Pope Gregory IX

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"Gregory IX" redirects here. For the Catholicos of the Holy See of Cilicia in 1439–1446, see Gregory IX of Cilicia.
Innocent III
Personal details
Born
Ugolino di Conti

1145
Anagni, Papal States
Died(1241-08-22)22 August 1241 (aged 95-96)
Rome, Papal States
Previous post(s)
Coat of armsGregory IX's coat of arms
Other popes named Gregory
Ordination history of
Pope Gregory IX
History
Cardinalate
Elevated by
O. Cist.
1232
Wilbrand de Kevenburg (Käfernburg)25 November 1235
Walter Cantilupe3 May 1237
Guercio Tebalducci16 May 1237
João Rol (Raol, Raolis)21 December 1239

Pope Gregory IX (

Papal Inquisition, in response to the failures of the episcopal inquisitions established during the time of Pope Lucius III, by means of the papal bull Ad abolendam
, issued in 1184.

He worked initially as a

Innocent III, and zealously continued their policy of papal supremacy
.

Early life

Ugolino (Hugh) was born in Anagni. The date of his birth varies in sources between c. 1145[1] and 1170.[2] He is said to have been "in his nineties, if not nearly one hundred years old" at his death.[3] He received his education at the Universities of Paris and Bologna.

He was created

Cardinal Protector of the order of the Franciscans
.

As

Cardinal Bishop of Ostia, he cultivated a wide range of acquaintances, among them the Queen of England, Isabella of Angoulême.[5]

Papacy

Gregory IX was elevated to the papacy in the

papal election of 1227.[1] He took the name "Gregory" because he formally assumed the papal office at the monastery of Saint Gregory ad Septem Solia.[6] That same year, in one of his earliest acts as pope, he expanded the Inquisition powers already assigned to Konrad von Marburg
to encompass the investigation of heresy throughout the whole of Germany.

Gregory's bull

University of Paris strike of 1229, resolved differences between the unruly university scholars of Paris
and the local authorities. His solution was in the manner of a true follower of Innocent III: he issued what in retrospect has been viewed as the magna carta of the University, assuming direct control by extending papal patronage: his bull allowed future suspension of lectures over a flexible range of provocations, from "monstrous injury or offense" to squabbles over "the right to assess the rents of lodgings".

In October 1232, after an investigation by legates, Gregory proclaimed a crusade against the Stedinger to be preached in northern Germany. In June 1233, he granted a plenary indulgence to those who took part.[7]

In 1233 Gregory IX established the

Franciscans, for the various regions of France, Italy and parts of Germany. Contrary to popular belief, the aim was to introduce due process and objective investigation into the beliefs of those accused to the often erratic and unjust persecution of heresy on the part of local ecclesiastical and secular jurisdictions.[9]

Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana
, Florence

Gregory was a remarkably skillful and learned lawyer. He caused to be prepared

Gratian
and published in 1140. The supplement completed the work, which provided the foundation for papal legal theory.

In the

Judgment Day. The doctrine then found its way into the doctrine of servitus camerae imperialis, or servitude immediately subject to the Emperor's authority, promulgated by Frederick II. The Jews were thus suppressed from having direct influence over the political process and the life of Christian states into the 19th century and the rise of liberalism.[10] In 1234, Gregory issued the papal bull Rachel suum videns calling for a new crusade to the Holy Land, leading to the Crusade of 1239
.

In 1239, under the influence of Nicholas Donin, a Jewish convert to Christianity, Gregory ordered that all copies of the Jewish Talmud be confiscated. Following a public disputation between Christians and Jewish theologians, this culminated in a mass burning of some 12,000 handwritten Talmudic manuscripts on 12 June 1242, in Paris.

Gregory was a supporter of the mendicant orders which he saw as an excellent means for counteracting by voluntary poverty the love of luxury and splendour which was possessing many ecclesiastics. He was a friend of

Elisabeth of Hungary, Dominic, Anthony of Padua, and Francis of Assisi, of whom he had been a personal friend and early patron. He transformed a chapel to Our Lady in the church of Santa Maria del Popolo
in Rome.

Gregory IX endorsed the

Finnish-Novgorodian wars;[13]
however, there is no known information if any ever arrived to assist.

