Pope Damasus II
Leo IX | |
---|---|
Personal details | |
Born | Poppo de' Curagnoni c. 1000 Pildenau, Duchy of Bavaria, Holy Roman Empire |
Died | Palestrina, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire | 9 August 1048
Other popes named Damasus |
Pope Damasus II (
Upon the death of
Early life
Poppo was a younger son belonging to a Bavarian noble family.[
Imperial intervention
In 1046, the city of Rome was in chaos. It had three popes,
Imperial nomination of Poppo
Henry III in 1046 had displayed his imperial power by intervening against
Henry was unwilling to rush matters, and so asked
Arrival in Italy
During the envoys’ absence, imperial authority in Rome became virtually extinguished as the
In the meantime, Henry was marching down towards Italy with Poppo, accompanying him at least as far as
Given his role in the usurpation by Benedict IX, and his attitude towards Henry III, it is unsurprising that Boniface at first refused, advising Poppo when he entered Tuscany, "I cannot go to Rome with you. The Romans have again installed Benedict, and he has won over the whole city to his cause. Besides, I am now an old man." Having nowhere to turn, and unable to proceed, Poppo had no choice but to turn around and return to Germany, where he informed Henry of what had transpired.[25]
Papal coronation
Upon receiving the news, Henry was furious. Poppo was quickly sent back to Boniface, carrying with him a letter from the emperor which ordered Boniface to arrange the expulsion of Benedict and the enthroning of his successor. Henry was simple and direct. "Learn, you who have restored a pope who was canonically deposed, and who have been led by love of money to despise my commands; learn that, if you do not amend your ways, I will soon come and make you."[26] These threats soon reduced Boniface to obedience. He sent a body of troops into Rome and forcibly expelled Benedict from the city.[27]
After Benedict IX's removal, Poppo entered the city, as the Romans, with demonstrations of joy, welcomed the bishop who would be pope. He was enthroned at the Lateran as Pope Damasus II on 17 July 1048. His pontificate, however, was of short duration. Rumors circulated that he had been poisoned,[28] allegedly by a man named Gerhard Brazutus, a friend of Benedict IX and a follower of Hildebrand.[29] However, the source for this information is suspect.[30] He retired to Palestrina.[31] After a brief reign of twenty-three days, he died on 9 August 1048. A modern conjecture is that he died of malaria.[32]
Pope Damasus II was buried in
See also
References
- ^ Charles A. Coulombe, Vicars of Christ: A History of the Popes, (Citadel Press, 2003), 204.
- ^ public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Damasus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 786. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
- ^ J.N.D. Kelly and M. J. Walsh, Oxford Dictionary of Popes second ed. (Oxford 2010), p. 146.
- ISBN 978-1-4351-4571-9.
- ^ Thomas Greenwood (1861). Cathedra Petri: A Political History of the Great Latin Patriarchate. Vol. 4. London: Thickbroom Brothers. pp. 65, 70–71.
- ^ Gregorovius, p. 53.
- ^ Gregorovius, p. 54.
- ^ Ernst Steindorff (1874). Jahrbücher des deutschen Reichs unter Heinrich III (in German). Vol. I. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot. pp. 305, 307 with note 2.
- ^ Steindorff, p. 308. Constitutiones et acta publica imperatorum et regum. Legum sectio IV. Monumenta Germaniae historica i (in German and Latin). Vol. Tomus I. Hannover: Hahn. 1893. pp. 94–95.
- ^ Steindorff, p. 313.
- ^ Jaffé, p. 525.
- ^ Henry had already met with Gregory VI, when he moved from Pavia to Piacenza. Steindorff, p. 311, with note 6. Greenwood, pp. 74–75.
- ^ Gregorovius, pp. 54–55. Cesare Baronio (1869). Augustino Theiner (ed.). Annales ecclesiastici denuo excusi et ad nostra usque tempora perducti ab Augustino Theiner... (in Latin). Vol. Tomus septimusdecimus (17). Bar-le-Duc. pp. 1–3.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Gregorovius, pp. 56–63. J.N.D. Kelly and M. J. Walsh, Oxford Dictionary of Popes second ed. (Oxford 2010), p. 145. Paul Fridolin Kehr (1909), Italia pontificia Vol. IV (Berlin: Weidmann 1909), pp. 182–183 (in Latin).
- ^ Gregorovius, pp. 54–57.
- ^ Ernst Steindorff (1881). Jahrbücher des deutschen Reichs unter Heinrich III (in German and Latin). Vol. Zweiter Band. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot. p. 29.
- ^ Mann, p. 286. "Annales Romani", p. 469: "tunc Romanorum plebs in unum collecta, ad regem Heinricum legatos cum litteris miserunt, precantes et obsecrantes, ut servi dominum et ut filii patrem, ut eis dirigeret pudicum benignum ornatum bonis moribus cancte Romane ecclesie et universo orbi pastorem."
- ^ Thomas Oestereich, "Pope Damasus II." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 26 September 2017.
