Pope Boniface IX
Innocent VII | |
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Opposed to | Avignon claimants: |
Orders | |
Consecration | 9 November 1389 by Urban VI |
Personal details | |
Born | Pietro Cybo Tomacelli c. 1350 |
Died | 1 October 1404 Rome, Papal States | (aged 53–54)
Previous post(s) |
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Coat of arms | |
Other popes named Boniface |
Papal styles of Pope Boniface IX | |
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His Holiness | |
Spoken style | Your Holiness |
Religious style | Holy Father |
Posthumous style | None |
Pope Boniface IX (
Early life
Boniface IX was born c. 1350 in
The day before Tomacelli's election by the fourteen cardinals who remained faithful to the papacy at Rome,
Pontificate
During his reign, Boniface IX finally extinguished the troublesome independence of the commune of
The antipope Clement VII died at Avignon on 16 September 1394, but the French cardinals quickly elected a successor on 28 September: Cardinal Pedro de Luna, who took the name
During the reign of Boniface IX two
In the latter part of 1399 there arose bands of
In England, the
In Germany, the
In 1398 and 1399, Boniface IX appealed to Christian Europe in favor of the
Boniface IX died in 1404 after a brief illness.[4]
Boniface IX was a frank politician, strapped for cash like the other princes of Europe, as the costs of modern warfare rose and supporters needed to be encouraged by gifts, for fourteenth-century government depended upon such personal support as a temporal ruler could gather and retain. All the princes of the late 14th century were accused of avaricious money-grubbing by contemporary critics, but among them contemporaries ranked Boniface IX as exceptional. Traffic in benefices, the sale of dispensations, and the like, did not cover the loss of local sources of revenue in the long absence of the papacy from Rome, foreign revenue diminished by the schism, expenses for the pacification and fortification of Rome, the constant wars made necessary by French ambition and the piecemeal reconquest of the Papal States. Boniface IX certainly provided generously for his mother, his brothers Andrea and Giovanni, and his nephews in the spirit of the day. The Curia was perhaps equally responsible for new financial methods that were destined in the next century to arouse bitter feelings against Rome, particularly in Germany.[4]
See also
References
- ^ "Vatican".
- ^ a b Richard P. McBrien, Lives of the Popes, (HarperCollins, 2000), 249.
- ^ Pastor, The History of the Popes: From the Close of the Middle Ages (1906), vol. i, p 165.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Pope Boniface IX". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ a b c ""Pope Boniface IX". New Catholic Dictionary. CatholicSaints.Info. 15 August 2018".
Bibliography
- Creighton, Mandell (1901). "Chapter III". A History of the Papacy from the Great Schism to the Sack of Rome. Vol. I. London: Longmans, Green.
- Gayet, Louis (1889). Le grand schisme d'Occident: d'après les documents contemporains déposés aux archives secrètes du Vatican (in French and Latin). Vol. II. Paris: Welter. ISBN 9780837090627.
- Valois, Noël (1896). La France et le grand schisme d'Occident (in French). Vol. I of 4 volumes. Paris: Alphonse Picard.
- Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz (1975). "Bonifatius IX". In Bautz, Friedrich Wilhelm (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 1. Hamm: Bautz. cols. 692–692. ISBN 3-88309-013-1.
- Esch, Arnold (1970). "BONIFACIO IX, papa". ISBN 978-8-81200032-6.
- Arnold Esch: Bonifacio IX. In: Massimo Bray (ed.): Enciclopedia dei Papi. Volume 2: Niccolò I, santo, Sisto IV. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 2000, pp. 570–581 (treccani.it).
- Georg Schwaiger (1983). "Bonifatius IX". ISBN 3-7608-8902-6.
External links
- Media related to Pope Boniface IX at Wikimedia Commons