Pope Clement V
John XXII | |
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Orders | |
Consecration | 14 November 1305 |
Personal details | |
Born | Raymond Bertrand de Got 1264 Villandraut, Gascony, Kingdom of France |
Died | 20 April 1314 Roquemaure, Kingdom of France | (aged 49–50)
Previous post(s) | Archbishop of Bordeaux |
Coat of arms | |
Other popes named Clement |
Papal styles of Pope Clement V | |
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His Holiness | |
Spoken style | Your Holiness |
Religious style | Holy Father |
Posthumous style | None |
Pope Clement V (
Early career
Raymond Bertrand was born in Vilandraut,
As Archbishop of Bordeaux, Bertrand de Got was a subject of the King of England,[3] but from early youth he had been a personal friend of Philip the Fair.
Election
Following the death of Pope Benedict XI in July 1304, there was an interregnum occasioned by disputes between the French and Italian cardinals. They were equally balanced in the papal conclave, which was held at Perugia. Bertrand was elected Pope Clement V in June 1305 and crowned on 14 November. Bertrand was neither Italian nor a cardinal, and his election might have been considered a gesture towards neutrality.[citation needed] The contemporary chronicler Giovanni Villani reports gossip that he had bound himself to King Philip IV of France by a formal agreement before his elevation, made at Saint-Jean-d'Angély in Saintonge. Whether this was true or not, it is likely that the future pope had conditions laid down for him by the conclave of cardinals.
Two weeks later at Vienne, Bertrand was informally notified of his election and returned to Bordeaux.[4] At Bordeaux he was formally recognized as Pope, with John of Havering offering him gifts from Edward I of England.[5] Bertrand initially selected Vienne as the site for his coronation, but after Philip IV's objections selected Lyon.[5] On 14 November 1305, Bertrand was installed as pope which was celebrated with magnificence and attended by Philip IV.[6] Among his first acts was the creation of nine French cardinals.[7]
At Clement's coronation, John II, Duke of Brittany was leading the Pope's horse through the crowd during the celebrations. So many spectators had piled atop the walls that one of the walls crumbled and collapsed on top of the Duke, who died four days later.[8]
Pontificate
Clement V and the Knights Templar
Early in 1306, Clement V explained away those features of the
On Friday, 13 October 1307, hundreds of the
Meanwhile, Philip IV's lawyers pressed to reopen
In pursuance of the king's wishes, Clement V in 1311 summoned the Council of Vienne, which refused to convict the Templars of heresy. The Pope abolished the order anyway, as the Templars seemed to be in bad repute and had outlived their usefulness as papal bankers and protectors of pilgrims in the East.
False charges of heresy and sodomy set aside, the guilt or innocence of the Templars is one of the more difficult historical problems, partly because of the atmosphere of hysteria that had built up in the preceding generation (marked by habitually intemperate language and extravagant denunciations exchanged between temporal rulers and churchmen), partly because the subject has been embraced by conspiracy theorists and quasi-historians.[11]
Crusades and relations with the Mongols
Clement sent John of Montecorvino to Beijing to preach in China.[12]
Clement engaged intermittently in communications with the Mongol Empire towards the possibility of creating a Franco-Mongol alliance against the Muslims. In April 1305, the Mongol Ilkhan ruler Öljaitü sent an embassy led by Buscarello de Ghizolfi to Clement, Philip IV of France, and Edward I of England. In 1307, another Mongol embassy led by Tommaso Ugi di Siena reached European monarchs. However, no coordinated military action was forthcoming and hopes of alliance petered out within a few years.[citation needed]
In 1308, Clement ordered the preaching of a crusade to be launched against the Mamluk Sultanate in the Holy Land in the spring of 1309. This resulted in the unwanted Crusade of the Poor appearing before Avignon in July 1309. Clement granted the poor crusaders an indulgence but refused to let them participate in the professional expedition led by the Hospitallers. That expedition set off in early 1310, but instead of sailing for the Holy Land, the Hospitallers conquered the city of Rhodes from the Byzantines.[13]
