Pope Boniface VIII
Martin IV | |
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Personal details | |
Born | Benedetto Caetani c. 1230 |
Died | 11 October 1303 Rome, Papal States | (aged 72–73)
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Other popes named Boniface |
Pope Boniface VIII (
Boniface VIII put forward some of the strongest claims of any pope to temporal as well as spiritual power. He involved himself often with foreign affairs, including in France, Sicily, Italy and the First War of Scottish Independence. These views, and his chronic intervention in "temporal" affairs, led to many bitter quarrels with Albert I of Germany, Philip IV of France, and Dante Alighieri, who expected the pope to soon arrive at the Eighth Circle of Hell in his Divine Comedy, among the simoniacs.
Boniface systematized
King Philip IV pressured Pope Clement V of the Avignon Papacy into staging a posthumous trial of Boniface. He was accused of heresy and sodomy, but no verdict against him was delivered.
Life and career
Family
Benedetto Caetani was born in
Through his mother, Emilia Patrasso di Guarcino, a niece of Pope Alexander IV (Rinaldo dei Conti di Segni—who was himself a nephew of Pope Gregory IX), he was not far distant from the seat of ecclesiastical power and patronage. His father's younger brother, Atenolfo, was Podestà di Orvieto.[2]
Early career
Benedetto took his first steps into religious life when he was sent to the
and began his legal studies there.His uncle Pietro granted him a canonry in the Cathedral of Todi in 1260. He also came into possession of the small nearby castello of Sismano, a place with twenty-one fires (hearths, families). In later years Father Vitalis, the Prior of S. Egidio de S. Gemino in Narni testified that he knew him and conversed with him in Todi and that Benedetto was in a school run by Rouchetus, a Doctor of Laws, from that city.[5]
Benedetto never forgot his roots in Todi, later describing the city as "the dwelling place of his early youth",[This quote needs a citation] the city which "nourished him while still of tender years",[This quote needs a citation] and as a place where he "held lasting memories".[This quote needs a citation] Later in life he repeatedly expressed his gratitude to Anagni, Todi, and his family.
In 1264 Benedetto entered the
On 26 February 1265, only eleven days after his coronation, the new pope,
On 4 May 1265
Upon Benedetto's return from England, there is an eight-year period in which nothing is known about his life. This period, however, included the long vacancy of the papal throne from 29 November 1268 to February 1272, when
At Orvieto, on 12 April 1281,
Papal election
The regulations promulgated in the 1274 papal bull
Canon law
In the field of
Cardinals
Boniface VIII put forward some of the strongest claims of any pope to temporal as well as spiritual power. He involved himself often with foreign affairs. In his
In 1297, Cardinal
The Colonna family (aside from the three brothers allied with the Pope) declared that Boniface had been elected illegally following the unprecedented abdication of Pope Celestine V. The dispute led to open warfare, and in September Boniface appointed Landolfo to the command of his army to put down the revolt of Landolfo's relatives. By the end of 1298 Landolfo had captured Colonna, Palestrina and other towns and razed them to the ground after they had surrendered peacefully under Boniface's assurances that they would have been spared. Dante says it was got by treachery by "long promises and short performances" as Guido of Montefeltro counselled, but this account by the implacable Ghibelline has long since been discredited.[37] Palestrina was razed to the ground, the plough driven through and salt strewn over its ruins. A new city — the Città Papale — later replaced it. Only the city's cathedral was spared.[38]
To deal with the problem of the cardinals left to him by his predecessors, Boniface created new cardinals on five occasions during his reign.
On 2 March 1300, during the Great Jubilee, Boniface VIII created three more cardinals. The first was Leonardo Patrasso, Archbishop of Capua, who was Boniface VIII's uncle; he replaced the archbishop of Toledo, who had died in 1299, as Cardinal Bishop of Albano. The second was Gentile Partino, OFM, Doctor of Theology and Lector of Theology in the Roman Curia, who was made Cardinal Priest of S. Martin in montibus. The third was Luca Fieschi, of the Counts of Lavagna, of Genoa, named Cardinal Deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata (the deaconry which had once belonged to Jacopo Colonna). A relative, a Franciscan; all three Italians.
In his last Consistory for the promotion of Cardinals, on 15 December 1302, Boniface VIII named two more cardinals: Pedro Rodríguez, bishop of Burgos, Spain, became Suburbicarian Bishop of Sabina; and Giovanni Minio da Morrovalle (or da Muro), OFM, Minister General of the Franciscans, was appointed Suburbicarian Bishop of Porto. A Franciscan, a Spaniard, no Benedictines, no French. In fact, there were only two French in the Sacred College at Boniface's death, only five regular clergy (only one Benedictine).
