Pope Eugene III

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Pope Eugenius III
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Pius IX
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Patronage
Other popes named Eugene

Pope Eugene III (

beatified in 1872 by Pope Pius IX
.

Early life

Bernardo was born in the vicinity of

Between May 1134 and February 1137 he was ordained to the priesthood by

Cistercian Order in the monastery of Clairvaux in 1138. A year later he returned to Italy as leader of the Cistercian community in Scandriglia. In Autumn 1140, Innocent II named him abbot of the monastery of S. Anastasio alle Tre Fontane outside Rome.[8] Some chronicles indicate that he was also elevated to the College of Cardinals,[9] but these testimonies probably resulted from a confusion because Bernardo is not attested as cardinal in any document and from the letter of Bernard of Clairvaux addressed to the cardinals shortly after his election it clearly appears that he was not a cardinal.[10]

Papal election

Bernardo was elected pope on 15 February 1145, the same day as the death of his predecessor

Lucius II. Lucius had unwisely decided to take the offensive against the Roman Senate and was killed by a "heavy stone" thrown at him during an attack on the Capitol.[11] Bernardo took the pontifical name Eugene III. He was "a simple character, gentle and retiring - not at all, men thought, the material of which Popes are made".[11] He owed his elevation partly to the fact that no one was eager to accept an office the duties of which were at the time so difficult and dangerous and because the election was "held on safe Frangipani territory".[11]

Bernardo's election was assisted by being a friend and pupil of Bernard of Clairvaux, the most influential ecclesiastic of the Western Church and a strong assertor of the pope's temporal authority. The choice did not have the approval of Bernard, however, who remonstrated against the election, writing to the entire Curia:

"May God forgive you what you have done! ... What reason or counsel, when the Supreme Pontiff was dead, made you rush upon a mere rustic, lay hands on him in his refuge, wrest from his hands the axe, pick or hoe, and lift him to a throne?"[11]

Bernard was equally forthright in his views directly to Eugene, writing:

"Thus does the finger of God raise up the poor out of the dust and lift up the beggar from the dunghill that he may sit with princes and inherit the throne of glory."[11]

Despite these criticisms, Eugene seems to have borne no resentment to Bernard[11] and notwithstanding these criticisms, after the choice was made, Bernard took advantage of the qualities in Eugene III which he objected to, so as virtually to rule in his name.

For their part, the Cardinals resented Bernard's influence over the Pope, stating "You should know that, having been elevated to the rule of entire church by us, around whom, like pivots [cardines] the axis of the church universal swings, and having been made by us from a private person into the father of the universal church, it is necessary from now on that you belong not just to yourself but to us; that you do not rank particular and recent friendships before those which are general and of ancient standing".[12]

Bernard reacted strongly to the Cardinals' assertions, writing to Pope Eugenius that the Cardinals had "no power except that which you grant then of permit them to exercise" and that their claims "make no sense... [are] derived from no tradition... [and] had the support of authority".[13]

The issue remained unresolved for the whole of Eugenius' term.

Pontificate

A bulla of Eugene III

During nearly the whole of his pontificate, Eugene III was unable to reside in

Tivoli, Italy, to other cities at feud with Rome, and to King Roger II of Sicily (who sent his general Robert of Selby), and with their aid was successful in making such conditions with the Roman citizens as enabled him for a time to hold the semblance of authority in his capital. But as he would not agree to a treacherous compact against Tivoli, he was compelled to leave the city in March 1146. He stayed for some time at Viterbo, and then at Siena
, but went ultimately to France.

On hearing of the fall of Edessa (now the modern day city of Urfa, the first of the Crusader states established in the Levant) to the Turks, which occurred in 1144, he had, in December 1145, addressed the bull Quantum praedecessores to Louis VII of France, calling on him to take part in another crusade.[14] Earlier the same year, Eugenius issued the Militia Dei, allowing the Templar Order to charge tithes and fees for burials.[15] At a great diet held at Speyer in 1146, King Conrad III of Germany and many of his nobles were also incited to dedicate themselves to the crusade by the eloquence of Bernard of Clairvaux, preached to an enormous crowd at Vézelay.[11] The Second Crusade turned out to be "an ignominious fiasco"[11] and, after travelling for a year, the army abandoned their campaign after just five days of siege "having regained not one inch of Muslim territory."[11] The crusaders suffered immense losses in both men and materiel and suffered, in the view of one modern historian, "the ultimate humiliation which neither they, nor their enemies, would forget".[11]

Eugene III held synods in northern

Rheims (March 1148),[17][18] and Trier in 1147[19] that were devoted to the reform of clerical life. He also considered and approved the works of Hildegard of Bingen
.

