Politics of the Southern United States
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The politics of the Southern United States generally refers to the political landscape of the Southern United States. The institution of slavery had a profound impact on the politics of the Southern United States, causing the American Civil War and continued subjugation of African-Americans from the Reconstruction era to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Scholars have linked slavery to contemporary political attitudes, including racial resentment.[2] From the Reconstruction era to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, pockets of the Southern United States were characterized as being "authoritarian enclaves".[3][4][5][6]
The region was once referred to as the Solid South, due to its large consistent support for Democrats in all elective offices from 1877 to 1964. As a result, its Congressmen gained seniority across many terms, thus enabling them to control many congressional committees. Following the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965, Southern states became more reliably Republican in presidential politics, while Northeastern states became more reliably Democratic.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Studies show that some Southern whites during the 1960s shifted to the Republican Party, in part due to racial conservatism.[13][15][16] Majority support for the Democratic Party amongst Southern whites first fell away at the presidential level, and several decades later at the state and local levels.[17] Both parties are competitive in a handful of Southern states, known as swing states.
Southern states
According to the United States Census Bureau, the following states are considered part of the South:
- Alabama
- Arkansas
- Delaware
- Florida
- Georgia
- Kentucky
- Louisiana
- Maryland
- Mississippi
- North Carolina
- Oklahoma
- South Carolina
- Tennessee
- Texas
- Virginia
- West Virginia
Other definitions vary. For example,
Post-Civil War through 19th century
At the end of the
In the 1890s the South split bitterly, with poor cotton farmers moving to the Populist movement. In coalition with the remaining Republicans, the Populists briefly controlled Alabama and North Carolina. The local elites, townspeople, and landowners fought back, regaining control of the Democratic party by 1898.
20th century
During the 20th century, civil rights of African Americans became a central issue. Before 1964, African American citizens in the South and elsewhere in the United States were treated as second class citizens with minimal political rights.
1948: Dixiecrat revolt
Few Southern Democrats rejected the 1948 Democratic
Civil Rights Movement
Between 1955 and 1968, a movement towards
Legal changes came in the mid-1960s when President Lyndon B. Johnson pushed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 through Congress. It ended legal segregation. He also pushed through the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which set strict rules for protecting the right of African Americans to vote. This law has since been used to protect equal rights for all minorities as well as women.[27]
The South becomes majority Republican
For nearly a century after
The adoption of the first civil rights plank by the 1948 convention and President Truman's Executive Order 9981, which provided for equal treatment and opportunity for African-American military service members, divided the Democratic party's northern and southern wings.[28] In 1952, the Democratic Party named John Sparkman, a moderate Senator from Alabama, as their vice presidential candidate with the hope of building party loyalty in the South.[29][30] By the late 1950s, the national Democratic Party again began to embrace the Civil Rights Movement, and the old argument that Southern whites had to vote for Democrats to protect segregation grew weaker. Modernization had brought factories, national businesses and a more diverse culture to cities such as Atlanta, Dallas, Charlotte and Houston. This attracted millions of U.S. migrants from outside the region, including many African Americans to Southern cities. They gave priority to modernization and economic growth, over preservation of the old economic ways.[31]
After the Civil Rights act of 1964 and The Voting Rights Act of 1965 were passed in Congress, only a small element resisted, led by Democratic governors Lester Maddox of Georgia, and especially George Wallace of Alabama. These populist governors appealed to a less-educated, working-class electorate, that favored the Democratic Party, but also supported segregation.[32] After the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court case that outlawed segregation in schools in 1954, integration caused enormous controversy in the white South. For this reason, compliance was very slow and was the subject of violent resistance in some areas.[33]
The Democratic Party no longer acted as the champion of segregation. Newly enfranchised African American voters began supporting Democratic candidates at the 80-90-percent levels, producing Democratic leaders such as Julian Bond and John Lewis of Georgia, and Barbara Jordan of Texas.[34]
Many white southerners switched to the Republican Party during the 1960s, for a variety of reasons. The majority of white southerners shared conservative positions on taxes, moral values, and national security. The Democratic Party had increasingly liberal positions rejected by these voters.[35] In addition, the younger generations, who were politically conservative but wealthier and less attached to the Democratic Party, replaced the older generations who remained loyal to the party.[35] The shift to the Republican Party took place slowly and gradually over almost a century.[35]
Late 20th century into 21st century
By the 1990s Republicans were starting to win elections at the statewide and local level throughout the South, even though Democrats retained majorities in several state legislatures through the 2000s and 2010s.