Conflicts in Sicily and Italy
When
Boniface also placed the city of Florence under an interdict and invited the ambitious Charles, Count of Valois to enter Italy in 1300 to end the feud of the Black and White Guelphs, the poet Dante Alighieri being in the party of the Whites. Boniface's political ambitions directly affected Dante when the pope invited Count Charles to intervene in the affairs of Florence. Charles's intervention allowed the Black Guelphs to overthrow the ruling White Guelphs, whose leaders, including the poet Dante, allegedly in Rome at the time to argue Florence's case before Boniface, were sentenced to exile. Dante settled his score with Boniface in the first canticle of the Divine Comedy, the Inferno, by damning the pope, placing him within the circles of Fraud, in the bolgia of the simoniacs. In the Inferno, Pope Nicholas III, mistaking the Poet for Boniface, is surprised to see the latter, supposing him to be ahead of his time.[40]
Conflicts with Philip IV
The conflict between Boniface VIII and King
Philip was convinced that the wealth of the Catholic Church in France should be used in part to support the state. He wanted to make war against the English.[42] He countered the papal bull by decreeing laws prohibiting the export of gold, silver, precious stones, or food from France to the Papal States. These measures had the effect of blocking a main source of papal revenue. Philip also banished from France the papal agents who were raising funds for a new crusade in the Middle East. In the bull Ineffabilis amor of September 1296,[43] Boniface retreated. He sanctioned voluntary contributions from the clergy for the necessary defence of the state and gave the king the right to determine that necessity. Philip rescinded his ordinances regarding the exports and even accepted Boniface as arbitrator in a dispute between himself and King Edward I of England. Boniface decided most of those issues in Philip's favour. On 3 April 1297, seven French archbishops and forty bishops, provided with an apostolic authorisation, agreed to concede to the King the fifth part of their ecclesiastical revenues under the form of two tithes, the first of which to be paid by Pentecost, the second at the end of September. This subsidy could be collected just in case the war with England should go on, with Church authority and not by means of the secular arm.[44]
First Jubilee Year
Boniface proclaimed 1300 a "
First Scottish War of Independence
After King
Continued feud with Philip IV
The feud between Boniface and Philip IV reached its peak in the early 14th century, when Philip began to launch a strong anti-papal campaign against Boniface. A quarrel arose between Philip's aides and a papal legate, Bernard Saisset. The legate was arrested on a charge of inciting an insurrection, was tried and convicted by the royal court, and committed to the custody of the archbishop of Narbonne, Giles Aycelin – one of his key ministers and allies, in 1301. In the bull Ausculta Fili ("Listen, [My] Son", December 1301) Boniface VIII appealed to Philip IV to listen modestly to the Vicar of Christ as the spiritual monarch over all earthly kings. He protested against the trial of churchmen before Philip's royal courts and the continued use of church funds for state purposes and he announced that he would summon the bishops and abbots of France to take measures "for the preservation of the liberties of the Church".[51] When the bull was presented to Philip IV, Robert II, Count of Artois, reportedly snatched it from the hands of Boniface's emissary and flung it into the fire.[52]
On 10 February 1302 the bull Ausculta Fili was officially burned at Paris before Philip IV and a large crowd.[53] Nonetheless, on 4 March 1302, Pope Boniface sent cardinal Jean Lemoine as his legate to reassert papal control over the French clergy.[54] To forestall the ecclesiastical council proposed by Boniface, Philip summoned the three estates of his realm to meet at Paris in April. At this first French Estates-General in history, all three classes – nobles, clergy, and commons – wrote separately to Rome in defence of the king and his temporal power. Some forty-five French prelates, despite Philip's prohibition, and the confiscation of their property, attended the council at Rome in October 1302.[55]
Following that council, on 18 November 1302, Boniface issued the bull Unam sanctam ("One holy [catholic and apostolic Church]").[56] It declared that both spiritual and temporal power were under the pope's jurisdiction, and that kings were subordinate to the power of the Roman pontiff. The Pope also appointed Cardinal Jean le Moine as Apostolic Legate to King Philip, to attempt to find some resolution of the impasse that had developed; he was granted the specific power of absolving King Philip from excommunication.[57]
Abduction and death
On Maundy Thursday, 4 April 1303, the Pope again excommunicated all persons who were impeding French clerics from coming to the Holy See, "etiam si imperiali aut regali fulgeant dignitati."[58] This included King Philip IV, though not by name. In response, Guillaume de Nogaret, Philip's chief minister, denounced Boniface as a heretical criminal to the French clergy. On 15 August 1303, the Pope suspended the right of all persons in the Kingdom of France to name anyone as Regent or Doctor, including the King. And in another document of the same day, he reserved to the Holy See the provision of all present and future vacancies in cathedral churches and monasteries, until King Philip should come to the Papal Court and make explanations of his behavior.[59]
On 7 September 1303, an army led by King Philip's minister Nogaret and Sciarra Colonna attacked Boniface at his palace in Anagni next to the cathedral.[60] The Pope responded with a bull dated 8 September 1303, in which Philip and Nogaret were excommunicated.[61] The French Chancellor and the Colonnas demanded the Pope's abdication; Boniface VIII responded that he would "sooner die". In response, Colonna allegedly slapped Boniface, a "slap" historically remembered as the schiaffo di Anagni ("Anagni slap").