15th century miniature of the death of Eugene III from Le Miroir historial de Vincent de Beauvais

In June 1148, Eugene III returned to

Crusader couple Louis VII of France and Eleanor of Aquitaine, who were by then barely on speaking terms given the strains of the failed Crusade and the rumors of Eleanor's incestuous adultery during the Crusade. Eugene, "a gentle, kind-hearted man who hated to see people unhappy"[11] attempted to assuage the pain of the failed Crusade and their failing marriage by insisting that they slept in the same bed and "by daily converse to restore the love between them".[11] His efforts were unsuccessful, and two years later Eugene agreed to annul the marriage on the grounds of consanguinity.[11]

Eugene stayed at Tusculum until 7 November. At the end of November 1149, through the aid of the king of Sicily, he was again able to enter Rome, but the atmosphere of open hostility from the Comune soon compelled him to retire (June 1150). Emperor

Cistercian monk under his robe.[11] He was buried in the Vatican
with every mark of respect.

Veneration

Abbey

The people of Rome were quick to recognize Eugene III as a pious figure who was meek and spiritual. His tomb acquired considerable fame owing to the miracle purported to have occurred there and his cause for sainthood commenced. Pope Pius IX beatified him in 1872.

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ Horn, p. 35.
  2. ^ "Pope Blessed Eugene III, New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia".
  3. ^ Horn, p. 31.
  4. ^ J. M. Brixius, Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130–1181, Berlin 1912, p. 86; Eugenio III Archived 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine. Horn, p. 33–34, has rejected the attribution of this familiar denomination to Eugene III as completely unfounded.
  5. ^ Horn, p. 34–35.
  6. ^ Horn, p. 34.
  7. ^ Horn, p. 35–36.
  8. ^ Horn, p. 36–40.
  9. ^ On that ground Brixius, p. 41 no. 7, lists him among the cardinals created by Innocent II.
  10. ^ Horn, p. 42–45.
  11. ^ .
  12. ^ The incident was reported in The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa by Otto of Freising trans. Charls Christopher Mierow, Records of Civilization Sources and Studies 49 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1953), quoted in Norman Zacour, "The Cardinals' View of the Papacy, 1150-1300" in The Religious Roles of the Papacy: Ideals and Realities 1150-1300, ed. Christopher Ryan, Papers in Medieval Studies, 8 (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 1989), 416. Also quoted in "Reclaiming Rome: Cardinals in the Fifteenth Century" by Caron M, Richardson, Brill, Leiden/Boston, 2009, p.6.
  13. ^ Bernard of Clairvaux, De Considerationes, 4.1.1. and 4.5.16; Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, Five Books on Consideration: Advice to a Pope, trans. John D. Anderson and Elizabeth T. Kennan (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 1976); discussed in Zacour, "The Cardinals' View of the Papacy, 1150-1300", 417 and quoted in "Reclaiming Rome: Cardinals in the Fifteenth Century" by Caron M, Richardson, Brill, Leiden/Boston, 2009, p. 7.
  14. ^ Evergates, Theodore (2016). Henry the Liberal, Count of Champagne, 1127-1181. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 16.
  15. ^ Barber, Malcolm (1994). The New Knighthood. Cambridge University Press. p. 58.
  16. ^ J.-D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima Tomus XXI (Venice: A. Zatta, 1776), pp. 707-712. Carl Joseph Hefele, Histoire des conciles d'après les documents originaux Tome V, première partie (Paris: Letouzey 1912), pp. 812-817.
  17. ^ Mansi, pp. 711-736.
  18. ^ P. Jaffe, Regesta pontificum Romanorum, II (Leipzig: Veit 1888), pp. 52-53.
  19. ^ Mansi, pp. 737-738. Hefele, pp. 821-822.

Sources

  • Original text from the 9th edition (1879) of an unnamed encyclopedia. Original referred to him as Eugene – modified to match spelling on Popes list. Please update article as needed.
  • M. Horn, Studien zur Geschichte Papst Eugens III.(1145–1153), Peter Lang Verlag 1992
  • Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, On Consideration, (addressed to Pope Eugene III), George Lewis, trans., Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1908.

External links

Catholic Church titles
Preceded by
Lucius II
Pope
1145–53
Succeeded by
Anastasius IV