wartime. This principle has often been criticised in Sweden, allegedly being a facade, claiming that the Swedish government had an advanced collaboration with western countries within NATO

.

During

Catalina search and rescue craft, was sent out a few days later and shot down by Soviets warplanes as well.^[21]

Sweden is also very active in international peace efforts, especially through the United Nations, and in support to the Third World.^{[citation needed]}

In 1995 Sweden, together with

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and International Monetary Fund

.

In May 2022, Sweden formally applied to join the

Russia's Feb. 24 invasion of Ukraine.^[22]

Soon after his appointment in October 2022, new foreign minister, Tobias Billström, announced that Sweden will renounce "feminist foreign policy", implemented by the previous left-wing government.^[23]

References

^ EIU 2020 report
^ V-Dem 2021 report Archived 2021-09-14 at the Wayback Machine, p. 31
^ "Sweden: Freedom in the World 2020 Country Report". Freedom House. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
^ "Swedish government". sweden.se. 2022-01-21. Retrieved 2022-02-17.
^ Regeringskansliet, Regeringen och (2014-11-05). "Så bildas regeringen". Regeringskansliet (in Swedish). Retrieved 2019-11-18.
^ Sverige har fått en ny regering (in Swedish), SE: Riksdagen, 2 October 2014, Stefan Löfven (S) är ny statsminister i en minoritetsregering som består av Socialdemokraterna och Miljöpartiet..
^ "Sweden's Social Democrats elect Magdalena Andersson as leader". France 24. 4 November 2021.
^ Johnson, Simon; Pollard, Niklas (29 November 2021). "Sweden's first female premier returns days after quitting". Reuters.
^ "Magdalena Andersson: Sweden's first female PM returns after resignation". BBC News. 29 November 2021.
^ Sweden, Radio (18 October 2022). "Ulf Kristersson names ministers in his three-party government". Retrieved 18 October 2022 – via Sveriges Radio.
^ "Ulf Kristersson: Swedish parliament elects new PM backed by far right". BBC News. 17 October 2022.
^ "How Sweden is governed". Regeringen. 2014. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Dougall, David Mac (16 September 2022). "Why the far-right were the biggest winners in Sweden's election". euronews.
^ "Om Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen".
^ Hansson, Jenny (2008). "De Folkvaldas Livsvillkor" (PDF) (in Swedish). Umea: Umea University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-03.
^ World nuclear news, archived from the original on 2011-03-19, retrieved 2010-01-24.
^ Figures about energy production and usage 1994–2003 (in Swedish), SCB.
^ "CCPI Countries and Rankings: Sweden". Climate Change Performance Index. Retrieved 2022-08-11.
^ Nuclear Power in Sweden, Australia: Uranium Information Centre, archived from the original on 2007-07-12, retrieved 2006-06-12.
^ "Swedish nuclear power station leaks high levels of radioactive waste into Baltic", Forbes, June 29, 2005, archived from the original on December 8, 2007.
^ Pashakhanlou, Arash Heydarian (Fall 2018). "Swedish Air Power History: A Holistic Overview". Air Power History. 65 (3): 7–14.
^ Emmott, Robin; Devranoglu, Nevzat (18 May 2022). "Finland, Sweden apply to join NATO amid Turkish objections". Reuters.
^ "Sweden ditches 'feminist foreign policy'". BBC News. 19 October 2022.

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