Pompeia gens

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus,
bust at Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen.

The gens Pompeia was a

Civil War, one of the defining events of the final years of the Roman Republic.[1]

Origin

The nomen Pompeius (frequently anglicized as Pompey) is generally believed to be derived from the Oscan praenomen Pompo, equivalent to the Latin Quintus, and thus a patronymic surname. The gentilicia Pompilius and Pomponius, with which Pompeius is frequently confounded, were also derived from Pompo. The gentile-forming suffix -eius was typical of Sabine families, suggesting that the Pompeii were of Sabine or Oscan extraction.[2] Cicero describes Quintus Pompeius, the consul of 141 BC, as a man of "humble and obscure origin".[3][1]

Chase posits an alternative etymology: that Pompeius and similar names were instead derived from pompa, a procession, or a derived cognomen Pompo, meaning not "fifth", but a participant in a procession; but he concludes that all of these hypotheses are uncertain.[2]

Praenomina

The main praenomina of the Pompeii were Gnaeus, Quintus, and Sextus, each of which was used by the two main branches of the family under the Republic, as well as by other members. Individual families made use of Aulus and Marcus. All of these were common names throughout Roman history. A few Pompeii not associated with any of the major families of this gens used other praenomina.

Branches and cognomina

According to Velleius Paterculus, the Pompeii of the Republic were divided into two or three distinct families, of which two can be reconstructed with a high degree of probability. How they were related is not known. They used almost entirely different sets of praenomina, which was unusual, since as a rule certain ancestral praenomina would be used by all of the branches of a gens, although others might be unique to individual stirpes.[4][5]

Denarius of Sextus Pompeius, paternal grandfather of Pompey the Great.

The first branch to appear at Rome acquired the surname Rufus, signifying someone with red hair,[6] but it was only passed down through one line. The surname Bithynicus is also thought to have belonged to a branch of this family, although it is not certain how the name, a reference to Bithynia, was acquired, or precisely when.[5][1]

The other branch, which played a conspicuous role in the final decades of the Republic and under the early Empire, mainly used personal cognomina, such as Strabo, Magnus, Pius, and Faustulus.[5][1] Strabo, referring to someone with a pronounced squint,[7] belonged to the father of the triumvir, and is said to have been the nickname of his cook, whose proper name was Menogenes; but it then became a nickname of Pompeius, because he resembled the cook.[8][9]

Magnus, or "great", was originally an epithet of the triumvir, who won renown as a general under Sulla's command, and later on his own; his sons and some of their descendants also used the name to signify their connection to him. Pius, or "faithful", was assumed by the general's son, Sextus, to signify his filial devotion to pursue vengeance on behalf of his father and brother. Faustulus, found as a surname on the coins of a Sextus Pompeius, presumably a member of the same family, is a diminutive of Faustus, meaning "fortunate" or "lucky".[1][10]

Various surnames were borne by other Pompeii, including a number of freedmen and their descendants, but the majority of the Pompeii who lived in the time of the Republic bore no cognomen.[1]

Members

This list includes abbreviated praenomina. For an explanation of this practice, see filiation.