On 4 April 1312, a Crusade was promulgated by Pope Clement V at the Council of Vienne. Another embassy was sent by Oljeitu to the West and to Edward II of England in 1313. The same year, Philip IV "took the cross", making the vow to go on a Crusade in the Levant.[14]
Relations with Rome
In March 1309, the entire papal court moved from Poitiers to the
Clement V's pontificate was also a disastrous time for Italy. The
In
Later career and death
In his relations to the Empire, Clement was an opportunist. He refused to use his full influence in favour of the candidacy of Charles of Valois, brother of Philip IV, lest France became too powerful; and recognized Henry of Luxemburg, whom his representatives crowned emperor at the Lateran in 1312. When Henry, however, came into conflict with Robert of Naples, Clement supported Robert and threatened the emperor with excommunication and interdict.[16] But the crisis passed with the unexpected death of Henry.[16]
Other remarkable incidents of Clement V's reign include his violent repression of the
Clement died on 20 April 1314.[18] According to one account, while his body was lying in state, a thunderstorm arose during the night and lightning struck the church where his body lay, setting it on fire.[a] The fire was so intense that by the time it was extinguished, the Pope's body had been all but destroyed.[20] He was buried at the collegiate church in Uzeste close to his birthplace in Villandraut as laid down in his will.[19]
See also
Notes
References
- ^ a b c Menache 2002, p. 2.
- ^ Menache 2002, p. 8.
- ^ Baumgartner 2003, p. 48.
- ^ Menache 2002, p. 15.
- ^ a b Menache 2002, p. 16.
- ^ Menache 2002, p. 16–17.
- ^ Bombi 2019, p. 134.
- ^ Menache 2002, p. 17.
- ^ Menache 2002, p. 179.
- ^ a b Howarth, pp. 11–14, 261, 323
- ^ a b Duffy, pp. 403, 439, 460–463
- ^ Hartig, Otto (1910). "John of Montecorvino". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Gábor Bradács, "Crusade of the Poor (1309)", in Jeffrey M. Shaw and Timothy J. Demy (eds.), War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict, 3 vols. (ABC-CLIO, 2017), vol. 1, pp. 211–212.
- ^ Jean Richard, "Histoire des Croisades", p. 485
- ^ Davidson, p. 40.
- ^ a b Menache 2002, p. 172.
- ^ Pope John XXII reissued this collection in the bull Quoniam nulla, 25 October 1317.
- ^ Menache 2002, p. 31.
- ^ a b Menache 2002, pp. 31–32.
- ^ Menache 2002, p. 32.
Sources
- Baumgartner, Frederic (2003). Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal elections. Palgrave Macmillan.
- Bombi, Barbara (2019). Anglo-Papal Relations in the Early Fourteenth Century: A Study in Medieval Diplomacy. Oxford University Press.
- Chamberlin, E. R. (1993). ISBN 978-0-88029-116-3.
- Davidson, Basil, The African Slave Trade revised ed., 1961, Boston : Brown Little
- Duffy, Eamon. Saints and Sinners: A History of the Popes. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-300-11597-0
- Howarth, Stephen. The Knights Templar. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1982. ISBN 978-0-88029-663-2
- Le Moyne de La Borderie, Arthur (1906), Histoire de Bretagne, J. Plihon et L. Hommay
- Menache, Sophia (2002). Clement V. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52198-X.
- Richard, Jean, Histoire des croisades, Fayard, 1996. ISBN 2-213-59787-1
Further reading
- Maxwell-Stuart, P. G. Chronicle of the Popes: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Papacy over 2000 Years. London: Thames & Hudson, 1997. ISBN 978-0-500-01798-2
External links
- Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz (1975). "Pope Clement V". In Bautz, Friedrich Wilhelm (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 1. Hamm: Bautz. cols. 1052–1053. ISBN 3-88309-013-1.
- Bulls of Clement V on the Knights Templar
- Catholic Church. Pope (1305–1314: Clement V). Constitutiones. [51] leaves ([49]–[51] wanting) 47.7 cm. (fol.). From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress
- Lewis E 65 Constitutiones clementinae (Clementine constitutions) at OPenn