Yunnan

Coordinates: 25°02′58″N 102°42′32″E / 25.04944°N 102.70889°E / 25.04944; 102.70889
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Politics of Yunnan
)
For other uses, see Yunan (disambiguation).
For the former Yunnan province of the Republic of China, see Yunnan Province, Republic of China. For the neighbourhood in Singapore, see Yunnan, Singapore.
Yunnan
云南
Province
Name transcription(s)
 • Chinese云南省 (Yúnnán Shěng)
 • Nuosuꒊꆈ or ꒊꆈꌜ (Yypnuo or Yypnuose)
 • Standard ZhuangYinznanz
 • AbbreviationYN / 滇 (Diān) or 云 (Yún)
(clockwise from top)
Kingdom of Nanzhao
738
Dachanghe902
Conquered by the Ming Empire1381–1382
Yunnan clique1915–1945
Takeover by the People's Liberation Army1951
Capital
(and largest city)		Kunming
Divisions16 prefectures, 129 counties, 1565 townships
Government
 • TypeProvince
 • BodyYunnan Provincial People's Congress
 • CCP SecretaryWang Ning
 • Congress chairmanWang Ning
 • GovernorWang Yubo
 • CPPCC chairmanLiu Xiaokai
Area
[1]
 • Total394,000 km2 (152,000 sq mi)
 • Rank8th
Highest elevation
(Kawagarbo)
6,740 m (22,110 ft)
Population
 (2020)[2]
 • Total47,209,277
 • Rank12th
 • Density120/km2 (310/sq mi)
  • Rank24th
Demographics
 • Ethnic composition
 • Languages and dialects
  • US$ 420 billion
 • Per capitaCN¥ 57,882
US$ 8,970
ISO 3166 codeCN-YN
HDI (2019)Increase 0.691[4]
medium · 27th
Websitewww.yn.gov.cn
Yunnan
Tibetan
ཡུན་ནན་
yun nan
Northern Thai name
Northern Thaiᩅᩥᩮᨴᩉᩁᩣ᩠ᨩ
Witheharat

Yunnan[a] is an inland province in Southwestern China. The province spans approximately 394,000 km2 (152,000 sq mi) and has a population of 48.3 million (as of 2018). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders the Chinese provinces of Guizhou, Sichuan, autonomous regions of Guangxi and Tibet, as well as Southeast Asian countries Vietnam, Laos, and Myanmar. Yunnan is China's fourth least developed province based on disposable income per capita in 2014.[7]

Yunnan is situated in a mountainous area, with high elevations in the Northwest and low elevations in the Southeast. Most of the population lives in the eastern part of the province. In the west, the altitude can vary from the mountain peaks to river valleys as much as 3,000 m (9,800 ft). Yunnan is rich in natural resources and has the largest diversity of plant life in China. Of the approximately 30,000 species of higher plants in China, Yunnan has perhaps 17,000 or more.[8] Yunnan's reserves of aluminium, lead, zinc and tin are the largest in China, and there are also major reserves of copper and nickel. Historically, the southwestern Silk Road to Bhitargarh in Bangladesh passed through modern Yunnan.

Parts of Yunnan formed the Dian Kingdom during the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC. The Han dynasty conquered the Dian Kingdom in the late 2nd century BC, establishing the Yizhou Commandery in its place. During the chaos of the Three Kingdoms period, imperial Chinese authority in Yunnan got weakened, and much of the region came under the control of the Cuanman. The area was later ruled by the Sino-Tibetan-speaking kingdom of Nanzhao from (738–937), followed by the Bai-ruled Dali Kingdom (937–1253). After the Mongol conquest of the region in the 13th century, Yunnan was conquered and ruled by the Ming dynasty.

From the Yuan dynasty onward, the area was part of a central-government sponsored population movement towards the southwestern frontier, with two major waves of migrants arriving from Han-majority areas in northern and southeast China.[9] As with other parts of China's southwest, Japanese occupation in the north during World War II forced another migration of Han people into the region. These two waves of migration contributed to Yunnan being one of the most ethnically diverse provinces of China, with ethnic minorities accounting for about 34 percent of its total population.[10] Major ethnic groups include Yi, Bai, Hani, Zhuang, Dai, and Miao.[11] Yunnan has also been identified as "the birthplace of tea ... the first area where humans figured out that eating tea leaves or brewing a cup could be pleasant",[12] and as the region of origin of the plant genus Cannabis.[13]

Etymology

The name "Yunnan" first referred to a place when the Han dynasty created Yunnan County near modern Xiangyun.[14] During the Tang dynasty, Emperor Xuanzong gave Piluoge, the chief of Nanzhao, the title of "King of Yunnan",[15] because Nanzhao originated from Yunnan county.[16] Gradually the king of Yunnan controlled more and more territory, and "Yunnan" became the common name of this area.[17] Therefore, the Yuan dynasty created the Yunnan Province after it occupied the Dali Kingdom.[15]

Han dynasty literature did not record the etymology of "Yunnan", and there are many theories about its origin. One common theory states that the name means "south of colorful clouds" (彩云之南; cǎiyún zhī nán). Some annals in the Ming dynasty, for example Dian Lüe (滇略) and Yunnan General Annals (云南通志), support this.[16] However, modern historian Tan Qixiang states that this theory is a superficial explanation of the literal meaning.[17] Another common theory is that the name means "south of Yun Range" (云岭之南) However, this has been disproven because the name "Yunling Mountains" first appeared in Tang dynasty (618–907) literature, but the name "Yunnan" first appeared during the Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD).[16] Modern research gives more conjectures. You Zhong said "Yunnan" means "south of the mountain (referring to the Cang Mountain) with clouds".[15] Wu Guangfan said "Yunnan" might be a Loloish or Bai name.[16]

History

Main article: History of Yunnan

Prehistory

The

Lake Dian
. These people used stone tools and constructed simple wooden structures.

