Polyvinylpyrrolidone

Polyvinylpyrrolidone

Names
IUPAC name 1-Ethenylpyrrolidin-2-one
Other names PVP, Povidone, Polyvidone, PNVP Poly[1-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)ethylen] 1-Ethenyl-2-pyrrolidon homopolymer 1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidinon-Polymere, Kollidon Poly-N-vinylpyrrolidine
Identifiers
CAS Number	9003-39-8 Y
3D model ( JSmol )	Interactive image
Abbreviations	PVP, NVP, PNVP
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1909074 N
ChemSpider	none
ECHA InfoCard	100.111.937
E number	E1201 (additional chemicals)
UNII	2S7830E561 Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID0025941
SMILES N1(C(CCC1)=O)[C@@H](C*)*
Properties
Chemical formula	(C6H9NO)n
Molar mass	2,500 – 2,500,000 g·mol−1
Appearance	white to light yellow, hygroscopic, amorphous powder
Density	1.2 g/cm3
Melting point	150 to 180 °C (302 to 356 °F; 423 to 453 K) (glass temperature)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), also commonly called polyvidone or povidone, is a water-soluble polymer compound made from the monomer N-vinylpyrrolidone.^[1] PVP is available in a range of molecular weights and related viscosities, and can be selected according to the desired application properties.^[2]

Uses

Medical

There are high-purity injectable grades of PVP available on the market, for specific use in intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous applications.^[4]

It is used as a binder in many pharmaceutical tablets;^[5] it simply passes through the body when taken orally.

PVP added to

It is used in pleurodesis (fusion of the pleura because of incessant pleural effusions). For this purpose, povidone-iodine is as effective and safe as talc, and may be preferred because of its easy availability and low cost.^[7]

PVP is used in some contact lenses and their packaging solutions. It reduces friction, thus acting as a lubricant, or wetting agent, built into the lens. Examples of this use include Bausch & Lomb's Ultra contact lenses with MoistureSeal Technology^[8] and Air Optix contact lens packaging solution (as an ingredient called "copolymer 845").^[9]

PVP is used as a lubricant in some eye drops, e.g. Bausch & Lomb's Soothe.^[10]

PVP was used as a plasma volume expander for trauma victims after the 1950s. It is not preferred as a volume expander due to its ability to provoke histamine release and also interfere with blood grouping.

Autopsies have found that crospovidone (PVPP) contributes to pulmonary vascular injury in substance abusers who have injected pharmaceutical tablets intended for oral consumption.^[11] The long-term effects of crospovidone or povidone within the lung are unknown.

Technical

PVP is also used in many technical applications:

• as a special additive for
  chemical-mechanical planarization
  process
• as an
  emulsifier and disintegrant for solution polymerization
• to increase resolution in
  cathode ray tubes (CRT)^[12]
• in aqueous metal quenching
• for production of
  membranes, such as dialysis and water purification
  filters
• as a binder and complexation agent in agricultural applications such as crop protection, seed treatment and coating
• as a thickening agent in
  tooth whitening gels^[13]
• as an aid for increasing the solubility of drugs in liquid and semi-liquid dosage forms (
  syrups, soft gelatine capsules) and as an inhibitor of recrystallisation^[14]
• as an additive to Doro's RNA extraction buffer ^[citation needed]
• as a liquid-phase dispersion enhancing agent in DOSY
  NMR^[15]
• as a surfactant, reducing agent, shape controlling agent and dispersant in nanoparticle synthesis and their self-assembly[16]
• as a stabilizing agent in all inorganic solar cells^[17]

Other uses

PVP binds to

PVP is also used in personal care products, such as shampoos and toothpastes, in paints, and adhesives that must be moistened, such as old-style postage stamps and envelopes. It has also been used in contact lens solutions and in steel-quenching solutions.^[18][19] PVP is the basis of the early formulas for hair sprays and hair gels, and still continues to be a component of some.

As a

In microscopy, PVP is useful for making an aqueous mounting medium.^[20]

PVP can be used to screen for phenolic properties, as referenced in a 2000 study on the effect of plant extracts on insulin production.^[21]

Safety

The U.S.

However, there have been documented cases of

Examples of documented allergic reactions:

• A boy had an anaphylactic response after application of PVP-Iodine for treatment of impetigo. He was found to be allergic to the PVP component of the solution.^[23]
• A woman had experienced
  urticaria (hives) from various hair products, later found to contain PVP. The woman had an anaphylactic response after povidone-iodine solution was applied internally during a surgery. She was found to be allergic to PVP.^[24]
• A man experiencing anaphylaxis after taking acetaminophen tablets orally was found to be allergic to PVP.^[25]

Additionally, Povidone is commonly used in conjunction with other

A 2014 study found fluorescent properties of PVP and its oxidized hydrolyzate.[30]

History

PVP was first synthesized by BASF chemist Walter Reppe, and a patent was filed in 1939 for one of the derivatives of acetylene chemistry. PVP was initially used as a blood plasma substitute and later in a wide variety of applications in medicine, pharmacy, cosmetics and industrial production.^[31][32] BASF continues to make PVP, including a pharmaceutical portfolio under the brand name of Kollidon.^[33]

Cross-linked derivatives

See also

• 2-Pyrrolidone
• Peter DeMarco

References