Pope Adrian I

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
"Hadrian I" redirects here. For the Roman emperor, see Hadrian.
Bishop of Rome
Miniature of Adrian I, c. 1460
ChurchCatholic Church
Papacy began1 February 772
Papacy ended25 December 795
PredecessorStephen III
SuccessorLeo III
Orders
Consecration9 February 772
Personal details
Born700
Rome, Exarchate of Ravenna, Byzantine Empire
Died25 December 795 (aged 94-95)
Rome, Papal States
Other popes named Adrian

Pope Adrian I (

bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 1 February 772 to his death.[1]
He was the son of Theodore, a Roman nobleman.

Adrian and his predecessors had to contend with periodic attempts by the Lombards to expand their holdings in Italy at the expense of the papacy. Not receiving any support from Constantinople, the popes looked for help to the Franks. Adrian's tenure saw the culmination of on-going territorial disputes between Charlemagne and his brother Carloman I. The Lombard king Desiderius supported the claims of Carloman's sons to their late father's land, and requested Pope Adrian crown Carloman's sons "Kings of the Franks". When the Pope failed to do so, Desiderius invaded Papal territory and seized the Duchy of the Pentapolis. Charlemagne besieged Pavia and took the Lombard crown for himself. He then restored the Pentapolis to the Papacy as well as some of the captured Lombard territory.

Start of papacy

Shortly after Adrian's accession in 772, the territory ruled by the papacy was invaded by

Adriatic coast from Rimini to Ancona with the coastal plain as far as the mountains. He celebrated the occasion by striking the earliest papal coin,[3] and in a mark of the direction the mediaeval papacy was to take, no longer dated his documents by the Emperor in the east, but by the reign of Charles, king of the Franks.[4]
He recognized the authority of Pope Adrian I, and in return the pope gave Charlemagne the title of "Patrician of Rome".

A mark of such newly settled conditions in the Duchy of Rome is the

Domusculta Capracorum, the central Roman villa that Adrian assembled from a nucleus of his inherited estates and acquisitions from neighbors in the countryside north of Veii. The villa is documented in Liber Pontificalis, but its site was not rediscovered until the 1960s, when excavations revealed the structures on a gently-rounded hill that was only marginally capable of self-defense, but fully self-sufficient for a mixed economy of grains and vineyards, olives, vegetable gardens and piggery with its own grain mill, smithies and tile-kilns. During the 10th century, villages were carved out of Adrian's Capracorum estate: Campagnano, mentioned first in 1076; Formello, mentioned in 1027; Mazzano, mentioned in 945; and Stabia (modern Faleria), mentioned in 998.[5]

Foreign relations

Lombards

While the Lombards had always been openly respectful of the papacy, the popes distrusted them. The popes had sought aid from the

Eastern Roman Empire
to keep them in check. Adrian continued this policy. Because the East could offer no direct aid, Adrian then looked to the Franks to offset the power of the Lombards.

Background

Upon the death of

Duke Nebe (Hnabi) of Alemannia.[6] Hildegard's father had extensive possessions in the territory under Carloman's dominion. This marriage was advantageous to Charlemagne because it allowed him to strengthen his position east of the Rhine and also bind the Alemannian nobility to his side.[7] With Desiderata's return to her father's court at Pavia, Desiderius was grievously insulted, and appears to have made an alliance with Carloman against Charlemagne and the Papacy, which looked to the Franks for protection against Lombard incursions into Papal territory.[8]

Italy

Iron Crown of Lombardy, for centuries a symbol of the Kings of Italy

Carloman died in December 771, and when Charlemagne seized his brother's territory, Carloman's widow, Gerberga, and their two sons fled for refuge to the Lombard court at Pavia. Desiderius made overtures to Pope Adrian, requesting that he acknowledge Carloman's sons' right to succeed their father, and crown them as Kings of the Franks.[8] With Charlemagne occupied with a campaign against the Saxons, Desiderius saw an opportunity to take all of Italy. He invaded the Duchy of the Pentapolis which had been given to the papacy in 756 by Charlemagne's father. Desiderius's support of the claims of Carloman's sons posed a potential challenge to the legitimacy of Charlemagne's possession of his brother's lands. In 773, he cut short a military campaign near Paderborn, crossed the Alps, and laid siege to Pavia. In exchange for their lives, the Lombards surrendered and Desiderius was sent to the abbey of Corbie. Charlemagne assumed the title "King of the Lombards".

Franks

15th Century miniature depicting Adrian I greeting the Frankish king Charlemagne

From 781 Adrian began dating papal documents by the years of Charlemagne's reign, instead of the reign of the

Byzantine Emperor.[9]

Friendly relations between pope and king were not disturbed by the theological dispute about the veneration of icons.