According to a modern interpreter, the 73-year-old Boniface was probably beaten and nearly executed, but was released from captivity after three days. He died a month later.[62] The famous Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani, wrote:[63]
And when Sciarra and the others, his enemies, came to him, they mocked at him with vile words and arrested him and his household which had remained with him. Among others, William of Nogaret, who had conducted the negotiations for the king of France, scorned him and threatened him, saying that he would take him bound to Lyons on the Rhone, and there in a general council would cause him to be deposed and condemned.... no man dared to touch [Boniface], nor were they pleased to lay hands on him, but they left him robed under light arrest and were minded to rob the treasure of the Pope and the Church. In this pain, shame and torment, the great Pope Boniface abode prisoner among his enemies for three days.... the People of Anagni beholding their error and issuing from their blind ingratitude, suddenly rose in arms... and drove out Sciarra della Colonna and his followers, with loss to them of prisoners and slain, and freed the Pope and his household. Pope Boniface... departed immediately from Anagni with his court and came to Rome and St. Peter's to hold a council... but... the grief which had hardened in the heart of Pope Boniface, by reason of the injury which he had received, produced in him, once he had come to Rome, a strange malady so that he gnawed at himself as if he were mad, and in this state he passed from this life on the twelfth day of October in the year of Christ 1303, and in the Church of St. Peter near the entrance of the doors, in a rich chapel which was built in his lifetime, he was honorably buried.
He died of a violent fever on 11 October, in full possession of his senses and in the presence of eight cardinals and the chief members of the papal household, after receiving the sacraments and making the usual profession of faith.
Burial and exhumation
The body of Boniface VIII was buried in 1303 in a special chapel that also housed the remains of Pope Boniface IV (A.D. 608–615), which had been moved by Boniface VIII from a tomb outside the Vatican Basilica in the portico.
The body was accidentally exhumed in 1605, and the results of the excavation recorded by Giacomo Grimaldi (1568–1623), Apostolic Notary and Archivist of the Vatican Basilica, and others.[64] The body lay within three coffins, the outermost of wood, the middle of lead, and the innermost of pine. The corporal remains were described as being "unusually tall" measuring seven palms when examined by doctors. The body was found quite intact, especially the shapely hands, thus disproving the myth that he had died in a frenzy, gnawing his hands, beating his brains out against the wall.[65] The body wore ecclesiastical vestments common for Boniface's lifetime: long stockings covered legs and thighs, and it was garbed also with the maniple, cassock, and pontifical habit made of black silk, as well as stole, chasuble, rings, and bejeweled gloves.[66]
After this exhumation and examination, Boniface's body was moved to the Chapel of Pope Gregory and Andrew. His body now lies in the crypt (grotte) of St. Peter's in a large marble sarcophagus, inscribed BONIFACIVS PAPA VIII.[67]
Posthumous trial
After the papacy had been removed to Avignon in 1309, Pope Clement V, under extreme pressure from King Philip IV, consented to a posthumous trial. He said, "[I]t was permissible for any persons who wanted to proceed against the memory of Boniface VIII to proceed." He gave a mandate to the Bishop of Paris, Guillaume de Baufet d'Aurillac, and to Guillaume Pierre Godin, OP, that the complainants should choose prosecutors and determine a day on which the Inquiry would begin in the presence of the Pope (coram nobis Avinione). The Pope signed his mandate at his current place of residence, the Priory of Grauselle[68] near Malusan (Malausène) in the diocese of Vasio (Vaison), on 18 October 1309. Both the King of Aragon and the King of Castile immediately sent ambassadors to Pope Clement, complaining that scandal was being poured into the ears of the Faithful, when they heard that a Roman pontiff was being charged with a crime of heresy.[69] Complaints also came from Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands.
On 27 April 1310, in what was certainly a peace gesture toward the French, Clement V pardoned Guillaume Nogaret for his offences committed at Anagni against Boniface VIII and the Church, for which he had been excommunicated, with the condition that Nogaret personally go to the Holy Land in the next wave of soldiers and serve there in the military.[70] By the end of Spring 1310, Clement was feeling the embarrassment and the pressure over the material being produced by Boniface's accusers. His patience was wearing thin. He issued a mandate on 28 June 1310, in which he complained about the quality of the testimony and the corruption of the various accusers and witnesses. Then he ordered the Quaesitores that future examinations should proceed under threat of excommunication for perjury.[71] A process (judicial investigation) against the memory of Boniface was held by an ecclesiastical consistory at Priory Groseau, near Malaucène, which held preliminary examinations in August and September 1310.[72] and collected testimonies that alleged many heretical opinions of Boniface VIII. This included the offence of sodomy, although there is no substantive evidence for this, and it is likely that this was the standard accusation Philip made against enemies.[73] The same charge was brought against the Templars.