2016 - Present
After the
Connections between education and politics
Research studies in American political affiliations demonstrate that an "uneducated"(lack of post-secondary school) white populace tends to vote Republican.[46] Looking at the racial composition through the 2022 census[47] demonstrates that the most prevalent race in the south are whites. Using these pieces of information, the tendency for the south to vote Republican could be further be explained as a lack of education in this region of the United States, as there are several majority-white states outside of the Deep South that tend to vote Democratic (Red states and blue states).
Recent trends
LGBTQ rights
In September 2004,
Politics
While the general trend in the South has shown an increasing dominance of the Republican party since the 1960s, Southern politics in the 21st century are still contentious and competitive.
All the former Confederate Southern states supported Donald Trump in the 2016 Republican presidential primary except Texas (won by native son Ted Cruz). Trump won every former Confederate State except Virginia.[52]
Most Southern states, since the earlier 20th century, adopted absolute majority requirements in Democratic "white primary" elections for state and local offices, largely to undermine challengers from among both moderates as well as those further to the right, such as members of the Ku Klux Klan. Some states, like Georgia and Mississippi, also adopted tighter thresholds, with Georgia adopting a County unit system for their Democratic primary and Mississippi adopting a requirement that general election candidates win with a majority of state house districts. Several court cases throughout the 20th and even the 21st centuries have challenged these laws. Several changes in the laws have also, from Louisiana's adoption of the Nonpartisan blanket primary (in the form of the Louisiana primary) to Florida's abolition of the 50% requirement in primary and general elections. However, Georgia (from 1964 to 1994 and since 2005) and Mississippi (since 2020) remain the two states which require absolute majorities in both primaries and general elections.
Politics in the Southern United States, 2001–present | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
State | Elected office | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |
Alabama | President | George W. Bush (R) | John McCain (R) | Mitt Romney (R) | Donald Trump (R) | |||||||||||||||||||
U.S. senators | 2 R | D, R | 2 R | |||||||||||||||||||||
Congressional districts | R majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Governor | D | R | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Senate | D majority | R majority | R supermajority | |||||||||||||||||||||
House of Representatives | D majority | R supermajority | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Arkansas | President | George W. Bush (R) | John McCain (R) | Mitt Romney (R) | Donald Trump (R) | |||||||||||||||||||
U.S. senators | D, R | 2 D | D, R | 2 R | ||||||||||||||||||||
Congressional districts | D majority | R majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Governor | R | D | R | |||||||||||||||||||||
Senate | D majority | R majority | R supermajority | |||||||||||||||||||||
House of Representatives | D majority | R majority | R supermajority | |||||||||||||||||||||
Delaware | President | Al Gore (D) | John Kerry (D) | Barack Obama (D) | Hillary Clinton (D) | Joe Biden (D) | ||||||||||||||||||
U.S. senators | 2 D | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Congressional districts |
R majority | D majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Governor | D | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Senate | D majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||
House of Representatives | R majority | D majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Florida | President | George W. Bush (R) | Barack Obama (D) | Donald Trump (R) | ||||||||||||||||||||
U.S. senators | 2 D | D, R | 2R | |||||||||||||||||||||
Congressional districts | R majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Governor | R | I | R | |||||||||||||||||||||
Senate | R majority | R supermajority | R majority | R supermajority | ||||||||||||||||||||
House of Representatives | R majority | R supermajority | R majority | R supermajority | R majority | R supermajority | ||||||||||||||||||