Descendants of Aulus Pompeius

Descendants of Gnaeus Pompeius

  • Gnaeus Pompeius, grandfather of Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo.[68][69]
  • Gnaeus Pompeius Cn. f., a senator in 129 BC. He was likely the uncle of Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo, the consul of 89 BC.[70][71]
  • Sextus Pompeius, praetor circa 120 and propraetor in Macedonia the following year, died in battle against the Celts. He was perhaps the same as the father of Pompeius Strabo.[72][73]
  • Sextus Pompeius Cn. f., father of Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo, married Lucilia, sister of the poet Gaius Lucilius.[v][74][68][75][69]
  • Sextus Pompeius Sex. f. Cn. n., probably the elder brother of the consul Strabo, is described by Cicero as a man of great learning, but he does not appear to have pursued a political career.[76]
  • Gnaeus Pompeius Sex. f. Cn. n. Strabo, the father of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus. As consul in 89 BC, during the Social War, he gained a number of important victories and received a triumph. During the civil war between Marius and Sulla, he instigated the murder of his commander, and his own cousin, the consul Quintus Pompeius. He was struck and killed by lightning in 87.[77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84]
  • Sextus Pompeius Sex. f. Sex. n., father of the consul of 35 BC.[85]
  • Quintus Pompeus Sex. f. Sex. n., known only from a letter of Cicero, in which he recommends Pompeius to a proconsul named Curius.[86]
  • Mithridates, and brought Asia Minor and Syria under Roman control. As members of the First Triumvirate, Pompeius, Caesar, and Crassus divided the Roman world between them. He was consul in 70, 55, and consul sine collega in 52, but his lack of foresight and prudence allowed his defeat by Caesar during the Civil War, in 48 BC.[87][5][88]
  • Gnaeus Pompeius Cn. f. Cn. n. Magnus, elder son of the triumvir, commanded a fleet of fifty ships during the Civil War. After his father's death, he repaired to Spain, where he collected a substantial army. He was defeated at the Battle of Munda in 45 BC, and finally captured by soldiers under the command of Caesar's legate, Gaius Didius, who had him put to death.[94][95][96][97]
  • Sextus Pompeius Cn. f. Cn. n. Magnus Pius, younger son of the triumvir, accompanied his father to Egypt, where the elder Pompeius was murdered in 48 BC. Sextus commanded the remaining Pompeian forces in Africa until defeated at the Battle of Thapsus in 46. He avoided capture after the Battle of Munda. After Caesar's murder, he became associated with the republicans, and was proscribed by the new triumvirs. Despite gathering a substantial fleet, he was decisively defeated by Agrippa at the Battle of Naulochus in 36, and fled to the east, where he was captured and put to death.[98][99][100][101][102][103]
  • Pompeia Cn. f. Cn. n., daughter of the triumvir, married Faustus Cornelius Sulla, who was slain in 46 BC, during the African War. Released unharmed by Caesar, she married Lucius Cornelius Cinna, and was the mother of Gnaeus Cornelius Cinna Magnus, who later conspired against Augustus, but was pardoned and became one of the emperor's close friends.[104][105][106]
  • Pompeia Sex. f. Cn. n., granddaughter of the triumvir, was betrothed to Marcus Claudius Marcellus, the nephew of Augustus, but never married him.[107][108][109]
  • Sextus Pompeius Sex. f. Sex. n., consul in AD 14, pledged his loyalty to Tiberius upon the death of Augustus. He was a friend of Ovid, and should probably be identified as the same Sextus Pompeius who traveled to Asia with Valerius Maximus.[110][111][112][113][114][115]
  • Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, probably the son of Marcus Licinius Crassus, the consul of AD 29, and Scribonia, the daughter of Lucius Scribonius Libo. He married Claudia Antonia, daughter of the emperor Claudius, but was brought down through the intrigues of the empress Messalina, and put to death.[116][117][118][119]

Pompeii Macri et Macrini

  • Gnaeus Pompeius Theophanes, a learned Greek who became an intimate friend of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus during his campaigns in the east. Pompeius granted him Roman citizenship, and awarded his native Mytilene the status of a free city. Theophanes wrote a history of his patron's campaigns.[120][121][122][123][124][125][126][127]
  • Marcus Pompeius Cn. f. Macer Theophanes, appointed procurator of Asia by Augustus. He was a friend of Tiberius, but in AD 33, facing condemnation by that emperor, Theophanes' son and grandson took their own lives, reportedly because of the people of Lesbos paid divine honours to their family.[128][126][129]
  • Marcus Pompeius M. f. Cn. n. Macer, a respected eques, who, foreseeing condemnation and death at the hands of Tiberius, took his own life in AD 33.[126][129]
  • Quintus Pompeius M. f. M. n. Macer, praetor in AD 15, toward the beginning of the reign of Tiberius, suggested extending the lex Maiestatis, a law forbidding insult to the emperor. Toward the end of Tiberius' reign, Macer and his family found themselves facing condemnation, due to the divine honours paid to their ancestor, Gnaeus Pompeius Theophanes. He and his father took their own lives in AD 33.[130][131][132][129]
  • Pompeia M. f. M. n. Macrina, sister of the praetor, married Julius Argolicus, the son of Julius Laco. Her husband and father-in-law were put to death by Tiberius, and Pompeia was exiled in AD 33, as one of the descendants of Gnaeus Pompeius Theophanes.[126][133]
  • Marcus Pompeius Q. f. M. n. Macrinus Theophanes, perhaps the same Macrinus who was proconsul of Asia in AD 53.[134]
  • Marcus Pompeius M. f. Q. n. Macrinus Neos Theophanes, had a distinguished public career, serving as quaestor pro praetore of Bithynia and Pontus, tribune of the plebs, praetor urbanus, and curator of the Via Latina. He was consul suffectus in AD 115.[129]
  • Pompeia M. f. Q. n. Agrippinilla, married Marcus Gavius Squilla Gallicanus, consul in AD 127, and was the mother of Cornelia Cethegilla.[133]
  • Marcus Pompeius M. f. M. n. Macrinus, consul in AD 164.[135][129]

