Polyneuropathy
| Polyneuropathy | |
|---|---|
alcohol use disorder)[2] | |
| Diagnostic method | Nerve conduction study, urinalysis[3][1] |
| Treatment | Occupational therapy, weight decrease (management)[1] |
Polyneuropathy (
Classification
Polyneuropathies may be classified in different ways, such as by cause,
- Distal axonopathy, is the result of interrupted function of the peripheral nerves.drugs such as chemotherapy. They may be divided according to the type of axon affected (large-fiber, small-fiber, or both), the most distal portions of axons are usually the first to degenerate, and axonal atrophy advances slowly toward the nerve's cell body. However, if the cause is removed, then regeneration is possible, although the prognosis depends on the duration and severity of the original stimulus[medical citation needed]. People with distal axonopathies usually present with sensorimotor disturbances such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis[10]
- Myelinopathy, is due to a loss of myelin or of the acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy AIDP, the most common form of Guillain–Barré syndrome[13] (although other causes include chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy )[14]
- Neuronopathy is the result of issues in the motor neurone diseases, sensory neuronopathies, toxins, or autonomic dysfunction. Neurotoxins such as chemotherapy agents may cause neuronopathies.[15]
Signs and symptoms
Among the signs/symptoms of polyneuropathy, which can be divided (into sensory and hereditary) and are consistent with the following:[1]
- Sensory polyneuropathy – paraesthesiae.
- Hereditary polyneuropathy – hammer toes
Causes
The causes of polyneuropathy can be divided into hereditary and acquired and are therefore as follows:[2]
- Inherited - hereditary motor neuropathies, Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease, and hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy
- Acquired - alcohol use disorder, and vitamin B12 deficiency
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of polyneuropathy depends on the type.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of polyneuropathy begins with a history (anamnesis) and
Other tests may be used, especially tests for specific disorders associated with polyneuropathies; quality measures have been developed to diagnose patients with distal symmetrical polyneuropathy (DSP).[17]
Differential diagnosis
In terms of the differential diagnosis for polyneuropathy, the following must be considered:
- Vitamin deficiency[18]
- Diabetes mellitus[18]
- Toxins[18]
- Guillain–Barré syndrome[18]
- Lyme disease[18]
- Hepatitis C[18]
- Amyloidosis[18]
- Acromegaly[18]
- Kidney failure[19]
- Friedreich's Ataxia[20]
Treatment
In the treatment of polyneuropathies one must ascertain and manage the cause, among management activities are: weight decrease, use of a walking aid, and
According to Lopate, et al., methylprednisolone is a viable treatment for chronic inflammatory demyelinative polyneuropathy (which can also be treated with intravenous immunoglobulin). The authors also indicate that prednisone has greater adverse effects in such treatment, as opposed to intermittent (high-doses) of the aforementioned medication.[1][21]
According to Wu, et al., in
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Polyneuropathies. Medical information about polyneuropathy | Patient". Patient. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
- ^ ISBN 9781617052019. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
- ^ PMID 21321354.
- PMID 11859051.
- PMID 20407067.
- ^ "Peripheral neuropathy fact sheet". National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. 19 September 2012.
- ISBN 9780323313087. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
- ISBN 9780323316071. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
- ISBN 9780781773287. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
- PMID 25177267.
- ISBN 9781840765182. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
- ISBN 9780323266468. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
- ^ RESERVED, INSERM US14 – ALL RIGHTS. "Orphanet: Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy". www.orpha.net. Retrieved 2016-08-26.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) Information Page: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)". www.ninds.nih.gov. Retrieved 2016-07-30.
- PMID 23642713.
- PMID 20376173.
- PMID 24696504.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Polyneuropathy/differential diagnosis". BMJ.com. BMJ Best Practices. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
- ^ Chronic renal failure, Medline Plus
- PMID 23334592.
- PMID 15710853.
- PMID 25206749.
Further reading
- Dimachkie, Mazen M.; Barohn, Richard J. (7 April 2013). "Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy". Current Treatment Options in Neurology. 15 (3): 350–366. PMID 23564314.
- Katirji, Bashar; Kaminski, Henry J.; Ruff, Robert L. (2013-10-11). Neuromuscular Disorders in Clinical Practice. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781461465676. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
- Said, Professor Gérard (2014). Peripheral Neuropathy & Neuropathic Pain: Into The Light. tfm Publishing Limited. p. 17. ISBN 9781910079027. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
External links
