Ponary massacre
Ponary massacre | |
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Paneriai (Ponary), Vilnius (Wilno), Reichskommissariat Ostland 54°37′35″N 25°09′40″E / 54.6264°N 25.1612°E | |
Date | July 1941 – August 1944 |
Incident type | Shootings by automatic and semi-automatic weapons,
Nuremberg Trials |
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The Ponary massacre (
Lithuania became one of the first locations outside
Background
Following
Following the Soviet annexation of Lithuania and the Baltic states in June 1940, construction of an oil storage facility began near Ponary for a future Soviet military airfield. That project was never completed, and in June 1941 the area was taken by the Wehrmacht in Operation Barbarossa. The Nazi killing squads used the six large pits excavated for the oil storage tanks to hide the bodies of the locals killed there.[17][unreliable source?]
Massacres
The
By the end of the year, about 50,000–60,000 Vilna Jews—men, women, and children—had been killed.[13] According to Snyder 21,700 of them were shot at Ponary,[11] but there are serious discrepancies in the death toll for this period. Yitzhak Arad supplied information in his book Ghetto in Flames based on original Jewish documentation augmented by the Einsatzgruppen reports, ration cards and work permits.
According to his estimates, until the end of December, 33,500 Jews of Vilna were murdered in Ponary, 3,500 fled east, and 20,000 remained in the ghetto.[19]: 215 The reason for such a wide range of estimated deaths was the presence of war refugees arriving from German-occupied western Poland, whose residence rights were denied by the new Lithuanian administration. On the eve of the Soviet annexation of Lithuania in June 1940, Vilna was home to around 100,000 newcomers, including 85,000 Poles, and 10,000 Jews according to Lithuanian Red Cross.[5]
The pace of killings slowed in 1942, as ghettoised Jewish slave-workers were appropriated by the Wehrmacht.
Victims
The total number of victims by the end of 1944 was between 70,000 and 100,000. According to post-war
The Polish victims were mostly members of the Polish
Commemoration
Information about the massacre began to spread as early as 1943, due to the activities and works of Helena Pasierbska, Józef Mackiewicz, Kazimierz Sakowicz and others. Nonetheless the Soviet regime, which supported the resettlement of Poles from the Kresy, found it convenient to deny that Poles or Jews were singled out for massacre in Paneriai; the official line was that Paneriai was a site of massacre of Soviet citizens only.[23][24] Polish Prime Minister Jerzy Buzek compared this to the Katyn massacre.[25]
On 22 October 2000, a decade after the
On the site of the massacre is a monument to the victims of the Holocaust erected in 1991, a memorial to Polish victims erected in 1990, reconstructed in 2000, a monument to soldiers of Lithuanian Local Squad killed by Nazis in May 1944, erected in 2004, and a memorial stone to Soviet war prisoners, starved to death and shot here in 1941, erected in 1996, as well as a small museum. The first monument on the site was built by Vilnius Jews in 1948 but was replaced by the Soviet regime with a conventional obelisk dedicated to "Victims of Fascism".[27]
The murders at Paneriai are currently[when?] being investigated by the Gdańsk branch of the Polish Institute of National Remembrance[2] and by the Genocide and Resistance Research Center of Lithuania.[28] The basic facts about memorial signs in the Paneriai memorial and the objects of the former mass murder site (killing pits, tranches, gates, paths, etc.) are now presented in the webpage created by the Vilna Gaon State Jewish Museum.
The massacre was recorded by Polish journalist Kazimierz Sakowicz (1899-1944) in a series of journal entries written in hiding at his farm house in Wilno, Lithuania. After Sakowicz's death in 1944, the collection of entries were located and found on various scrap pieces of paper, soda bottles and a calendar from 1941 by holocaust-survivor and author Rahel Margolis. Margolis, who had lost family members in the Ponary massacre, later published the collection in 1999 in Polish. The diary became important to tracing the timeline of the massacre, and in many instances gave closure to surviving family members on what happened to their loved ones. Written in detail, the diary is a testimonial written from a first-person witness account of the atrocities.[29]
Memorial at the site
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Pit used to burn corpses that were exhumed to destroy evidence of mass murders.
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Memorial for Jewish victims.
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Memorial for Polish victims.
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Memorial for Soviet victims.
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An excavated pit used to cremate corpses
See also
References
Footnotes
- Russian,[4] the Jews of the Wilno region were citizens of the Second Polish Republic before the German-Soviet invasion of September 1939; and thousands of refugees from German-occupied Poland kept arriving.[5] In October 1939 the city was ceded over to Lithuania. On the eve of its Soviet annexation in June 1940, Vilna was home to around 100,000 newcomers, including 85,000 Poles, 10,000 Jews, and 5,000 Belorussians and Russians.[6] Ethnic Lithuanians represented less than 0.7 percent of the inhabitants of the city.[7][p. 4]
- Distrikt Galizien.
Citations
- ^ a b
ISBN 0-300-10853-2, Google Print.
- ^ a b KŚZpNP (2003). "Śledztwo w sprawie masowych zabójstw Polaków w latach 1941–1944 w Ponarach koło Wilna dokonanych przez funkcjonariuszy policji niemieckiej i kolaboracyjnej policji litewskiej" [Investigation of the mass murder of Poles in 1941–1944 at Ponary near Wilno by functionaries of German police and the Lithuanian collaborationist forces]. Documents of the Ongoing Investigation (in Polish). Institute of National Remembrance. Archived from the original on 2007-10-17 – via Internet Archive, 17 October 2007.
- Lietuvos gyventojų genocido ir rezistencijos tyrimo centras. Retrieved 9 June 2006.