Family of Pompeius Trogus

Pompeii Falcones

Pompeii of imperial times

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Plutarch calls him Pomponius.
  2. ^ Broughton guesses that he might be a son of the consul of 141 BC, which is not impossible, despite the gap of fifty years between their consulships; Drumann makes him the grandson, and son of the Pompeius who was tribune of the plebs in 131.
  3. ^ This event, recalled in the proverb, "Caesar's wife must be above suspicion," attributed to Caesar, was not because Caesar himself suspected that Pompeia had intrigued with Clodius, but because, as Pontifex Maximus, the morals of his household could not be the subject of perpetual and malicious gossip.
  4. ^ Since his father's name was Aulus, Drumann makes Bithynicus a son of the tribune of 102 BC.
  5. ^ Velleius Paterculus erroneously calls her the mother, rather than the grandmother, of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus.
  6. ^ His full nomenclature was Quintus Roscius Coelius Murena Silius Decianus Vibullius Pius Julius Eurycles Herculanus Pompeius Falco. Birley traces elements of the name to three individuals: Gaius Julius Eurycles Herculanus Lucius Vibullius Pius, the "last representative of the dynasts of Sparta, who died not long after 130"; Lucius Silius Decianus, consul in AD 94, or perhaps one of his sons; and Marcus Roscius Murena Coelius, consul in 81. To this patrimony, Falco's descendants would add the names of his father-in-law, Quintus Sosius Senecio, consul in 99 and 107, and Senecio's father-in-law, Sextus Julius Frontinus, consul in 100.
  7. ^ Like his son, he had an extremely long name due to the imperial fashion for combining the nomenclature of both paternal and maternal ancestors. Part of his name is missing, but the rest was: Quintus Pompeius [...] Bellicus Sollers Julius Acer Ducenius Proculus Rutilianus Rufinus Silius Valens Valerius Niger Claudius Fuscus Saxa Amyntianus Sosius Priscus, all of which was incorporated into his son's name, although Acer in this name should probably be amended to Aper, as given in his son's nomenclature.
  8. ^ In full, his name was Quintus Pompeius Senecio Roscius Murena Coelius Sextus Julius Frontinus Silius Decianus Gaius Julius Eurycles Herculaneus Lucius Vibullius Pius Augustanus Alpinus Bellicius Sollers Julius Aper Ducenius Proculus Rutilianus Rufinus Silius Valens Valerius Niger Claudius Fuscus Saxa Amyntianus Sosius Priscus.
  9. ^ Or perhaps Lucius Poppaeus Vopiscus.
  10. ^ Gallivan indicates a gap between the consulship of Lucius Aelius Plautius Lamia Aelianus and Gaius Marius Marcellus Octavius Publius Cluvius Rufus, which expired at the end of June, 80, and that of Marcus Titius Frugi and Titus Vinicius Julianus, consuls in November and December of the same year. The Fasti Septempeda inserts three consuls between these pairs: Quintus Pompeius Trio, Sextus Neranius Capito, and Lucius Acilius Strabo. Trio would therefore seem to have been consul in July and August, either with Sextus Neranius Capito, or with a colleague whose name has been omitted from the Fasti.

References

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  2. ^ a b Chase, pp. 119, 121.
  3. ^ Cicero, In Verrem, v. 70, Pro Murena, 7, Brutus 25, quotation from the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.
  4. ^ Velleius Paterculus, ii. 21.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Drumann, Geschichte Roms, pp. 306 ff.
  6. ^ Chase, p. 110.
  7. ^ Chase, p. 109.
  8. ^ Pliny the Elder, vii. 10. s. 12.
  9. ^ Valerius Maximus, ix. 14. § 2.
  10. ^ Chase, p. 111.
  11. ^ Livy, xlii. 66.
  12. ^ Broughton, vol. II, p. 35.
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  16. ^ Suetonius, De Illustribus Grammaticis, 2, 15.
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  75. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p. 476 ("Sextus Pompeius", No. 15).
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  77. ^ Cicero, Divinatio in Caecilium, 19, In Verrem, iii. 16, v. 66, Brutus, 47, Philippicae, xii. 11.
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  81. ^ Florus, iii. 18.
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  96. ^ Appian, Bellum Civile, ii. 87, 103–105.
  97. ^ Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiares, vi. 18, xv. 19.
  98. ^ Caesar, De Bello Hispaniensis, 3 ff, 32.
  99. ^ Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum, xii. 37, 44, xiv. 13, 21, 29, xv. 7, 20, 22, xvil. 1, Philippicae, xiii. passim.
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  142. Naturalis Historia
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  154. ^ Cassius Dio, lxi. 10, lxii. 25.
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  173. ^ .
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Bibliography