Dian Kingdom

Bronze sculpture of the Dian Kingdom, 3rd century BC

Around the 3rd century BC, the central area of Yunnan around present day

Yangtze River[18] and set himself up as "King of Dian".[19] He and his followers brought into Yunnan an influx of Chinese influence,[20]
the start of a long history of migration and cultural expansion.

Qin and Han dynasties

In 221 BC, Qin Shi Huang unified China and extended his authority south. Commanderies and counties were established in Yunnan. An existing road in Sichuan – the "Five Foot Way" – was extended south to around present day Qujing, in eastern Yunnan. In 109 BC, the Han dynasty conquered Dian during its southern expeditions. Under orders from Emperor Wu, General Guo Chang [zh] (郭昌) was sent south to Yunnan, eventually establishing the Yizhou commandery.[21] By this time, agricultural technology in Yunnan had improved markedly. The local people used bronze tools, plows and kept a variety of livestock, including cattle, horses, sheep, goats, pigs and dogs. Anthropologists have determined that these people were related to the people now known as the Tai. They lived in tribal congregations, sometimes led by exiled Chinese.[citation needed]

During the Three Kingdoms, the territory of present-day Yunnan, western Guizhou and southern Sichuan was collectively called Nanzhong. The dissolution of Chinese central authority led to increased autonomy for Yunnan and more power for the local tribal structures. In AD 225, the famed statesman Zhuge Liang led three columns into Yunnan to pacify the tribes. His seven captures of Meng Huo, a local magnate, is mythologized in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms.[22]

Cuan Kingdom

Main article: Cuanman

In the 4th century, northern China was largely overrun by nomadic tribes from the north. In the 320s, the Cuan (爨) clan migrated into Yunnan.

Kunchuan
. Henceforth the Cuan clan ruled eastern Yunnan for over four hundred years.

International trade flowed through Yunnan.[23] An ancient overland pre-Tang trade route from Yunnan Province passed through Irrawaddy in Burma to reach Bengal. Yunnan was inhabited by so-called barbarians not fully under the control of the Tang government and the route, though ancient, was not used much in pre-Tang times, and Chinese attempts to control the route were disrupted by the rise of Nanzhao.[24]

Nanzhao period

Main article:
Lake Erhai, namely, the Dali area, there emerged six zhao: Mengzi (蒙巂), Yuexi (越析), Langqiong (浪穹), Dengdan (邆赕), Shilling (施浪), and Mengshe (蒙舍). Zhao (诏) was an indigenous non-Chinese language term meaning "king" or "kingdom." Among the six regimes Mengshe was located south of the other five; therefore given the new, larger context, it was called Nanzhao (Southern Kingdom).[25]

By the 730s Nanzhao had succeeded in bringing the Erhai Lake–area under its authority. In 738, the western Yunnan was united by Piluoge, the fourth king of Nanzhao, who was confirmed by the imperial court of the Tang dynasty as king of Yunnan.[26] Ruling from Dali, the thirteen kings of Nanzhao ruled over more than two centuries and played a vital role in the dynamic relationship between the Tang dynasty and the Tibetan Empire as a buffer state.[27]

By the 750s, Nanzhao had conquered Yunnan and became a potential rival to Tang China. The following period saw several conflicts between Tang China and Nanzhao. In 750, Nanzhao attacked and captured Yaozhou, the largest Tang settlement in Yunnan. In 751, Xianyu Zhongtong (鮮于仲通), the regional commander of Jiannan (present-day Sichuan), led a Tang campaign against Nanzhao. The king of Nanzhao, Geluofeng, regarded the previous incident as a personal affair and wrote to Xianyu to seek peace. However, Xianyu Zhongtong detained the Nanzhao envoys and turned down the appeal. Confronted with Tang armies, Nanzhao immediately turned its allegiance to the Tibetan Empire.[28] The Tubo and Nanzhao agreed to be "fraternal states"; Geluofeng was given the titles zanpuzhong ("younger brother"). The Nanzhao-Tubo alliance ensured a disastrous defeat for Xianyu's expedition, with the Tang general's army of 80,000 men being reduced to a quarter of its original size.[29]

Tang China did not give up after one failure. In 753, another expedition was prepared, but this was also defeated by Nanzhao. In 754, the Tang organized an army of more than 100,000 troops that advanced to the Dali plain, resulting in only another slaughter. By the end of the eighth century, Tang was no longer a major threat to Nanzhao.

A gilt statue of Guanyin, recovered from the Qianxun Pagoda, c. 800 AD

Nanzhao's expansion lasted for several decades. In 829, Nanzhao suddenly plundered

Burma. Nanzhao also attacked the Khmer peoples of Zhenla
. Generally speaking, Nanzhao was then the most powerful kingdom in mainland Southeast Asia, and played an extremely active role in multistate interactions. In 859, Nanzhao captured Bozhou, and this event exacerbated the Nanzhao-Tang clashes. When the Tang governor of Annam took Bozhou back in the following year, Nanzhao, with the help of native peoples, occupied Hanoi as the Tang army moved to Bozhou. When the Tang forces returned, Nanzhao troops retreated from Hanoi but attacked and plundered Yongzhou. In the winter of 862, Nanzhao, allying with local groups, led an army of over 50,000 men to invade Annam again. It is reported that the Tang forces lost over 150,000 soldiers (either killed or captured by Nanzhao) in the two Annam battles. The autumn of 866 saw Tang victory in Hanoi and soon all of the Nanzhao forces were driven away. But Tang China had lost its ability to attack Nanzhao.

While Nanzhao was being defeated in Annam, it still occasionally attacked Sichuan. In 869, Shilong (世隆), the eighth king and the first empire of Nanzhao, invaded Sichuan. In 874, Nanzhao attacked Sichuan again.

In 902, Zheng Maisi, the Qingpingguan (清平官,"Prime Minister") of Nanzhao, murdered the infant king of Nanzhao, and established a new kingdom called Dachanghe. Nanzhao, a once-powerful empire, disappeared. In 928, Yang Ganzhen (楊干貞) usurped the Dachanghe king and established Zhao Shanzheng, a qingpingguan as emperor of Datianxing (大天興). In 929, Yang Qianzhen abolished Zhao Shanzheng and established himself as Emperor of Dayining (大義寧).