Georgia | President | George W. Bush (R) | John McCain (R) | Mitt Romney (R) | Donald Trump (R) | Joe Biden (D) | ||||||||||||||||||
U.S. senators | D, R | 2 R | 2 D | |||||||||||||||||||||
Congressional districts | R majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Governor | D | R | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Senate |
D majority | R majority | R supermajority | R majority | ||||||||||||||||||||
House of Representatives | D majority | R majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Kentucky | President | George W. Bush (R) | John McCain (R) | Mitt Romney (R) | Donald Trump (R) | |||||||||||||||||||
U.S. senators | 2 R | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Congressional districts | R majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Governor | D | R | D | R | D | |||||||||||||||||||
Senate | R majority | R supermajority | ||||||||||||||||||||||
House of Representatives | D majority | R majority | R supermajority | |||||||||||||||||||||
Louisiana | President | George W. Bush (R) | John McCain (R) | Mitt Romney (R) | Donald Trump (R) | |||||||||||||||||||
U.S. senators | 2 D | D, R | 2R | |||||||||||||||||||||
Congressional districts | R majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Governor | R | D | R | D | ||||||||||||||||||||
Senate |
D majority | R majority | R supermajority | |||||||||||||||||||||
House of Representatives | D majority | R majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Maryland | President | Al Gore (D) | John Kerry (D) | Barack Obama (D) | Hillary Clinton (D) | Joe Biden (D) | ||||||||||||||||||
U.S. senators | 2 D | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Congressional districts | 4 D, 4 R | D majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Governor | D | R | D | R | D | |||||||||||||||||||
Senate | D majority | D supermajority | ||||||||||||||||||||||
House of Delegates | D supermajority | D majority | D supermajority | |||||||||||||||||||||
Mississippi | President | George W. Bush (R) | John McCain (R) | Mitt Romney (R) | Donald Trump (R) | |||||||||||||||||||
U.S. senators | 2 R | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Congressional districts | D majority | 2 D, 2 R | D majority | R majority | ||||||||||||||||||||
Governor | D | R | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Senate |
D majority | R majority | D majority | R majority | ||||||||||||||||||||
House of Representatives | D majority | R majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||
North Carolina | President | George W. Bush (R) | Barack Obama (D) | Mitt Romney (R) | Donald Trump (R) | |||||||||||||||||||
U.S. senators | D, R | 2 R | D, R | 2 R | ||||||||||||||||||||
Congressional districts | R majority | D majority | R majority | |||||||||||||||||||||
Governor | D | R | D | |||||||||||||||||||||
Senate | D majority | R majority | R supermajority | R majority | ||||||||||||||||||||
House of Representatives | D majority | 60 D, 60 R | D majority | R majority | R supermajority | R majority | ||||||||||||||||||
Oklahoma | President | George W. Bush (R) | John McCain (R) | Mitt Romney (R) | Donald Trump (R) | |||||||||||||||||||
U.S. senators | 2 R | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Congressional districts | R majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Governor | R | D | R | |||||||||||||||||||||
Senate | D majority | 24 D, 24 R | R majority | R supermajority | ||||||||||||||||||||
House of Representatives | D majority | R majority | R supermajority | |||||||||||||||||||||
South Carolina | President | George W. Bush (R) | John McCain (R) | Mitt Romney (R) | Donald Trump (R) | |||||||||||||||||||
U.S. senators | D, R | 2 R | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Congressional districts | R majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Governor | D | R | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Senate | R majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||
House of Representatives | R majority | R supermajority | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Tennessee | President | George W. Bush (R) | John McCain (R) | Mitt Romney (R) | Donald Trump (R) | |||||||||||||||||||
U.S. senators | 2 R | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Congressional districts | R majority | D majority | R majority | |||||||||||||||||||||