Before the actual trial could be held, Clement persuaded Philip to leave the question of Boniface's guilt to the Council of Vienne, which met in 1311. On 27 April 1311, in a public Consistory, with King Philip's agents present, the Pope formally excused the King for everything that he had said against the memory of Pope Boniface, on the grounds that he was speaking with good intentions. This statement was written down and published as a bull, and the bull contained the statement that the matter would be referred by the Pope to the forthcoming Council. The Pope then announced that he was reserving the whole matter to his own judgment.[74]
The XV Ecumenical Council, the Council of Vienne, opened on 16 October 1311, with more than 300 bishops in attendance. [75] When the Council met (so it is said), three cardinals appeared before it and testified to the orthodoxy and morality of the dead pope. Two knights, as challengers, threw down their gauntlets to maintain his innocence by trial by combat. No one accepted the challenge, and the Council declared the matter closed.[76] Clement's order disbanding the Order of the Knights Templar was signed at the Council of Vienne on 2 May 1312.
Character
The pope is said to have been short-tempered, kicking an envoy in the face on one occasion, and on another, throwing ashes in the eyes of an archbishop who was kneeling to receive them as a blessing atop his head.[77]
In culture
This section needs additional citations for verification. (December 2019) |
- In his Inferno, Dante portrayed Boniface VIII being punished in hell for simony, even though Boniface was still alive at the date of the poem's story. Boniface's eventual destiny is revealed to Dante by Pope Nicholas III, whom he meets. A bit later in the Inferno, Dante recalls the pontiff's feud with the Colonna family, which led him to demolish the city of Palestrina, killing 6,000 citizens and destroying both the home of Julius Caesar and a shrine to Mary. Boniface's ultimate fate is confirmed by Beatrice when Dante visits Heaven. It is notable that he does not adopt Guillaume de Nogaret's aspersion that Boniface VIII was a 'sodomite', however, and does not assign him to that circle of hell (although simony was placed in the eighth circle of fraud, below sodomy, in the seventh circle of violence, designating it as a worse offense and taking precedence above activities of sodomy).
- He is also mentioned in François Rabelais's Gargantua and Pantagruel. In the chapter that Epistemos lists the inhabitants of hell and their occupations, he says that Boniface was (in one translation) "skimming the scum off soup pots".
- Boniface's title in the Prophecy of the Popes is "From the Blessing of the Waves".
- The mathematician and astronomer Campanus of Novara served as personal physician or perhaps only as a chaplain to Pope Boniface VIII.[78] Campano died at Viterbo in 1296.
- In Giovanni Boccaccio's Decameron, Boniface VIII is satirically depicted granting a highwayman (Ghino di Tacco) a priorate (Day 10, second tale). Earlier (I.i), Boniface VIII is also mentioned for his role in sending Charles, Count of Valois to Florence in 1300 to end the feud between the Black and White Guelphs.
- The Tale of Pope Boniface is told in Book 2 of John Gower's Confessio Amantis as an exemplum of the sin of fraudulently supplanting others. Gower claims that Boniface tricked Pope Celestine V into abdicating by having a young cleric, pretending to be the voice of God, speak to him while he was sleeping and convince him to abdicate (ll. 2861–2900). Gower also repeats the rumour that Boniface died by gnawing off his own hands, but attributes it to hunger rather than a deliberate suicide attempt (ll. 3027-28).
- Boniface was a patron of Giotto.
- Boniface had the churches of Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore.
- Pope Boniface VIII is a main character played by History Channel television show Knightfall. Boniface is portrayed as a warm and avuncular man and a seasoned politician, who acts as a stabilizing, incorruptible force within a corrupt medieval world. The Knights Templar value him as their Holy leader, and they are willing to execute his orders without question. Boniface personally appoints Landry the new Master and Commander of the Paris Temple after Godfrey's assassination, and entrusts him with the mission of finding the Holy Grail, hoping to use it to launch a new Crusade and reclaim the Holy Land.
See also
- Giovanni Villani (Florentine chronicler who made an account of Boniface and his jubilee)
- Unam sanctam
- Barons' Letter of 1301
References
Footnotes
Citations
- (1282/5–1283), Signore di Caserta (1290). He had a younger brother, Giovanni, and three sisters.
- ^ Finke, p. 9. Tosti, p. 37.
- ^ Tosti, p. 37, citing Teuli, History of Velletri, Book 2, chapter 5.
- , at 345–346.
- ^ Pierre Dupuy, Histoire du differend d'entre le Pape Boniface VIII. et Philippes le Bel, Roy de France (Paris 1655), pp. 527–528.
- ^ Ptolemaeus of Lucca Historia ecclesiastica XXIII. 26 (Muratori Rerum Italicarum Scriptores XI, p. 203). Tosti (p. 37) believed that Caetani held the office of Advocatus before he set out with Cardinal Ottoboni on the English legation.
- ^ August Potthast, Regesta Pontificum Romanorum II (Berlin 1875), p. 1543, nos. 18858, 18859, 18867. Pope Urban IV had held a Consistory on 25 April, at which the matter of naming Charles of Anjou as Senator of Rome was discussed. It was after this meeting that Cardinal Simon was given his Legation.