Dali Kingdom

Refer to caption
The Three Pagodas of Dali

In 937,

Upper Burma after the First Mongol invasion of Burma in the 1270s and 1280s. With the fall of the Yuan dynasty in 1368, the Ming dynasty destroyed the Yuan loyalists led by Basalawarmi and the remnants of the House of Duan in the Ming conquest of Yunnan by the early 1380s.[31][32]

Ming and Qing dynasties

The Ming installed Mu Ying and his family as hereditary aristocrats in Yunnan.

A scene of the Qing campaign against the Miao people in 1795.

During the

war with Burma also occurred in the 1760s due to the attempted consolidation of borderlands under local chiefs by both China and Burma.[citation needed
]

Yunnan was a destination for Han Chinese during Yuan rule.[33] Migrants moved into the area during Ming and Qing rule.[34] During the Ming dynasty, 3 million Han Chinese mostly from Nanjing (the original Nanjing population was later largely replaced by Wu-speakers), and some from Shanxi and Hebei, settled in Yunnan.

Although largely forgotten, the bloody

Manchu rulers of the Qing dynasty caused the deaths of up to a million people in Yunnan.[35] The Manchu official Shuxing'a started an anti-Muslim massacre, which led to the rebellion. Shuxing'a developed a deep hatred of Muslims after an incident in which he was stripped naked and nearly lynched by a mob of Muslims. He ordered several Muslim rebels to be slowly sliced to death.[36][37] Tariq Ali wrote about the real incident in one of his novels and claimed the Muslims who had nearly lynched Shuxing'a were not Hui but belonged to another ethnicity. Nevertheless, the Manchu official blamed all Muslims for the incident.[38][39] A British officer testified that the Muslims did not rebel for religious reasons and that the Chinese were tolerant of different religions and were unlikely to have caused the revolt by interfering with the practice of Islam.[40] Loyalist Muslim forces helped Qing forces crush the rebel Muslims. The Qing armies massacred only Muslims who had rebelled or supported the rebels and spared Muslims who took no part in the uprising.[41]

In 1894,

Burma via Yunnan. His book, An Australian in China,[42]
details his experiences.

Kunming Street

The

1905 Tibetan Rebellion
in which Tibetan Buddhist Lamas attacked and killed French Catholic missionaries spread to Yunnan.

Post-Imperial

Yunnan was transformed by the events of the

Burma to Kunming was a fought over supply line of vital importance to China's war effort.[43]

University faculty and students in the east had originally decamped to

Nobel laureates in physics Yang Chen-Ning & Tsung-Dao Lee
studied at Lianda in Kunming.

Naturalists

Lijiang

Thousands of plant, insect and mammal species were described in the 19th century by scientists of the

Lijiang
from 1940 to 1949.

Geography

Honghe Hani Rice Terraces in Yunnan

Yunnan is the most southwestern province in China, with the

Điện Biên Provinces
) in the southeast. For practical purposes, all of Yunnan province falls within the
Zomia
region of Asia.

Geology

Dêqên
, northwestern Yunnan

Yunnan is at the far eastern edge of the

Upper Permian basalts of the Ermeishan Formation (formerly Omeishan plateau basalts), and the red sandstones, mudstones, siltstones, and conglomerates of the Mesozoic–Paleogene, including the Lufeng Formation and the Lunan Group (Lumeiyi, Xiaotun, and Caijiacong formations). In this area is the noted Stone Forest or Shilin, eroded vertical pinnacles of limestone (Maokou Formation). In the eastern part the rivers generally run eastwards. The western half is characterized by mountain ranges and rivers running north and south.[45]

Paleontology

See also: Maotianshan Shales

Climate

Erhai Lake, Dali, Yunnan

Yunnan has a generally mild climate with pleasant and fair weather because of the province's location on south-facing mountain slopes, receiving the influence of both the Pacific and Indian oceans, and although the growing period is long, the rugged terrain provides little

humid subtropical zone (Cwa), with mild to warm winters, and temperate summers, except in the almost tropical to truly tropical south, where temperatures regularly exceed 30 °C (86 °F) in the warmer half of the year.[46] In general, January average temperatures range from 8 to 17 °C (46 to 63 °F); July averages vary from 21 to 27 °C (70 to 81 °F). Average annual rainfall ranges from 600 to 2,300 mm (24 to 91 in), with over half the rain occurring between June and August. The plateau region
has moderate temperatures. The western canyon region is hot at the valley bottoms, but there are freezing winds at the mountaintops.

Topography

Meili Snow Mountains

The terrain is largely mountainous, especially in the north and west. A series of high mountain chains spreads across the province. There is a distinct canyon region to the west and a plateau region to the east. Yunnan's major rivers flow through the deep valleys between the mountains.

The average elevation is 1,980 m (6,500 ft). The mountains are highest in the north where they reach more than 5,000 m (16,000 ft); in the south they rise no higher than 3,000 m (9,800 ft). The highest point in the north is the

Hekou County
, near the Vietnamese border, with an elevation of 76.4 m (251 ft).

The eastern half of the province is a limestone plateau with karst scenery and unnavigable rivers flowing through deep mountain gorges; the western half is characterised by mountain ranges and rivers running north and south. These include the Nu Jiang (

Salween), the Lancang (Mekong), and the Jinsha (Yangtze), which flow in close proximity in the Three Parallel Rivers
protected area. The rugged, vertical terrain produces a wide range of flora and fauna, and the province has been called a natural zoological and botanical garden.

Borders

Bordering Chinese provincial-level divisions are

Luang Namtha provinces), Myanmar (states of Shan and Kachin
). The main border crossings are:

  • Hekou–Lào Cai, by road and rail, is the only Sino-Vietnamese land border crossing open to non-Chinese/non-Vietnamese.
  • Sino-Laotian at Boten
  • Muse
    is the only Sino-Burmese border crossing open to non-Chinese/non-Burmese.