Governor | R | D | R | |||||||||||||||||||||
Senate | D majority | 16 R, 16 D, 1 I | R majority | R supermajority | ||||||||||||||||||||
House of Representatives | D majority | 49 R, 49 D, 1 CCR | R majority | R supermajority | ||||||||||||||||||||
Texas | President | George W. Bush (R) | John McCain (R) | Mitt Romney (R) | Donald Trump (R) | |||||||||||||||||||
U.S. senators | 2 R | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Congressional districts |
D majority | R majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Governor | R | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Senate | R majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||
House of Representatives | D majority | R majority | R supermajority | R majority | ||||||||||||||||||||
Virginia | President | George W. Bush (R) | Barack Obama (D) | Hillary Clinton (D) | Joe Biden (D) | |||||||||||||||||||
U.S. senators | 2 R | D, R | 2 D | |||||||||||||||||||||
Congressional districts | R majority | D majority | R majority | D majority | ||||||||||||||||||||
Governor | R | D | R | D | R | |||||||||||||||||||
Senate | R majority | D majority | R majority | D majority | R majority | D majority | ||||||||||||||||||
House of Delegates | R majority | R supermajority | R majority | D majority | R majority | |||||||||||||||||||
West Virginia | President | George W. Bush (R) | John McCain (R) | Mitt Romney (R) | Donald Trump (R) | |||||||||||||||||||
U.S. senators | 2 D | D, R | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Congressional districts | D majority | R majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Governor | D | R | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Senate | D supermajority | D majority | R majority | R supermajority | ||||||||||||||||||||
House of Representatives |
D supermajority | D supermajority | D majority | R majority | R supermajority |
Political views and affiliations | % living in the South | |
---|---|---|
Hard-Pressed Democrats[53] | 48 | |
Disaffected[53] | 41 | |
Bystander[53] | 40 | |
Main Street Republicans[53] | 40 | |
New Coalition Democrats[53] | 40 | |
Staunch Conservative[53] | 38 | |
Post-Modern[53] | 31 | |
Libertarian[53] | 28 | |
Solid Liberal[53] | 26 |
See also
- Elections in the Southern United States
- Politics of the United States
- Blue Dog Democrats
- Boll weevil (politics)
- Conservative Democrat
- Southern Democrat
- Deep South
- Upland South
- History of the Southern United States
- History of the United States Republican Party
- History of the United States Democratic Party
- Political culture of the United States
- Southern Agrarians
- Southernization
- Southern strategy
References
- ^ Regions and Divisions—2007 Economic Census". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
- ISBN 978-0-691-17674-1.
- ISBN 978-0-691-13338-6.
- ^ How to Save a Constitutional Democracy. University of Chicago Press. 2018. p. 22.
- S2CID 202249318.
- )
- ^ "Race, Campaign Politics, and the Realignment in the South". yalebooks.yale.edu. Archived from the original on June 5, 2019. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
- ISSN 0038-4941.
The events of 1964 laid open the divisions between the South and national Democrats and elicited distinctly different voter behavior in the two regions. The agitation for civil rights by southern blacks, continued white violence toward the civil rights movement, and President Lyndon Johnson's aggressive leadership all facilitated passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. [...] In the South, 1964 should be associated with GOP growth while in the Northeast this election contributed to the eradication of Republicans.
- from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
- S2CID 154860857.
Events surrounding the presidential election of 1964 marked a watershed in terms of the parties and the South (Pomper, 1972). The Solid South was built around the identification of the Democratic party with the cause of white supremacy. Events before 1964 gave white southerners pause about the linkage between the Democratic party and white supremacy, but the 1964 election, passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 altered in the minds of most the positions of the national parties on racial issues.
- S2CID 145321253.
1964 was the last presidential election in which the Democrats earned more than 50 percent of the white vote in the United States.