- ^ August Potthast, Regesta Pontificum Romanorum II (Berlin 1875), p. 1543, nos. 19037–19039.
- ^ Potthast, no. 19065. These were benefices which in the course of things were in the hands of the Pope.
- ^ Potthast, 19089.
- ^ Registres de Clément IV I, nos. 40–78.
- ^ Fieschi later became Pope Adrian V, in 1276. Another member of the embassy was Theobaldus of Piacenza, Archdeacon of Liège, who became a friend of Prince Edward, and went on Crusade with him; he later became Pope Gregory X in 1272. Francis Gasquet, Henry the Third and the English Church (London 1905), p. 414.
- ^ This derives from a statement of Pope Clement V in 1309, during the agitation for a posthumous trial of Boniface VIII: A. Theiner (ed.), Caesaris Baronii Annales Ecclesiastici Tomus 23 (Bar-le-Duc 1871), under year 1309, §4, p. 429. Rose Graham, "Letters of Cardinal Ottoboni," English Historical Review 15 (1900) 87–120.
- ^ Francis Gasquet, Henry the Third and the English Church (London 1905), pp. 403–416.
- ^ "George Baker, The History and Antiquities of the County of Northamptonshire Vol. III (London: J.B.Nicholas & Son 1836), pp. 312–338". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
- ^ Tosti, p. 38, n. 15
- ^ Tosti (p. 37) believed that Caetani held the office of Advocatus before he set out with Cardinal Ottoboni on the English legation. And yet, Ottobono Fieschi was elected Pope Adrian V on 11 July 1276 and died on 18 August 1276.
- ^ Tosti, p. 38, n. 15: ... ut ecclesias S. Nicolai in carcere Tulliano de Urbe, et de Barro in Ligonensi [Langres], et de Piliaco [? Pisiaco (Poissy, Seine et Oise)], archidiaconatum in Carnotensi [Chartres], ac ecclesiam die Thoucester, canonicatus quoque ac praebendas in Ligonensi, Carnotensi, Parisiensi, Anagnina, Tuderina, S. Audomari Morinensi [Therouanne], ac in Basilica S. Petri de Urbe retinere possit."Tosti is wrong in calling Benedetto Caetani a canon of Lyons; he misread Lugdunensi where the text twice has Lingonensi.
- ^ "Cardinal Deaconry".
- ^ R. Morghen, "Una legazione di Benedetto Caetani nell'Umbria e la guerra tra Perugia e Foligno del 1288," Archivio della Società romana di storia patria, 52 (1929), pp. 485–490.
- ^ A. Theiner (ed.), Caesaris Baronii Annales Ecclesiastici Tomus 23 (Bar-le-Duc 1871), under year 1289, §31, p. 54. This fact is blown out of proportion by some commentators into a Legateship to Portugal. The business, however, was done in Rome, through Procurators of the King of Portugal. The concordat in forty articles was signed at S. Maria Maggiore on 12 February 1289 and the ecclesiastical censures against the Portuguese withdrawn in March.
- ^ Conrad Eubel, Hierarchia catholica medii aevi I edition altera (Monasterii 1913), pp. 10, 47, 52.
- ^ "Cardinal Title".
- ^ It is sometimes said that he also received the Deaconry of S. Agnes, but S. Agnes was not a deaconry or a titulus in the 13th century.
- ^ Bartholomew of Lucca, in: Odoricus Raynaldus [Rainaldi], Annales Ecclesiastici Tomus Quartus [Volume XXIII] (Lucca: Leonardo Venturini 1749), sub anno 1294, p. 156: Dominus Benedictus cum aliquibus cardinalibus Caelestino persuasit ut officio cedat quia propter simplicitatem suam, licet sanctus vir, et vitae magni foret exempli, saepius adversis confundabantur ecclesiae in gratiis faciendis et circa regimen orbis.
- Suburbicarian Diocese of Ostiain August 1294 by Celestine V. See Conrad Eubel, Hierarchia catholica medii aevi I edition altera (Monasterii 1913), pp. 11, 35, 46.
- ^ See the poem by Jacopo Stefaneschi, Subdeacon of the Holy Roman Church, who participated in the events: Ludovicus Antonius Muratori, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores Tomus Tertius (Milan 1723), 642.
- ISBN 978-0-521-19217-0.
- OCLC 889947793.
- ^ Michael, Widener (11 February 2013). "Papal resignations: the case of Celestine V". Lillian Goldman Law Library. Archived from the original on 27 November 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
- ^ Filippo Maria Renazzi, Storia dell' Universita degli studj di Roma, detto comunamente La Sapienza Volume I (Roma: Pagliarini 1803), pp. 56–69.
- ^ Oswald J. Reichel, The Elements of Canon Law (London: Thomas Baker, 1889), p. 51.