Theodulf of Orleans, compose the more comprehensive Libri Carolini. Pope Adrian reacted to the Capitulare with a defense of the Council. In 794, a synod held at Frankfurt
in 794 discussed the issue but refused to receive the Libri and contented itself with condemning extreme forms of veneration of icons.

English

In 787 Adrian elevated the English diocese of Lichfield to an archdiocese at the request of the English bishops and King Offa of Mercia to balance the ecclesiastic power in that land between Kent and Mercia. He gave the Lichfield bishop Hygeberht the pallium in 788.

Muslim Spain

Regarding the Muslims, he maintained the prohibition of

Saracens,"[11] in order to guarantee a labor pool and to keep the power of Muslim rivals in check.[12] He also encouraged Charlemagne to lead his troops into Spain against the Muslims there,[13] and was generally interested in expanding Christian influence and eliminating Muslim control.[14]

The rise in the number of Christian girls being married to Muslims in al-Andalus prompted a letter of concern from Adrian.[15] Adrian's response was due to dispatches from bishop Egila, who had been tasked with preaching the gospel in the peninsula.[15] Egila eventually fell in with the Migetians, a rigorist sect, provoking Adrian's condemnation.[16]

Legacy

Adrian I as depicted in the 15th century Nuremberg Chronicle

Adrian restored some of the ancient

San Marco in Rome. At the time of his death at the age of 95, his was the longest pontificate since Saint Peter (the first pope) until it was surpassed by the 24-year papacy of Pius VI in the late 18th century. Only three other popes – Pius IX, Leo XIII, and John Paul II
 – have reigned for longer periods since.

Epitaph

Adrian's epitaph was originally located in his burial chapel in St. Peter's Basilica, which was demolished in the mid-15th century as reconstruction works were initiated by Pope Nicholas V; since 1619 it has been preserved in the portico as rebuilt by Carlo Maderno.[17] It is placed high on the wall between the Door of the Dead and the Door of Good and Evil.[18] Charlemagne commissioned it in 796 and organized a literary competition for the text, won by Alcuin; a competing entry by Theodulf of Orléans also survives.[19]: 347–351  Alcuin's text,[20] in which Charlemagne speaks affectionately of Adrian as his lost (spiritual) father, was carved in Roman square capitals on black limestone from Sclayn in the Meuse valley, now in Belgium.[19]: 350  Its lettering has been described as "perfect and sharp" and is a notable exemplar of Carolingian monumental script.[21][22] The contemporaneous Annals of Lorsch refer to Adrian's epitaph being made in Francia and transported to Rome on Charlemagne's orders, and describe it as "written in gold letters on marble."[19]: 349 

See also

References

  1. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Pope Adrian I" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  2. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Adrian". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 215.
  3. ^ Lane-Poole, Stanley (1885). Coins and medals: their place in history and art. British Museum. p. 80.
  4. ISBN 978-0415302272
    .
  5. JSTOR 1792035
    .
  6. ^ Reinhard Barth: Karl der Große, Munich 2000, pp. 97–98.
  7. ^ Matthias Becher: Karl der Große, München 1999, p. 108.
  8. ^ a b McKitterick, Rosamond, The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians
  9. ^ Asimov, I. (1968) The Dark Ages, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, p. 157.
  10. ^ Chisholm 1911.
  11. ISBN 9781859841952
    .
  12. ISBN 9780691147055
    .
  13. ISBN 9781134012503
    .
  14. ISBN 9780786453597
    .
  15. ^ a b Barton 2015, p. 21.
  16. ^ Cavadini 1988, p. 32.
  17. S2CID 191454077
    .
  18. ^ "The Portico". St Peter's Basilica.info.
  19. ^ a b c Janet L. Nelson (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland CA: University of California Press.
  20. ^ "Vatican, St. Peter, epitaph of pope Hadrian I (taken from Silvagni 1943, pl. II, fig. 6)". ResearchGate.
  21. JSTOR 292542
    .
  22. ^ Flavia Frauzel (2014). "The Carolingian Graphic Reform in Italy: Effects on Epigraphy". Academia.edu.

Sources

  • Barton, Simon (2015). Conquerors, Brides, and Concubines: Interfaith Relations and Social Power in Medieval Iberia. University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Cavadini, John C. (1988). The Last Christology of the West: Adoptionism in Spain and in Gaul, AD 785–817 (Doctoral thesis). Yale University.

External links

Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Pope
772–795 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pope_Adrian_I&oldid=1216497429"