- ^ "The Rise of Southern Republicans – Earl Black, Merle Black". hup.harvard.edu. Harvard University Press. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
When the Republican party nominated Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater—one of the few northern senators who had opposed the Civil Rights Act—as their presidential candidate in 1964, the party attracted many racist southern whites but permanently alienated African-American voters. Beginning with the Goldwater-versus-Johnson campaign more southern whites voted Republican than Democratic, a pattern that has recurred in every subsequent presidential election. [...] Before the 1964 presidential election the Republican party had not carried any Deep South state for eighty-eight years. Yet shortly after Congress passed the Civil Rights Act, hundreds of Deep South counties gave Barry Goldwater landslide majorities.
- ^ ISBN 9780691023311. Archivedfrom the original on May 16, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
- S2CID 12885628.
By 2000, however, the New Deal party alignment no longer captured patterns of partisan voting. In the intervening 40 years, the Civil Rights and Voting Rights Acts had triggered an increasingly race-driven distinction between the parties. [...] Goldwater won the electoral votes of five states of the Deep South in 1964, four of them states that had voted Democratic for 84 years (Califano 1991, 55). He forged a new identification of the Republican party with racial conservatism, reversing a century-long association of the GOP with racial liberalism. This in turn opened the door for Nixon's "Southern strategy" and the Reagan victories of the eighties.
- ISSN 0092-5853.
- ISSN 0002-8282.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-11-09.
- ^ "Which States Are in the South?". FiveThirtyEight. 2014-04-30. Retrieved 2017-11-04.
- ^ "History Engine: The Second Reconstruction Act is passed". University of Virginia.
- ^ "Reconstruction vs. Redemption". National Endowment for the Humanities. Retrieved 2017-11-09.
- ^ Michael Perman, Pursuit of Unity: A Political History of the American South (2009)
- JSTOR 2206548.
- ^ Jack Bass and Marilyn W. Thompson, Strom: The Complicated Personal and Political Life of Strom Thurmond (2005).
- ^ Kari Frederickson, The Dixiecrat Revolt and the End of the Solid South, 1932–1968 (2001)
- ^ a b "Dixiecrats". Retrieved 2017-11-09.
- ^ "The Emergence of the Civil Rights Movement | Boundless US History". courses.lumenlearning.com. Retrieved 2017-11-09.
- ^ "Johnson signs Civil Rights Act - Jul 02, 1964 - HISTORY.com". HISTORY.com. Retrieved 2017-11-09.
- ^ Littlejohn, Jeffrey L., and Charles H. Ford. "Truman and Civil Rights." in Daniel S. Margolies, ed. A Companion to Harry S. Truman (2012) p 287.
- ^ "Sparkman Chosen by Democrats as Running Mate for Stevenson; Senator Hails Party Solidarity". partners.nytimes.com. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
- ^ "John J. Sparkman - Encyclopedia of Alabama". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
- ^ Byron E. Shafer, The End of Southern Exceptionalism: Class, Race, and Partisan Change in the Postwar South (2006) ch 6
- ^ "Lester Maddox (1915-2003)". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2017-11-09.
- ^ "School Segregation and Integration - Civil Rights History Project". The Library of Congress. Retrieved 2017-11-09.
- JSTOR 2163219.
- ^ a b c d Trende, Sean (September 9, 2010). "Misunderstanding the Southern Realignment". RealClearPolitics. Retrieved January 15, 2017.
- ^ a b Hamby, Peter (December 9, 2014). "The plight of the Southern Democrat". CNN. Retrieved January 15, 2017.
- ^ Cohn, Nate (December 4, 2014). "Demise of the Southern Democrat Is Now Nearly Complete". The New York Times. Retrieved January 15, 2017.
- ^ "Religion and the Presidential Vote | Pew Research Center". People-press.org. 6 December 2004. Retrieved 2016-03-09.
- ^ "Exit Polls". CNN. 2004-11-02. Retrieved 2006-11-18.