- ^ Liber Sextus Decretalium D. Bonifacii Papae VIII, suae integritate, una cum Clementinis et Extravagantibus restitutus (Francofurdi: Ioan. Wechelus 1586), pp. 1–272.
- ^ Liber Sextus Decretalium D. Bonifacii Papae VIII (Francofurdi 1586), pp. 252–260; See Regulæ Juris for a listing.
- ^ cf. Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia Christopher Kleinhenz et al. eds. Routledge, 2004, p. 178.
- ^ Pope Boniface VIII. "Unam Sanctam".
- ^ a b Oestereich, Thomas. "Pope Boniface VIII." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 4 March 2016
- ISBN 0-88029-116-8Chapter III "The Lord of Europe" pp. 102–104.
- ^ Conrad Eubel, Hierarchia catholica medii aevi I edition altera (Monasterii 1913), pp. 12–13.
- ^ Dante Alighierli, Divine Comedy, Inferno, 19.49–63
- ^ Ineffabilis amoris, Reg. 1653, 20 September 1296, in Les Registres de Boniface VIII (1294–1303), ed. A. Thomas, M. Faucon, G. Digard and R. Fawtier, pp. 279–280, Paris 1884–1939.
- ^ A. Theiner (ed.), Caesaris Baronii Annales Ecclesiastici Tomus 23 (Bar-le-Duc 1871), under year 1296, §17, pp. 188–189; under year 1300, §26, p. 272–273.
- ^ A. Theiner (ed.), Caesaris Baronii Annales Ecclesiastici Tomus 23 (Bar-le-Duc 1871), under year 1296, §24–32, pp. 193–196.
- ^ Coram Illo fatemur, Reg. 2333 (28 February 1297), in Les Registres de Boniface VIII (1294–1303), ed. A. Thomas, M. Faucon, G. Digard and R. Fawtier, p. 308, Paris 1884–1939.
- ^ Herbert Thurston, The Holy Year of Jubilee (St. Louis MO: B. Herder 1900), pp. 6–25.
- ^ Thurston, p. 17.
- ^ Jacopo Stefaneschi, "Jacobi Sancti Georgii ad Velum aureum diaconi Cardinalis, de centesimo seu iubileo anno Liber," Margarino de la Bigne (editor), Maxima Bibliotheca veterum Patrum et antiquorum scriptorum ecclesiasticorum Tomus 25 (Lugduni 1677), pp. 936–944, at p. 940. Stefaneschi was an eyewitness.
- ^ A. Theiner (ed.), Caesaris Baronii Annales Ecclesiastici Tomus 23 (Bar-le-Duc 1871), under year 1300, §6, p. 264.
- ^ Geoffrey Barrow, Robert the Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland, (Edinburgh, 1988), p. 61
- ^ Michael Brown, The Wars of Scotland 1214–1371 (Edinburgh, 2004), pp. 192, 280
- ^ François Guizot and Mme. Guizot de Witt, History of France from the Earliest Times to 1848 Volume I (New York 1885), p. 474.
- ^ Catholic Encyclopedia. Tosti, History of Pope Boniface VIII, p. 335.
- ^ "Boniface VIII", by Thomas Oestreich, in The Catholic Encyclopedia, ed. by Charles G. Herbermann (The Encyclopedia Press, 1907) p.666
- ^ A. Theiner (ed.), Caesaris Baronii Annales Ecclesiastici Tomus 23 (Bar-le-Duc 1871), under year 1303, §33, p. 325–326.
- ^ Joannes Dominicus Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima Collectio novissima edition, Tomus vicesimus quintus (Venetiis 1782), pp. 97–100.
- ^ A. Theiner (ed.), Caesaris Baronii Annales Ecclesiastici Tomus 23 (Bar-le-Duc 1871), under year 1302, §13–15, p. 303–304.
- ^ Georges Digard (editor), Les Registres de Boniface VIII (Paris 1907), nos. 5041–5069. Cf. no. 5341 (13 April 1303), Pope Boniface's reply to Cardinal Jean's report.
- ^ Georges Digard (editor), Les Registres de Boniface VIII (Paris 1907), no. 5345. "...even if they shone with imperial or royal dignity."
- ^ Georges Digard (editor), Les Registres de Boniface VIII (Paris 1907), nos. 5386–5387
- ^ See the extensive narrative of Gregorovius, 588–596. Giuseppe Marchetti Longhi, "Il palazzo di Bonifacio VIII in Anagni," Archivio della Società romana di storia patria 43 (1920), 379–410. The building still exists: http://www.palazzobonifacioviii.it/
- ^ A. Tomassetti, Bullarum diplomatum et privilegiorum sanctorum Romanorum pontificum Tomus IV (Augustae Taurinorum 1859), pp. 170–174. The date of 8 September has caused much scholarly controversy. Chamberlain, E.R. "The Lord of Europe". The Bad Popes. Barnes and Noble. p. 120. Ian Mortimer: "Barriers to the Truth" History Today: 60:12: December 2010: 13
- ^ Reardon, Wendy. The Deaths of the Popes. McFarland. p. 120.. Reardon's narrative does not appear to accord with contemporary sources.