Struggle with Frederick II

Fanciful 16th c. fresco depicting Gregory excommunicating Frederick II in the Sala Regia, by Giorgio Vasari. Since few details where provided to the artist, the excommunication scene is given generically. Fredrick is shown pointing to a book with the word "Concilium" shown, possibly a reference to the general council that the emperor attempted to call to depose Gregory.[14]

At the coronation of Frederick II in Rome, 22 November 1220, the emperor made a vow to embark for the Holy Land in August 1221. Gregory IX began his pontificate by suspending the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, for dilatoriness in carrying out the promised Sixth Crusade. Frederick II appealed to the sovereigns of Europe complaining of his treatment. The suspension was followed by excommunication and threats of deposition, as deeper rifts appeared. Frederick II went to the Holy Land and in fact managed to take possession of Jerusalem. Gregory IX distrusted the emperor, since Rainald, the imperial Governor of Spoleto, had invaded the Pontifical States during the emperor's absence.[1] In June 1229, Frederick II returned from the Holy Land, routed the papal army which Gregory IX had sent to invade Sicily, and made new overtures of peace to the pope. The war of 1228–1230 is known as the War of the Keys.

Gregory IX and Frederick came to a truce, but when Frederick defeated the

Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg, in 1241 at the Council of Regensburg declared that Gregory IX was "that man of perdition, whom they call Antichrist, who in his extravagant boasting says, 'I am God, I cannot err'."[15] He argued that the Pope was the "little horn" of Daniel 7:8:[16]

A little horn has grown up with eyes and mouth speaking great things, which is reducing three of these kingdoms – i.e. Sicily, Italy, and Germany – to subserviency, is persecuting the people of Christ and the saints of God with intolerable opposition, is confounding things human and divine, and is attempting things unutterable, execrable.[17]

The struggle only ended with of Gregory IX's death on 22 August 1241. The pope died before events could reach their climax; it was his successor,

crusade
that would finish the Hohenstaufen threat.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Ott, Michael (1909). "Pope Gregory IX" . Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 6.
  2. ISBN 3-88309-032-8.[dead link
    ]
  3. ^ Brett Edward Whalen (2019), The Two Powers: The Papacy, the Empire, and the Struggle for Sovereignty in the Thirteenth Century, University of Pennsylvania Press, p. 122.
  4. ^ Werner Maleczek, Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216, (Vienna: Verlag der Oesterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1984), 126–133.
  5. ISBN 0-19-508040-8
  6. ^ "De Montor, Artaud. The Lives and Times of the Popes, The Catholic Publication Society of New York, 1911". Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2014-07-24.
  7. ^ Carsten Selch Jensen, "Stedinger Crusades (1233–1234)", in Alan V. Murray (ed.), The Crusades: An Encyclopedia, 4 vols. (ABC-CLIO, 2017), vol. 4, pp. 1121–1122.
  8. ISBN 9781579580414
  9. ^ Thomas Madden, "The Real Inquisition", National Review, June 18, 2004.
  10. ISBN 3-533-04129-8 (in German). The doctrine's Vatican indexing is liber extra – c. 13, X, 5.6, De Iudaeis: Iudaeos, quos propria culpa submisit perpetua servituti; the Decretum online
    (in Latin)
  11. ^ Agostino Paravicini Bagliani, Cardinali di Curia e "Familiae" cardinalizie dal 1227 al 1254 2 vols. (series "Italia Sacra", Padua: Antenori) 1972 (in Italian). A prosopography that includes Gregory's ten cardinals and their familiae or official households, both clerical and lay.
  12. ISBN 0-14-026653-4
  13. ^ "Letter by Pope Gregory IX". Archived from the original on 2007-08-14.. In Latin.
  14. ISBN 9780271062372
    .
  15. ^ The Methodist Review Vol. XLIII, No. 3, p. 305.
  16. ^ Daniel 7:8
  17. ^ Article on "Antichrist" from Smith and Fuller, A Dictionary of the Bible, 1893, p. 147

Further reading

External links

Catholic Church titles
Preceded by
Cardinal-bishop of Ostia

1206–1227 		Succeeded by
Rinaldo di Jenne
Preceded by
Nicola de Romanis
 Dean of the College of Cardinals
1218–1227 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Honorius III
 Pope
1227–41 		Succeeded by
Celestine IV
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