Lakes

There are several major lakes in Yunnan. The province has nine lakes with areas of over 30 km2 (12 sq mi). They include:

Lugu Lake

Rivers

Yangtze River near the Tiger Leaping Gorge

Yunnan is the source of two rivers, the Xi River (there known as the Nanpan and Hongshui) and the Yuan River. The Hongshui is a principal source stream of the Xi River. Rising as the Nanpan in eastern Yunnan province, it flows south and east to form part of the boundary between Guizhou province and Guangxi autonomous region. Flowing for 345 km (214 mi), it unites with the Yu River at Guiping to form what eventually becomes the Xi River

.

The province is drained by six major river systems:

Biodiversity

Lincang mountains
Smiling young woman dressed in colourful clothes riding a yak, with coloured tassels on its horns, across a ford
Girl riding a yak in Yunnan

Yunnan is China's most diverse province, biologically as well as culturally.[47] The province contains snow-capped mountains and true tropical environments, thus supporting an unusually full spectrum of species and vegetation types. The Yunnan camellia (Camellia reticulata) is the provincial emblem.[48]

During summer, the

Great Plateau of Tibet acts as a barrier to monsoon winds, trapping moisture in the province. This gives the alpine flora
in particular what one source has called a "lushness found nowhere else".

This topographic range combined with a

tropical moisture sustains extremely high biodiversity and high degrees of endemism, probably the richest botanically in the world's temperate regions.[47] Perhaps 17,000 species of higher plants, of which an estimated 2,500 are endemic, can be found in the province. The province is said to have "as much flowering plant diversity as the rest of the Northern Hemisphere put together".[8][full citation needed
]

Yunnan has less than 4% of the land of China, yet the province harbors around 42.6% of all protected plant species and 72.5% of all protected wild animals in the country, of which 15% are strictly endemic to Yunnan.

Yunnan snub-nosed monkey.[52] It is feared that the Yunnan lar gibbon, another moribund species, has already gone extinct.[53] Yunnan province has 11 national and regional nature reserves. In total, the covered protected area in China is about 510,000 hectares.[54]

The freshwater fish fauna is highly diverse with about 620 species, including more than 580 natives (the remaining are introduced).[55] This equals almost 40% of the freshwater fish species in China. Of the Yunnan natives, more than 250 are endemic to the province and many of these are threatened.[55] Several species that are restricted to single lakes (notably Dian, Erhai, Fuxian and Yilong) are likely already are extinct.[56] By far, the most diverse order in Yunnan are Cypriniformes, both in total species number and number of endemics.[55]

The unique Sinopyrophorus bioluminescent beetles were described from Yunnan in 2019.[57]

Designation

Yunnan has been designated:

  • "Center of Plant Diversity" (IUCN/WWF: Davis et al. 1995)
  • "Global 200 List Priority Ecoregion" for biodiversity conservation (WWF: Olsen and Dinerstein 1998)
  • "Endemic Bird Area" (Birdlife International: Bibby, C. et al. 1992) and
  • "Global Biodiversity Hotspot", as a part of the Hengduan Mountain Ecosystem (Conservation International: Mittermeier and Mittermeier 1997)

Natural resources

A main source of wealth lies in its vast

yuan
, 40% of which come from fuel minerals, 7.3% from metallic minerals and 52.7% from nonmetallic minerals.

Yunnan has sufficient rainfall and many rivers and lakes. The annual water flow originating in the province is 200 cubic kilometres, three times that of the Yellow River. The rivers flowing into the province from outside add 160 cubic kilometres, which means there are more than ten thousand cubic metres of water for each person in the province. This is four times the average in the country. The rich water resources offer abundant hydro-energy. China is constructing a series of dams on the Mekong to develop it as a waterway and source of power; the first was completed at Manwan in 1993.

Scenic areas

National parks

See also:
List of national parks in China
  • Shangri-La County
  • Lijiang, pending approval[58]

UNESCO World Heritage Sites

Governance

Administrative divisions

Main articles: List of administrative divisions of Yunnan and List of township-level divisions of Yunnan

Yunnan consists of sixteen prefecture-level divisions: eight prefecture-level cities and eight autonomous prefectures:

Administrative divisions of Yunnan
Division code[60] Division Area in km2[61] Population 2020[62] Seat Divisions[63]
Districts
Counties
Aut. counties
 CL cities
530000 Yunnan Province 394,000.00 47,209,277 Kunming city 17 65 29 18
530100 Kunming city 21,001.28 8,460,088
Chenggong District
 7 3 3 1
530300 Qujing city 28,939.41 5,765,775
Qilin District
 3 5 1
530400 Yuxi city 14,941.53 2,249,502
Hongta District
 2 4 3
530500 Baoshan city 19,064.60 2,431,211
Longyang District
 1 3 1
530600 Zhaotong city 22,439.76 5,092,611
Zhaoyang District
 1 9 1
530700 Lijiang city 20,557.25 1,253,878
Gucheng District
 1 2 2
530800 Pu'er city 44,264.79 2,404,954
Simao District
 1 9
530900 Lincang city 23,620.72 2,257,991
Linxiang District
 1 4 3
532300 Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture 28,436.87 2,416,747 Chuxiong city 8 2
532500 Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture 32,167.67 4,478,422 Mengzi city 6 3 4
532600 Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture 31,409.12 3,503,218 Wenshan city 7 1
532800 Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture 19,107.05 1,301,407 Jinghong city 2 1
532900 Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture 28,299.43 3,337,559 Dali city 8 3 1
533100 Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture 11,171.41 1,315,709 Mang city 3 2
533300 Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture 14,588.92 552,694 Lushui city 1 2 1
533400
Dêqên Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
 23,185.59 387,511 Shangri-La city 1 1 1

These 16 prefecture-level divisions are in turn subdivided into 129

autonomous counties). At the end of the year 2021, the total population is 48.01 million.[1]