- ^ Giovanni Villani, Historia universalis, Book VIII, chapter 65. R. E. Selfe and P. H. Wicksteed, Selections from the First Nine Books of the Croniche Fiorentine of Giovanni Villani (Westminster, 1898), pp. 346–350.
- ^ A. Theiner (ed.), Caesaris Baronii Annales Ecclesiastici Tomus 23 (Bar-le-Duc 1871), under year 1303, §34, p. 333. A. L. Frothingham, Jr., "Procès-verbal by Giacomo Grimaldi of the Opening of the Tomb of Pope Boniface VIII in the Basilica of San Pietro in Vaticano in 1605," American Journal of Archaeology 4 (1888), 330–332.
- ^ Thomas Oestereich, "Pope Boniface VIII." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. Retrieved: 6 February 2018.
- ^ The body was seen several times by the Papal Master of Ceremonies, Giovanni Paolo Mucanzio, who reported the details in his Diary, under 11 October 1605: Joannes Baptista Gattico, Acta Selecta Caeremonialia Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae ex variis mss. codicibus et diariis saeculi xv. xvi. xvii. Tomus I (Romae 1753), pp. 478–479. The body had been discovered accidentally during the removal of several altars from the old St. Peter's to make way for the walls and new chapels of Maderno's nave.
- ^ Reardon, Wendy. The Deaths of the Popes. Comprehensive Accounts Including Funeral, Burial Places and Epitaphs. McFarland. pp. 120–123.. Her date of 1606 is incorrect.
- ^ Gallia christiana I (Paris 1716), pp. 919–920.
- ^ Bernardus Guidonis says. "...in publico consistorio pronuntiavit, ut liceret prosequi volentibus procedere contra memoriam Bonifacii papae VIII defuncti." A. Theiner (ed.), Caesaris Baronii Annales Ecclesiastici Tomus 23 (Bar-le-Duc 1871), under year 1309, §4, p. 428.
- ^ A. Theiner (ed.), Caesaris Baronii Annales Ecclesiastici Tomus 23 (Bar-le-Duc 1871), under year 1311, §50, p. 495.
- ^ A. Theiner (ed.), Caesaris Baronii Annales Ecclesiastici Tomus 23 (Bar-le-Duc 1871), under year 1310, §37–38, pp. 463–464.
- ^ Its records were republished in a critical edition by Jean Coste, Boniface VIII en procès: articles d'accusation et dépositions des témoins (1303–1311) (Rome: 'L'Erma' di Bretschneider 1995). See especially pp. 547–732.
- ^ James Brundage, Law, Sex and Christianity in Medieval Europe (University of Chicago, 1990), p. 473
- ^ A. Theiner (ed.), Caesaris Baronii Annales Ecclesiastici Tomus 23 (Bar-le-Duc 1871), under year 1311, §25–30, p. 481-483.
- ^ Barber, Malcolm (2012a). The Trial of the Templars. Cambridge University Press. p. 259.
- ^ The Age of Faith, Will Durant, 1950, 13th printing, page 816—but without citing a source. Durant's authority is not high. It seems quite unlikely that the Church, especially during an Ecumenical Council, would have acquiesced in a trial for heresy by combat—which was contrary to Church policy. And there is evidence that a legal brief had been prepared by an eminent lawyer of Bologna for a trial of Boniface VIII at the Council: Joannes Dominicus Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima Collectio novissima edition, Tomus vicesimus quintus (Venetiis 1782), pp. 415–426; it is pointed out in several places in the same work that the case of Boniface was presented to the Council by Pope Clement, and that the Council rejected it.
- ISBN 0-900658-15-0.
- ISBN 978-1-4426-4269-0. He is not listed as a physician of Boniface VIII by Gaetano Marini, Degli archiatri pontificj I (Roma: Pagliarini 1784), pp. 32–42.
Bibliography
- Bautz, Friedrich Wilhelm (1975). "Pope Boniface VIII". In Bautz, Friedrich Wilhelm (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 1. Hamm: Bautz. cols. 690–692. ISBN 3-88309-013-1.
- Boase, Thomas S. R. (1933). Boniface VIII. London: Constable.
- Celidonio, Giuseppe (1896). Vita di S. Pietro del Morrone, Celestino Papa V, scritta su documenti coevi (in Italian). Vol. 3 volumes. Sulmone: Angeletti.
- Ciochetti, Marco (2020). Racconti di un evento: l’"aggressione" a Bonifacio VIII. Anagni, 7–9 settembre 1303. Raccolta e critica dei testi contemporanei, Rome, UniversItalia, 2020, online.
- Coppa, Frank J, ed. (2002). The Great Popes Through History. Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
- Coste, Jean, ed. (1995). Boniface VIII en procès. Articles d'accusation et dépositions des témoins (1303–1311) (in French). Rome: L'Erma di Bretschneider. ISBN 978-88-7062-914-9.
