Pope Callixtus II
Honorius II | |
---|---|
Personal details | |
Born | Guy c. 1065 |
Died | (aged c. 59) Rome, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire |
Previous post(s) | Archbishop of Vienne (1088–1119) |
Other popes named Callixtus |
Pope Callixtus II or Callistus II (c. 1065 – 13 December 1124), born Guy of Burgundy, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 1 February 1119 to his death in 1124.[1] His pontificate was shaped by the Investiture Controversy, which he was able to settle through the Concordat of Worms in 1122.
As son of Count
Early life
Born the fourth son of Count
Archbishop of Vienne
Guy first appears in contemporary records when he became the
On his return to France, he immediately convened an assembly of French and Burgundian bishops at Vienne, where the imperial claim to a traditional
Papacy
Paschal does not seem to have been quite pleased with Guy's zeal in his attacks upon Henry V.[4] During the violent confrontations between Henry V and Paschal II's successor, Pope Gelasius II, the pope was forced to flee from Rome, first to Gaeta, where he was crowned, then to the Cluny Abbey, where he died on 29 January 1119.[4] Guy was elected at Cluny on 2 February 1119. Nine cardinals took part in the election. Most of the other cardinals were in Rome.[7] He was crowned at Vienne on 9 February 1119 as Calixtus II.[4]
At the outset, it appeared that the new pope was willing to negotiate with Henry V, who received the papal embassy at
Returning to Italy, where antipope Gregory VIII was supported in Rome by imperial forces and Italian allies of the emperor, Calixtus II managed to gain the upper hand amid clear demonstrations of popular support. The Imperial candidate was obliged to flee to the fortress of Sutri, where he was taken prisoner through the intervention of Norman support from the Kingdom of Sicily. He was transferred from prison to prison first near Salerno, and afterwards at the fortress of Fumo.[4] The imperial allies in Rome soon disbanded.
Sicut Judaeis
In 1120 Calixtus II issued the papal bull
Concordat of Worms
Having established his power in Italy, the pope resolved to re-open negotiations with Henry V on the question of investiture. Henry V was anxious to put an end to a controversy which had reduced imperial authority in Germany — terminally so, as it appeared in the long run. An embassy of three cardinals was sent by Calixtus II to Germany, and negotiations for a permanent settlement of the investiture struggle were begun in October 1121 at Würzburg, where it was agreed that a general truce should be proclaimed in Germany, that the Church should have free use of its possessions, and that the lands of those in rebellion should be restored. These decrees were communicated to Calixtus II, who despatched the legate Lambert to assist at the synod that had been convoked at Worms, where, on 23 September 1122, the agreement known as the Concordat of Worms was concluded. On his side the Emperor abandoned his claim to investiture with ring and crosier, and granted freedom of election to episcopal sees. On the papal side, it was conceded that the bishops should receive investiture with the sceptre, that the episcopal elections should be held in the presence of the emperor or his representatives, that in case of disputed elections the emperor should, after the decision of the metropolitan and the suffragan bishops, confirm the rightfully elected candidate, and lastly, that the imperial investiture of the temporal properties connected to the sees should take place in Germany before the consecration. In Burgundy and in Italy the imperial investiture would take place after the consecration ceremony, while in the Papal States the pope alone had the right of investiture, without any interference on the part of the emperor. As a result of this Concordat, the emperor still retained in his hands the controlling influence in the election of the bishops in Germany, though he had abandoned much in regard to episcopal elections in Italy and Burgundy.[12][4]
First Lateran Council
To secure the confirmation of this Concordat of Worms, Calixtus II convened the First Lateran Council on 18 March 1123. It solemnly confirmed the Concordat and passed several disciplinary decrees, such as those against simony and concubinage among the clergy. Decrees were also passed against violators of the
Later life, death and legacy
Calixtus II devoted his last few years to re-establishing papal control over the
Calixtus died on 13 December 1124. A decade or two later, a French scholar (probably
References
- ^ John W. O'Malley, A History of the Popes: From Peter to the Present, (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2010), 116.
- ISBN 0-299-04834-9.
- ^ Mary Stroll, Calixtus II (1119–1124): a pope born to rule (Brill, 2004), 9.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: MacCaffrey, James (1908). "Pope Calistus II". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
- ^ Gregorovius, p. 359 with note 1.
- ^ a b c Stroll, Calixtus II (1119–1124): a pope born to rule (2004). [page needed]
- ^ "Miranda, Salvador. "Papal elections of the 12th Century (1100–1198)", The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church".
- ^ "Thurston, Herbert. "History of Toleration", The Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912, Accessed 12 July 2013".
- ^ Solomon Grayzel (1991), "The Papal Bull Sicut Judeis," in: Jeremy Cohen, Essential Papers on Judaism and Christianity in Conflict. From Late Antiquity to the Reformation (New York University Press 1991), pp. 231–259.
- ^ "Deutsch, Gotthard; Jacobs, Joseph. "Popes, The". The Jewish Encyclopedia, KTAV Publishing, New York, 1906, Accessed 12 July 2013".
- ^ Simonsohn, Shlomo (1988). The Apostolic See and the Jews, Documents: 492–1404. Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, pp. 68, 143, 211, 242, 245–246, 249, 254, 260, 265, 396, 430, 507.
- ^ Bruce Bueno De Mesquita, "Popes, kings, and endogenous institutions: The Concordat of Worms and the origins of sovereignty." International Studies Review (2000): 93–118. in JSTOR
- ^ a b MacCaffrey, James (1908). "Pope Callistus II". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.