Urban areas

Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
# Cities 2020 Urban area[64] 2010 Urban area[65] 2020 City proper
1 Kunming[b] 5,273,144 3,140,777[c] 8,460,088
2 Qujing 1,043,665 468,437[d] 5,765,775
3 Xuanwei 691,922 584,076 see Qujing
4 Zhaotong 589,260 255,861 5,092,611
5 Yuxi 549,610 306,879[e] 2,249,502
6 Dali 549,189 367,122 part of Dali Prefecture
7 Mengzi 430,355 [f] part of Honghe Prefecture
8 Chuxiong 426,823 331,991 part of Chuxiong Prefecture
9 Wenshan 424,760 [g] part of Wenshan Prefecture
10 Anning 399,779 242,151 see Kunming
11 Baoshan 378,240 263,380 2,431,211
12 Jinghong 358,517 205,523 part of Xishuangbanna Prefecture
13 Pu'er 327,733 185,473 2,404,954
14 Gejiu 310,521 163,528 part of Honghe Prefecture
15 Mile 287,637 [h] part of Honghe Prefecture
16 Tengchong 238,974 [i] see Baoshan
17 Lijiang 238,828 151,744 1,253,878
18 Kaiyuan 227,231 210,801 part of Honghe Prefecture
19 Mangshi[j] 216426 131,425 part of Dehong Prefecture
20 Lincang 211,878 142,095 2,257,991
21 Ruili 208,658 99,148 part of Dehong Prefecture
22
Dongchuan[b]
 160,192 113,632 see Kunming
23 Lushui 148,759 [k] part of Nujiang Prefecture
24 Chengjiang 81,492 [l] see Yuxi
25 Shangri-La 75,300 [m] part of
Dêqên Prefecture
26 Shuifu 68,389 [n] see Zhaotong
  1. ^ UK: /juːˈnæn/,[5] US: /ˌjuːˈnɑːn/;[6] Chinese: 云南; pinyin: Yúnnán; Mandarin pronunciation: [y̌nnǎn] ⓘ
  2. ^ a b Dongchuan is a satellite urban area separated from Kunming and it is not included in the urban area count.
  3. Jinning (Jinning County)
    . These new districts not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  4. Malong (Malong County)
    . These new districts not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  5. Jiangchuan (Jiangchuan County)
    . The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  6. ^ Mengzi County is currently known as Mengzi CLC after 2010 census.
  7. ^ Wenshan County is currently known as Wenshan CLC after 2010 census.
  8. ^ Mile County is currently known as Mile CLC after 2010 census.
  9. ^ Tengchong County is currently known as Tengchong CLC after 2010 census.
  10. ^ Mangshi CLC formerly known as Luxi CLC until 20 July 2010.
  11. ^ Lushui County is currently known as Lushui CLC after 2010 census.
  12. ^ Chengjiang County is currently known as Chengjiang CLC after 2010 census.
  13. ^ Shangri-La County is currently known as Shangri-La CLC after 2010 census.
  14. ^ Shuifu County is currently known as Shuifu CLC after 2010 census.

Politics

Further information:
List of provincial leaders of the People's Republic of China
Statue of Mao Zedong in Lijiang

Secretaries of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Yunnan Committee: The Secretary of the CCP is the highest ranking and most important position in Yunnan.[66]

  1. Song Renqiong (宋任穷): 1950–1952
  2. Xie Fuzhi (谢富治): July 1952 – August 1959
  3. Yan Hongyan (阎红彦): August 1959 – January 1967
  4. Zhou Xing
    (周兴): June 1971 – October 1975
  5. Jia Qiyun
    (贾启允): October 1975 – February 1977
  6. An Pingsheng (安平生): February 1977 – July 1985
  7. Pu Chaozhu (普朝柱): July 1985 – June 1995
  8. Gao Yan (高严): June 1995 – August 1997
  9. Linghu An (令狐安): August 1997 – October 2001
  10. Bai Enpei (白恩培): October 2001 – August 2011[66]
  11. Qin Guangrong (秦光荣): August 2011 – October 2014
  12. Li Jiheng (李纪恒): October 2014 – August 2016
  13. Chen Hao (陈豪): August 2016 – November 2020
  14. Ruan Chengfa (阮成发): November 2020 – October 2021
  15. Wang Ning (王宁): October 2021 – present

Governors of Yunnan: The

personnel and foreign affairs issues concerning Yunnan.[66]

  1. Chen Geng (陈赓): March 1950 – February 1955
  2. Guo Yingqiu (郭影秋): February 1955 – November 1958
  3. Ding Yichuan (丁一川): November 1958 – January 1965
  4. Zhou Xing
    (周兴): January 1965 – 1966
  5. Tan Furen (谭甫仁): August 1968 – October 1970
  6. Zhou Xing: October 1970 – October 1975
  7. Jia Qiyun
    (贾启允): October 1975 – February 1977
  8. An Pingsheng (安平生): February 1977 – December 1979
  9. Liu Minghui (刘明辉): December 1979 – April 1983
  10. Pu Chaozhu (普朝柱): April 1983 – August 1985
  11. He Zhiqiang (和志强): August 1985 – January 1998
  12. Li Jiating (李嘉廷): January 1998 – June 2001
  13. Xu Rongkai (徐荣凯): June 2001 – November 2006
  14. Qin Guangrong (秦光荣): January 2007 – August 2011[66]
  15. Li Jiheng (李纪恒): August 2011 – October 2014
  16. Chen Hao (陈豪): October 2014 – December 2016
  17. Ruan Chengfa (阮成发): December 2016 – November 2020
  18. Wang Yubo (王予波): November 2020 – present

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1912[67] 9,468,000—    
1928[68] 13,821,000+46.0%
1936–37[69] 12,042,000−12.9%
1947[70] 9,066,000−24.7%
1954[71] 17,472,737+92.7%
1964[72] 20,509,525+17.4%
1982[73] 32,553,817+58.7%
1990[74] 36,972,610+13.6%
2000[75] 42,360,089+14.6%
2010[76] 45,966,239+8.5%
2020[77] 47,209,277+2.7%

According to Yunnan government statistics, there are approximately 2.5 million overseas Chinese whose ancestral homeland is Yunnan province.