- de Sainte-Marthe, Denis (1716). Gallia Christiana, in provincias ecclesiasticas distributa (in French). Paris.
- Denifle, H. (1889). "Die Denkschriften der Colonna gegen Bonifaz VIII. und der Cardinale gegen die Colonna". Archiv für Literatur- und Kirchen- Geschichte (in German). V. Freiburg im Breisgau.
- Finke, Heinrich (1902). Aus den Tagen Bonifaz VIII. Funde und Forschungen (in German). Muenster.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Frugoni, A. (1950). Il giubileo di Bonifacio VIII (in Italian). Vol. LXII. Bulletino dell'Istituto storico per il Medioevo.
- Gregorovius, Ferdinand (1906). History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages. Vol. V. London: George Bell and Sons.
- Marrone, John and Charles Zuckerman (1975). "Cardinal Simon of Beaulieu and relations between Philip the Fair and Boniface VIII". Traditio. 21: 195–222. S2CID 151457515.
- ISBN 978-3-534-20936-1.
- Morghen, R. (1929). "Una legazione di Benedetto Caetani nell'Umbria e la guerra tra Perugia e Foligno del 1288". Archivio della Società Romana di Storia Patria. 52.
- Oestereic, Thomas (1907). "Pope Boniface VIII". The Catholic Encyclopedia. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- Paravicini Bagliani, Agostino (2003). Boniface VIII. Un pape hérétique? (in French). Paris: Payot.
- Paravicini Bagliani, Agostino (2003). Bonifacio VIII (in Italian). Torino: Einaudi.
- Rociglio, A. (1894). La Rinuncia di Celestino V: Celestino V ed il VI centenario della sua Incornazione (in Italian). Aquila.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Rubeus (Rossi), Joannes (Giovanni) (1651). Bonifacius VIII e familia Caietanorum principum Romanus Pontifex (in Italian). Romae: Corbelletti.
- Schmidinger, H. (1964). "Ein vergessener Bericht über das Attentat von Anagni". Mélanges Tisserant (in German). V. Roma.
- Théry, Julien (2017). "The Pioneer of Royal Theocracy. Guillaume de Nogaret and the conflicts between Philip the Fair and the Papacy", in The Capetian Century, 1214–1314, ed. by William Chester Jordan, Jenna Rebecca Phillips, Brepols, 2017, p. 219-259, online.
- Schmidt, Tilmann (1983). Bonifatius VIII. In: Lexikon des Mittelalters. Vol. 2, Munich/Zurich 1983, cols. 414–416.
- Schmidt, Tilmann (1989). Der Bonifaz-Prozeß. Verfahren der Papstanklage zur Zeit Bonifaz' VIII. und Clemens' V (in German). Cologne, Vienna: Böhlau.
- Scholz, Richard (1903). Die Publizistik zur Zeit Philipps des Schönen und Bonifaz' VIII (in German). Stuttgart.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Sestan, Ernesto (1970). Bonifacio VIII. In: Enciclopedia Dantesca, a cura di Umberto Bosco. A-CIL, Rome, 1970, pp. 675–679.
- Souchon, Martin (1888). Die Papstwahlen von Bonifaz VIII bis Urban VI (in German). Braunschweig: Benno Goeritz.
- Theseider, Eugenio Dupré: Bonifacio VIII. In: Massimo Bray (ed.): Enciclopedia dei Papi. Volume 2: Niccolò I, santo, Sisto IV. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 2000 (treccani.it)
- Tierney, Brian (1964). Crisis of Church and State. Totowa, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
- Tosti, Luigi (1911). History of Pope Boniface VIII and his times. Translated by Donnelly, E. J. New York.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Wenck, Karl (1905). War Bonifaz VIII. ein Ketzer? In: Historische Zeitschrift 94 (1905), pp. 1–66.
- Wood, Charles, T. (1967). Phillip the Fair and Boniface VIII: State vs Papacy. New York: Holt, Rhinehart, and Winston.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Xavier, Adro (1971). Bonifacio VIII. Barcelona, 1971.
External links
- Catholic Encyclopedia: "Pope Clement V: a paragraph on the trial of Boniface VIII
- Notes on the Conclave of April 4, 1292 – July 5, 1294 Dr. J. P. Adams (with contemporary sources)
- Notes on the Conclave of December, 1294 Dr. J. P. Adams (with contemporary sources)
- The Bull Clericis Laicos (Medieval Sourcebook)
- "Boniface VIII against the Revolution" (Saint Benedict Center) [a strongly biased conservative Catholic view]
- "Boniface VIII and the Heresy of Statism" (Saint Benedict Center) [a strongly biased conservative Catholic view]
- Literature by and about Pope Boniface VIII in the German National Library catalogue
- Works by and about Pope Boniface VIII in the Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek (German Digital Library)
- Meister Eckhart und seine Zeit – Päpste – Bonifaz VIII.