- ^
Mendelsohn, Ezra (1993). On Modern Jewish Politics. Oxford University Press. p. 8. ISBN 0-19-508319-9. Also in:ISBN 0-618-23649-X.
- ^ a b Balkelis (2013), p. 248, 'Red Cross'.
- ^ Balkelis, Tomas (2013). )
- ^ Niwiński, Piotr (2011). Ponary: the Place of "Human Slaughter" (in Polish, English, and Lithuanian). Warsaw: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu; Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej, Departament Współpracy z Polonią. pp. 25–26.
- ISBN 978-83-60464-91-5.
- ^ a b
ISBN 0-7864-0371-3.
- ^ Miller-Korpi, Katy (1998). The Holocaust in the Baltics. University of Washington, Department papers online. Internet Archive, March 7, 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-03-07.
- ^ a b c d e f
ISBN 0-300-10586-X– via Google Books, preview.
- ^
Sedlis, Steven P.; Grodin, Michael A. (2014). "Jewish Medical Resistance in the Holocaust". The Establishment of a Public Health Service in the Vilna Ghetto. Berghahn Books. p. 148. ISBN 978-1782384182.
- ^ a b
Baumel, Judith Tydor; Laqueur, Walter (2001). The Holocaust Encyclopedia. Yale University Press. p. 254. ISBN 0881256307.
- ^ a b
Woolfson, Shivaun (2014). Holocaust Legacy in Post-Soviet Lithuania: People, Places and Objects. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 3. ISBN 978-1472522955.
- ^ Miniotaite, Grazina (1999). "The Security Policy of Lithuania and the 'Integration Dilemma'" (PDF). NATO Academic Forum. p. 21.
- ^
ISBN 9780521000703.
- ^ Vilnius Yiddish Institute (2009), The Tour of Ponar, part 1 (3:22 min.) on YouTube. As well as The Tour of Ponar, part 2 (6:47 min.) on YouTube.
- ^
Klee, Ernst; Dressen, Willi; Riess, Volker (1991). "Soldiers from a motorized column watch a massacre in Paneriai, Lithuania". The Good Old Days: The Holocaust as Seen by Its Perpetrators and Bystanders. Free Press. pp. 38–58. ISBN 1568521332.
- ^ Arad, Yitzhak (1980). "Chapter 13: The Toll of the Extermination Operations (July–December 1941)". Ghetto in Flames. KTAV Publishing House. pp. 209–217.
- ISBN 0-89604-031-3.
- ^ Nicholas St. Fleur (June 29, 2016). "Escape Tunnel Dug by Hand Is Found at Holocaust Massacre Site". The New York Times.
- ^ Andrzej Kaczyński, Zbrodnia ponarska w świetle dokumentów Archived February 23, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, wyborcza.pl, 17 June 2009; accessed 8 December 2014.
- ^ a b c Ponary. Last accessed on 10 February 2007.
- ^ Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Lithuania at Ponary (with photo gallery); accessed 15 March 2007.
- ^ Academy of Pedagogy in Kraków. Archived from the originalon 2008-12-24 – via Internet Archive, 24 December 2008.
- ^ Mikke, Stanisław. "In Ponary" [W Ponarach]. Adwokatura.pl. Archived from the original on 2008-02-25 – via Internet Archive, 2008-02-25.. Message from the Polish-Lithuanian Memorial Ceremony in Panerai, 2000. On the pages of Polish Bar Association.
- ^ Zigmas Vitkus, "Paneriai: senojo žydų atminimo paminklo byla (1948–1952)", Naujasis Židinys-Aidai, 2019, nr. 2, p. 27–35.
- ^ Arūnas Bubnys, Vokiečių saugumo policijos ir SD Vilniaus ypatingasis būrys 1941–1944, Vilnius: Lietuvos gyventojų genocido ir rezistencijos tyrimų centras, 2019.
- ^ "Ponary Diary, 1941-1943 | Yale University Press". yalebooks.yale.edu. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
Further reading
- Cassedy, E. (2012). We Are Here: Memories of the Lithuanian Holocaust (Illustrated ed.). University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-4022-3.
- Gordon, H. (2000). The Shadow of Death: The Holocaust in Lithuania. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-4360-6.
- Greenbaum, M. (2018). The Jews of Lithuania: A History of a Remarkable Community 1316-1945. Gefen Publishing House. ISBN 978-965-229-132-5.
- Vanagaitė, R., Zuroff, E. (2020). Our People: Discovering Lithuania's Hidden Holocaust. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-3303-3.
- Weeks, T. R. (2015). Vilnius between Nations, 1795–2000. Northern Illinois University Press. ISBN 978-1-60909-191-0.
External links
- Vilna During the Holocaust; Yad Vashem.
- Ponary Forest at the Wayback Machine (archived April 20, 2006)
- US Holocaust Museum article on death of Vilna's Jews; Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
- Vilna: 1941-1943; RTR Foundation.
- Ponary - The Vilna Killing Site: Prototype for the Permanent Death Camps in Poland, Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team.
- Neglecting the Lithuanian Holocaust, Timothy Snyder, The New York Review, July 25, 2011.
- Tomkiewicz, Monika (2008). Zbrodnia w Ponarach 1941 – 1944 (in Polish). Warszawa: ISBN 978-83-60464-91-5.
- The crime in Ponary 1941–1944; Institute Of National Remembrance
Film and images
- Yad Vashem interview about Ponar on YouTube.
- Chronicles of the Vilna Ghetto: wartime photographs & documents; vilnaghetto.com
- Media related to Ponary massacre at Wikimedia Commons