Ethnicity

Major autonomous areas within Yunnan (excluding Hui)

Yunnan is noted for a very high level of ethnic diversity.

Naxi
, have in the past claimed official status as a national minority, and are now recognised with the status of Mosuo people.

Ethnic groups are widely distributed in the province. Some twenty-five minorities live in compact communities, each of which has a population of more than five thousand. Ten ethnic minorities living in border areas and river valleys include the

Drung
, with a total population of four million.

Languages

ethnolinguistic groups
in Yunnan (1971).

Most

Putonghua
, commonly called "Mandarin"), which is used in the media, by the government, and as the language of instruction in education.

Yunnan's ethnic diversity is reflected in its linguistic diversity. Languages spoken in Yunnan include

Tai Nüa; as well as Hmong–Mien languages
.

The

Dongba script, which is the only pictographic writing system in use in the world today. The Dongba script was mainly used to provide the Dongba priests with instructions on how to carry out their rituals: today the Dongba script features more as a tourist attraction. Perhaps the best known Western Dongba scholar was Joseph Rock
.

Literacy

By the end of 1998, among the province's population, 419,800 had received college education or above, 2.11 million senior middle school education, 8.3 million junior middle school education, 18.25 million primary school education, and 8.25 million aged 15 or above were illiterate or semi-literate.

Religion

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Religion in Yunnan (2023)[79]

  
Atheist (95.3%)
  Buddhism (4,6%)
  Islam (0.9%)
  Christianity
(0.1%)

According to a demographic analysis of religions in Yunnan, almost 90% of the population belonged to ethnic minorities;[79] however, as of 2005 the province had around 4 million believers of the five government-sanctioned organised religious doctrines of China. Of these:

  • 2.6 million or about 6% of the total population are Buddhists;
  • 620,000 or 1.4% are Muslims;
  • 530,000 or 1.2% are Protestants;
  • 240,000 or 0.5% are
    priests
    );
  • 66,000 or 0.1% are
    Catholics
    .

According to surveys conducted in 2004 and 2007, in those years approximately 32.22% of the province's population was involved in

worship of ancestors and 2.75% declared a Christian identity.[80]

Most of the population of the province practices traditional

Muslims. Christianity is dominant among the Lisu, the Jingpo and the Derung ethnic groups.[79]

Image gallery

Agriculture

View of Duoyishu sunrise in Yuanyang

The region maintains a strong agricultural focus. Agriculture is restricted to the few upland plains, open valleys, and terraced hillsides. Level land for agriculture is extremely scarce and only about 5 percent of the province is under cultivation.

timber, a valuable resource, is cut (teak
in the southwest).

Yunnan produces most of coffee grown in China (although there are also much smaller plantations in Fujian and Hainan). Large-scale coffee cultivation started in Yunnan in 1988. The most commonly grown variety in the province is catimor.[81]

Tobacco is the main (export) product and makes up a big part of the provincial GDP.[82] Furthermore, Yunnan has a strong competitive potential in the fruit and vegetable industries, especially in low value-added commodities such as fresh and dried vegetables and fresh apples.

Strawberry fields near Yuxi

Yunnan is one of the regions in the world with the most abundant resources of wild edible mushrooms. In China, there are 938 kinds of edible mushrooms, and over 800 varieties can be found in Yunnan. In 2004, around 7,744 tons of wild edible mushrooms were exported, making up for 70% of the total export of this product in China. The so-called 'pine mushroom' is the main product in Yunnan and is exported to Japan in large quantities.

Due to China's growing consumption of dairy products, Yunnan's dairy industry is also developing very rapidly and is also aiming to export to its ASEAN neighbors.

The flower industry in Yunnan province started to develop towards the end of the 1980s. Yunnan province accounts for 50% of China's total cut flower production. The size of the planting area for cut flowers in Yunnan province amounts to 4000 hectares. In 2003, the output totaled 2.3 billion stems. In 2002 the flower industry in Yunnan had a total output of RMB 3.4 billion. Export amounted to US$18 million. Apart from sales on the domestic market, Yunnan also exports to a number of foreign countries and regions such as Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, Thailand and Singapore. [citation needed]

Economy

As of the mid-19th century, Yunnan exported birds, brass, tin, gemstones, musk, nuts, and peacock feathers mainly to stores in Guangzhou. They imported silk, wool, and cotton cloth, tobacco and books.[83]

Lijiang City
Aerial view of Downtown Kunming

Yunnan is one of China's relatively

soil improvement, water conservation, electric power, roads, and "green belt" building. Upon the completion of the projects, the province hopes this will alleviate the shortages of grain
, water, electric power and roads.

Yunnan lags behind the east coast of China in relation to

tertiary sector contributes 40 percent and agriculture 15 percent. Investment is the key driver of Yunnan's economic growth, especially in construction
.

The main challenge that Yunnan faces is its lack of major

drug trafficking and HIV/AIDS
.

Yunnan's four pillar industries include

machinery and electrical equipment, chemical and agricultural products, and non-ferrous metals. In 2008, its total two-way trade (imports and exports) reached US$9.6 billion. The province signed foreign direct investment
contracts involving US$1.69 billion, of which US$777 million were actually utilized during the year.

Yunnan's employment rate remain stable. The total number of newly-entered-employee were 49.35 thousand people. The unemployment rate at the end of 2020 was 3.92%. Yunnan's nominal GDP in 2020 was 24521.9 billion Yuan( US$3850.92 billion), an annual growth rate of 4.0%. Its per capita GDP was 50,299 Yuan ( US$ 7,898.96). The share of GDP of Yunnan's primary, secondary and tertiary industries were 3598.91 billion Yuan, 8287.54 billion Yuan, and 12635.45 billion Yuan respectively. [85]

Yunnan is one of the major production bases of copper, lead, zinc, tin and aluminum in China.

Kaiyuan. Economic policy to locate new industry in interior areas with substantial mineral wealth, led to major industrial development in Yunnan, especially in the Kunming area
.