- ^ Mann, p. 288
- ^ Mann, pp. 287–288. "Annales Romani", p. 469: "Legati itaque Romanorum cum pervenissent ad regem, magno cum honore in palatio suscepit suo, eosque magnis ditavit muneribus.... Legati itaque Romanorum antecedentes Damassum pontificem, Romam reversi sunt...."
- ^ Gregorovius, pp. 69–72.
- ^ Steindorff II, p. 35. Mann, p. 288. Jaffe, p. 529.
- ^ Wiguleus Hund (1620). Metropolis Salisburgensis (in Latin). Vol. Tomus primus. Monachii: Bergian. p. 472.
- ^ Gregorovius, pp. 72–73, from the "Annales Romani", p. 469.
- ^ Mann, p. 289, paraphrasing the "Annales Romani", p. 469.
- ^ Mann, pp. 289–290
- ^ "Annales Romani", p. 469.
- ^ The charge of poisoning is presented by Cardinal Cesare Baronio (1869). Augustino Theiner (ed.). Annales ecclesiastici. Vol. Tomus septimusdecimus (17). p. 14., citing Cardinal Benno: "veneno sublalum, Benno ait, opcra Bcnedicti Sedis invasoris."
- ^ Joseph Schnitzer (1892). Die Gesta Romanae Ecclesiae des Kardinals Beno und andere Streitschriften der schismatischen Kardinäle wider Gregor VII (in German). Bamberg: C. C. Buchner. pp. 60–61. Cardinal Benno, "Gesta Romanae Ecclesiae, II", in: Libelli de lite imperatorum et pontificum saeculis XI. et XII. conscripti. Monumenta Germaniae Historica (in Latin). Vol. Tomus II. Hannover: Hahn. 1892. p. 379.: "Et iam diu conciliaverat sibi quendam alium incomparabilibus maleficiis assuetum, Gerhardum nomine, qui cognominabatur Brazutus, amicum Theophilacti, qui subdola familiaritate dicitur sex Romanos pontifices infra spacium tredecim annorum veneno suffocasse, quorum nomina haec sunt: Clemens..., Damasus,... Leo..., Victor..., Stephanus..., Benedictus."
- ^ Mann, p. 291, basing his remark on Baronio's denunciation of Cardinal Benno as a schismatic.
- ^ Gregorovius, p. 73,
- ^ The Reform of the Church, J.P. Whitney, The Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. V, ed. J.R. Tanner, C.W. Previte-Orton, Z.N. Brooke, (Cambridge University Press, 1968), 23. No contemporary source mentions malaria or fever, or any other cause.
- ^ Onofrio Panvinio (1584). Onuphrii Panuinii Veronensis De praecipuis vrbis Romae, sanctioribusque basilicis quas septem ecclesias vulgo vocant, liber (in Latin). Rome: apud Maternum Cholinum. pp. 276–284, at p. 281. The fact was already stated by Hermannus Contractus (died 1054) in his Chronicon: "Sequente Julio Poppo Brixiensis, episcopus ab imperatore clectus, Romam mittitur, et bonoriflce susceptus Apostolicae Sedi papa CLII ordinatus, mutato nomine Damasus II vocatur. Sed paucis diebus exactis defunctus, et ad Sanctum-Laurentium extra Urbem sepultus est."
- ^ Mann, p. 290, who quotes Louis Duchesne, Le liber pontificalis II (Paris 1894), p. 274, as questioning the accuracy of the tradition.
- ^ The description of the sarcophagus: Augustus John Cuthbert Hare (1908). Walks in Rome (including Tivoli, Frascati, and Albano). London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Company. p. 429.
Bibliography
- "Annales Romani," in: Georg Heinrich Pertz (1844). Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Scriptorum (in Latin). Vol. Tomus V. Hannover: Hahn. pp. 468–480.
- Jaffé, Philippus (1885). Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab condita Ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII (in Latin). Vol. Tomus primus (second ed.). Leipzig: Veit.
- Gregorovius, Ferdinand (1896). History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages. Vol. IV, Part I. London: G. Bell & sons.
- Mann, Horace K. (1910), The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages, Volume 5: The Popes In The Days of Feudal Anarchy, from Formosus to Damasus II, Part 2 (London, 1910)
- Steindorff, Ernst (1876), "Damasus II", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 4, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 714–715
- Elze, Reinhard (1957), "Damasus II", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 3, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 498–498; (full text online)
- Bautz, Friedrich Wilhelm (1975). "Damasus II". In Bautz, Friedrich Wilhelm (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 1. Hamm: Bautz. col. 1200. ISBN 3-88309-013-1.
- ISBN 3-7608-8903-4.
- Bertolini, Paolo (1986). "Damaso II". ISBN 978-8-81200032-6.
- Bertolini, Paolo: Damaso II. In: Massimo Bray (ed.): Enciclopedia dei Papi. Volume 2: Niccolò I, santo, Sisto IV. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 2000, pp. 153–156 (treccani.it).
- Hans Göttler, Hans (2005). "Spurensuche nach Papst Damasus II.," in: Pildenau am Inn: Geschichte und Legende des 1. PontifexMaximus aus Altbayern, Tiefenbach: Verlag Töpfl, 2005
External links
- Literature by and about Pope Damasus II in the German National Library catalogue