- ^ Loftus, Tom (November 9, 2016). "GOP takes Ky House in historic shift". courier-journal.com. Retrieved November 9, 2016.
- ^ Simon, Jeff (December 9, 2016). "How Trump Ended Democrats' 144-Year Winning Streak in One County". CNN. Retrieved January 15, 2017.
- ^ Williams, Joel (9 January 2020). "Virginia becomes Democratic trifecta as legislators are sworn in – Ballotpedia News". Retrieved 2023-02-01.
- ^ "Republican Glenn Youngkin wins election for governor in Virginia". PBS NewsHour. 2021-11-03. Retrieved 2023-02-01.
- ^ Stuart, Tessa (2021-01-06). "Warnock Makes History and Democrats Gain Senate Majority". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2023-02-01.
- ^ "Georgia Election Results 2022: Live Map | Midterm Races by County & District". www.politico.com. Retrieved 2023-02-01.
- ^ Jones, Bradley (2018-03-20). "1. Trends in party affiliation among demographic groups". Pew Research Center - U.S. Politics & Policy. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
- ^ Bureau, US Census. "The Chance That Two People Chosen at Random Are of Different Race or Ethnicity Groups Has Increased Since 2010". Census.gov. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
- ^ "Progression of same-sex Marriage in the United States and Worldwide". 2014-11-25. Retrieved 2017-11-09.
- ^ "Timeline: Same-sex marriage through the years". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2017-11-09.
- ^ "Respect for Marriage Act resonates in Virginia". VPM. 2022-12-16. Retrieved 2023-02-01.
- ^ "The Long Goodbye". The Economist. Retrieved 2018-11-10.
- ^ "Why the South likes Donald Trump". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2017-11-09.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Beyond Red vs. Blue : Political Typology" (PDF). People-press.org. Retrieved 2016-03-09.
Bibliography
- Avidit Acharya, Matthew Blackwell & Maya Sen. 2018. Deep Roots: How Slavery Still Shapes Southern Politics. Princeton University Press.
- Bartley, Numan V. The New South, 1945-1980 (1995), broad survey
- David A. Bateman, Ira Katznelson & John S. Lapinski. 2018. Southern Nation: Congress and White Supremacy after Reconstruction. Princeton University Press.
- Billington, Monroe Lee. The Political South in the 20th Century (Scribner, 1975). ISBN 0-684-13983-9.
- Black, Earl, and Merle Black. Politics and Society in the South (1989) excerpt and text search
- Bullock III, Charles S. and Mark J. Rozell, eds. The New Politics of the Old South: An Introduction to Southern Politics (2007) state-by-state coverage excerpt and text search
- Cunningham, Sean P. Cowboy Conservatism: Texas and the Rise of the Modern Right. (2010).
- Grantham. Dewey. The Democratic South (1965)
- Guillory, Ferrel, "The South in Red and Purple: Southernized Republicans, Diverse Democrats," Southern Cultures, 18 (Fall 2012), 6–24.
- Kazin, Michael. What It Took to Win: A History of the Democratic Party (2022)excerpt
- Key, V. O. and Alexander Heard. Southern Politics in State and Nation (1949), a famous classic
- Perman, Michael. Pursuit of Unity: A Political History of the American South (2009)
- Shafer, Byron E., and Richard Johnston. The End of Southern Exceptionalism: Class, Race, and Partisan Change in the Postwar South (2009) excerpt and text search
- Steed, Robert P. and Laurence W. Moreland, eds. Writing Southern Politics: Contemporary Interpretations and Future Directions (2006); historiography & scholarly essays excerpts & text search
- Tindall, George Brown. The Emergence of the New South, 1913-1945 (1967), influential survey
- Twyman, Robert W. and David C. Roller, ed. Encyclopedia of Southern History (LSU Press, 1979) ISBN 0-8071-0575-9.
- Woodard, J. David. The New Southern Politics (2006) 445pp
- Woodward, C. Vann. The Origins of the New South, 1877-1913 (1951), a famous classic