The electricity industry is another important economic pillar of Yunnan, which plays a key role in the "West-East Electricity Transmission Project". The electricity produced in Yunnan is mainly transported to Guangdong.

Economic and Technological Development Zones

  • Kunming Economic and Technological Development Zone

First established in 1992, Kunming Economic & Technology Development Zone is a national-level zone approved by the State Council. Kunming is located in east-central Yunnan province with preferential location. After several years' development, the zone has formed its pillar industries, which include tobacco processing, machinery manufacturing, electronic information, and biotechnology.[86]

The Kunming High-tech Industrial Development Zone (KMHNZ), is a state-level high-tech industrial zone established in 1992 in Northwest Kunming. It is administratively under Kunming Prefecture. It has covers an area of 9 km2 (3.5 sq mi). KMHNZ is located in the northwest part of Kunming city, 4 kilometers from Kunming Railway Station, 5 kilometers from Kunming International Airport.[87]

Ruili Border Economic Cooperation Zone (RLBECZ) is a Chinese State Council-approved Industrial Park based in Ruili, Dehong Prefecture, founded in 1992 and was established to promote trade between China and Burma. The area's import and export trade include the processing industry, local agriculture and biological resources are very promising. Sino-Burmese business is growing fast. Burma is now one of Yunnan's biggest foreign trade partners. In 1999, Sino-Burmese trade accounted for 77.4% of Yunnan's foreign trade. In the same year, exports for electromechanical equipments came up to US$55.28 million. Main exports here include fiber cloth, cotton yarn, ceresin wax, mechanical equipments, fruits, rice seeds, fiber yarn and tobacco.[88]

Wanding Border Economic Cooperation Zone (WTBECZ) is a Chinese State Council-approved Industrial Park based in Wanding Town, Ruili, Dehong, founded in 1992 and was established to promote trade between China and Burma. The zone spans 6 km2 (2.3 sq mi) and is focused on developing trading, processing, agriculture resources and tourism.[89]

  • Qujing Economic and Technological Development Zone

Qujing Economic and Technological Development Zone (QETDZ) is a provincial development zone approved by Yunnan Provincial Government in August 1992. It is located in the east of urban Qujing, the second largest city in Yunnan in terms of economic strengths. The location of the development zone is the economic, political and cultural center of Qujing. As an agency under Qujing municipal Party committee and municipal government, the administrative commission of QETDZ functions as an economy supervising body at the prefecture level and an administration body at the county level. It has 106 km2 (41 sq mi) under its jurisdiction. It shoulders the task of building a new 40-square-kilometer city area and providing service for a population of 400,000 in the upcoming 10 years.[90]

  • Yuxi Economic and Technological Development Zone
  • Dali
    Economic and Technological Development Zone
  • Chuxiong Economic and Technological Development Zone

Chuxiong Economic Development Zone is an important zone in Yunnan. Now the zone has attracted a number of investment projects. It is an important industry for the development of new-type industry platform. The zone covers an area of 12 km2 (4.6 sq mi), composed of four parks.[91]

  • Songming
    Yanglin Experimental Zone for County & Township Industries
  • Hekou Border Economic Cooperation Zone

First established in 1992, Hekou Border Economic Cooperation Zone is a border zone approved by State Council to promote Sino-Vietnamese trade. It has a planned area of 4.02 km2 (1.55 sq mi). The zone implemented several policies to serve its clients in China from various industries and sectors including investment, trade, finance, taxation, immigration, etc.[92]

  • Jiegao Border Trade Economic Zone
  • Yulong Snow Mountain
    Tourism Zone
  • Cang Mountain & Erhai Lake Tourism and Vacation Zone at Dali
  • Xishuangbanna
    Tourism and Vacation Zone
  • Tengchong Tourism and Vacation Zone
  • Yangzonghai Lake
    Tourism and Vacation Zone
  • Fuxian Lake Tourism and Vacation Zone

Education

See also: List of universities and colleges in Yunnan

Since the 1960s, improvements have been achieved in the overall educational level, which can be seen in the increase in average years of regular education received. The development of part-time

illiteracy. A basic Chinese vocabulary in simplified strokes is taught to millions of illiterate people in short, intensive courses. Despite progress made, Yunnan's illiteracy rate remains one of the highest in China mainly due to insufficient education among minority peoples.[93][94]

In

gross enrollment rate
of school-age children was 99.02%.

Health

Yunnan Province is responsible for about 50% of officially reported malaria cases in China.[95]

It is presently considered to be the main source of plague in China.[96]

HIV-AIDS

This section is an excerpt from HIV/AIDS in Yunnan.[edit]

The

China's southwest border.[98]

Yunnan is the area most affected by
Burmese border. Up until 1993, the disease had remained a problem in the border areas before mobile people (truck drivers, construction and migrant workers and travelers) brought the virus further into the country. In 1995, the provinces of Sichuan and Xinjiang
reported their first HIV cases, and by 1998, the virus had spread all over China.

Transport

Main article: Transport in Yunnan

Railways

Dali–Lijiang Railway near Dali

The first railway in Yunnan was the

railway from Yunnan to Burma
but abandoned the effort due to Japanese advance.

Due in part to difficult terrain both locally and in surrounding provinces and the shortage of capital for rail construction, Yunnan remained outside of China's domestic rail network until 1966 when the

Panxi Railway
, originally built in 1975 to draw coal from neighboring Guizhou, was electrified in 2001 and adds to eastern Yunnan's outbound rail transport capacity.

Kunming–Yuxi railway in Haikou Town, Kunming

Within the province, the

extended further north to Xamgyi'nyilha County
.

The province is extending the railway network to neighboring countries in Southeast Asia. From

Dali–Ruili Railway, under construction since May 2011, will bring rail service to the border with Myanmar. Also under planning is a rail line from Yuxi to Mohan, in Xishuangbana Prefecture, on the border with Laos. This line could be extended further south to Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore
.

Burma Road

The

Burma, to Chongqing
.

Highways

Road construction in Yunnan continues unabated: over the last years the province has added more new roads than any other province.[citation needed] Today expressways link Kunming through Dali to Baoshan, Kunming to Mojiang (on the way to Jinghong), Kunming to Qujing, Kunming to Shilin (Stone Forest). The official plan is to connect all major towns and neighbouring capitals with expressways by 2010, and to complete a high-speed road network by 2020.

Roadway in Lijiang with the Jade Dragon Snow Mountain in the distance.

All county towns are now accessible by paved, all-weather roads from Kunming, all townships have a road connection (the last to be connected was Yangla, in the far north, but Dulongjiang remains cut off for about six months every year), and about half of all villages have road access.

Second-level national highways stretch 958 km (595 mi), third-level highways, 7,571 km (4,704 mi) and fourth-level highways, 52,248 km (32,465 mi). The province has formed a network of communication lines radiating from Kunming to Sichuan and Guizhou provinces and Guangxi and Tibet autonomous regions, and further on to Burma, Laos, Vietnam and Thailand.

China National Highway 320 in Longling County

National highways running through Yunnan province are:

Expressways

After the opening of the Suolongsi to Pingyuanjie section, Luofu expressway, the first between Yunnan and

Wenshan State. The total length of the expressway is 79.3 kilometers which has shortened the commute
between Yunnan and Guangxi from the previous 3 and half hours to just 50 minutes.

Expressways running through Yunnan province are:

Waterways

Yangzi River

Generally, rivers are obstacles to transport in Yunnan. Only very small parts of Yunnan's river systems are navigable. However, China is constructing a series of dams on the Mekong to develop it as a waterway and source of power; the first was completed at Manwan in 1993.

In 1995, the province put an investment of 171 million yuan to add another 807 km (501 mi) of navigation lines. It built two wharfs with an annual handling capacity of 300,000 to 400,000 tons each and four wharfs with an annual handling capacity of 100,000 tons each. The annual volume of goods transported was two million tons and that of passengers transported, two million.

Airports

Dali Airport
Ninglang Luguhu Airport

The province has twenty domestic air routes from

Chiang Mai, Yangon, Singapore, Seoul, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Kuala Lumpur and Vientiane
.

Replacing Kunming Wujiaba International Airport is Kunming Changshui International Airport, which opened June 28, 2012.[99]

Bridges

Bridge-building in Yunnan date back at least 1,300 years when the

Yangtze which has dozens of crossings
in Yunnan.

Metro

Kunming
is the only city in Yunnan that has a metro system. As of August 2021, it has 5 lines in operation.

Culture

See also:
Major national historical and cultural sites (Yunnan)
Lijiang
.

Yunnan's cultural life is one of remarkable diversity. Archaeological findings have unearthed sacred burial structures holding elegant bronzes in

Jinning, south of Kunming. In northeastern Yunnan, frescoes of the Jin dynasty (266–420) have been discovered in the city of Zhatong. Many Chinese cultural relics have been discovered in later periods. The lineage of tribal way of life of the indigenous peoples persisted uninfluenced by modernity until the mid-20th century. Tribal traditions, such as Yi slaveholding and Wa headhunting, have since been abolished. After the Cultural Revolution (1966–76), in which several minority cultural and religious practices were suppressed, Yunnan has come to celebrate its cultural diversity and subsequently many local customs and festivals have flourished.[100]

Eighteen Oddities of Yunnan

Main article:
Eighteen Oddities of Yunnan

Cuisine

Main article: Yunnan cuisine

Tea

Pu'er tea from Yunnan
For the
Yunnan tea
.

Yunnan has several different tea growing regions.

Dianhong
teas, developed in the 20th century.

Music

Main article: Music of Yunnan

Chinese medicine

Yunnan is host to more than 19,000 species of plants, including 60 percent of the plants used in traditional Chinese medicine.[102]

Tourism

Rice-terraced mountains of Yuanyang county
Ganden Sumtseling Monastery in Shangri-La City
Old Town of Lijiang
Baishui River with Jade Dragon Snow Mountain in background

Yunnan Province, due to its landscapes, mild climate and cultural diversity, is one of China's major tourist destinations. Most visitors are Chinese tourists, although trips to Yunnan are organized by an increasing number of foreign travel agencies as well. Mainland tourists travel by the masses; 2.75 million Chinese visited Yunnan last October during National Holiday. Also a different trend is slowly developing; small scale and environmentally friendly ecotourism. At the moment projects in this field are often being set up with help of NGO's.

In 2004, tourism revenues amounted to 37 billion RMB, and thus accounting for 12.6% of the provincial GDP. Another fact indicating the importance of tourism in Yunnan Province is capital Kunming hosting the China International Travel Mart every two years. This tourism trade fair is the largest of its kind in Asia and serves as an important platform for professionals in the sector. More than 80 countries and regions were present during the 2005 edition.

Tourism is expected to grow further. In 2010, the province welcomed over 2.3 million overseas tourists and the Yunnan Provincial Tourism Bureau aims to draw 4.3 million overseas arrivals under the 12th Five-Year Tourism Development Plan. Kunming city is expected to add 11 new mid- to high-end hotels with an inventory of under 4,000 rooms between 2012 and 2016.[103]

adventure tourism onto the rivers of Southwest China. A two-month white-water expedition Archived 2019-07-02 at the Wayback Machine
explored from the Mekong River's Moon Gorge to Yangze River's Great Bend. The expedition provided valuable information to the partnership, encouraging them to take into account the safety, culture, economics, and conservation of the Yunnan Province. Creating an adventure tourism sector would bring valuable economic resources to the economically struggling population, who had once relied on logging as income prior to it being banned due to deforestation.

Tourist centres in Yunnan include:

Places of interest

The Gucheng Mosque of Yunnan

Sport

Professional sporting teams in Yunnan have included the now defunct

Yunnan Lijiang Dongba football team currently competes in China League Two
.

Notes

  1. ^ This is a common interpretation of "Yunnan", but the original etymology is uncertain.

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