Pope Gregory XVI
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Pius IX | |
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Orders | |
Ordination | 1787 |
Consecration | 6 February 1831 by Bartolomeo Pacca |
Created cardinal | 13 March 1826 by Leo XII |
Personal details | |
Born | Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari 18 September 1765 |
Died | 1 June 1846 Rome, Papal States | (aged 80)
Previous post(s) |
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Signature | |
Coat of arms | |
Other popes named Gregory |
Pope Gregory XVI (
Strongly conservative and traditionalist, he opposed democratic and modernising reforms in the Papal States and throughout
He is the most recent pope to take the pontifical name "Gregory", the last to govern the Papal States for the whole duration of his pontificate, and the most recent not to have been a bishop when elected.
Biography
Early life
Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari was born at
In 1790, at the age of 25, he was appointed censor librorum for his Order, as well as for the Holy Office at Venice.[3] He went to Rome in 1795 and in 1799 published a polemic against the Italian Jansenists titled II Trionfo della Santa Sede ("The Triumph of the Holy See"),[4][5] which passed through various editions in Italy and was translated into several European languages. In 1800 he became a member of the Academy of the Catholic Religion, founded by Pope Pius VII (1800–1823), to which he contributed memoirs on theological and philosophical questions. In 1805, at the age of 40, he was appointed abbot of the Monastery of San Gregorio on Rome's Caelian Hill.[6]
When the army of the French Emperor
Cardinal
On 21 March 1825, Cappellari was created
Cappellari had never travelled outside Italy and was most familiar with Venice and Rome. He spoke Italian and Latin fluently, but no other European languages, and did not understand European politics.[10] However, he was proficient in Armenian, and Haruti'iwn Awgerian (Pascal Aucher)'s 1827 Venice edition of works attributed to Severian of Gabala and translated into Armenian was dedicated to him.
Pontificate
Papal election
Papal styles of Pope Gregory XVI | |
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His Holiness | |
Spoken style | Your Holiness |
Religious style | Holy Father |
Posthumous style | None |
On 2 February 1831, after a fifty-day conclave, Cappellari was unexpectedly chosen to succeed
At the time of election, Cardinal Cappellari was not yet a bishop: he is the most recent man to be elected pope prior to his episcopal consecration. He was consecrated as bishop by Bartolomeo Pacca, Cardinal
The choice of Gregory XVI as his
Actions
The
In the northern territories the leaders of the revolt were middle-class gentry opposed to the general inefficiency of the government.[10]
Governance of the papal states
Gregory XVI and Cardinal Lambruschini opposed basic technological innovations such as gas lighting and railways,[12] believing that they would promote commerce and increase the power of the bourgeoisie, leading to demands for liberal reforms which would undermine the monarchical power of the Pope over central Italy. Gregory XVI in fact banned railways in the Papal States, calling them chemins d'enfer ("road to hell", a play on the French for railroad, chemin de fer, literally "iron road").[13]
The
Other activities
Encyclicals
Other important encyclicals issued by Pope Gregory XVI were Sollicitudo ecclesiarum, which stated that in the event of a change of government, the church would negotiate with the new government for placement of bishops and vacant dioceses (issued 1831);
Apostolic letters
In supremo apostolatus, an apostolic letter or papal bull, was issued by Pope Gregory XVI regarding the institution of slavery. Issued on December 3, 1839, as a result of a broad consultation among the College of Cardinals, the bull resoundingly denounced both the slave trade and the continuance of the institution of slavery.[16][17][18][19]
Canonizations and beatifications
Gregory XVI canonized Veronica Giuliani, an Italian mystic, during his papacy. During his reign, five saints were canonized (notably Alphonsus Liguori) and thirty-three Servants of God were declared Blessed (including the Augustinian Simon of Cascia). In addition, many new religious orders were founded or supported and the devotion of the faithful to the Blessed Virgin Mary increased, both in private and public life.[3]
Consistories
The pope created 75 cardinals in 24 consistories, in which the pope elevated 35 cardinals "in pectore", including his future successor Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, who would become Pope Pius IX. The pope also created six additional cardinals in pectore, though the pope died before these names could be revealed, therefore cancelling their appointments to the cardinalate.
In 1836, the pope wanted to nominate Charles Joseph Benoît Mercy d'Argenteau to the College of Cardinals, but the archbishop refused the nomination because he did not wish to leave his family and home for a possible position in the Roman Curia. Gregory XVI nominated four in pectore cardinals on 21 April 1845 and one on 24 November 1845; Gregory XVI also named another in pectore cardinal in the 12 July 1841 consistory, never revealing his name. According to Philippe Boutry, Alerame Maria Pallavicini (the Master of the Sacred Palace) was the in pectore cardinal announced on 24 November 1845, however, Pope Pius IX refused to publish his name upon his ascension to the papacy less than a year later.[20]
Death and burial
On 20 May 1846, he felt himself failing in health. A few days later, he was taken ill with facial erysipelas. At first, the attack was not thought to be very serious, but on 31 May, his strength suddenly failed, and it was seen that the end was near.[3]
Gregory XVI died on 1 June 1846 at 9:15 am at age 80. That morning, he received the
See also
- Cardinals created by Gregory XVI
- List of encyclicals of Pope Gregory XVI
- 1832 Rothschild loan to the Holy See
- Ludovico Morbioli
- List of popes
References
- ^ Pham 2004, p. 187.
- ^ McBrien 2000, p. 336.
- ^ a b c d e f g Toke, Leslie. "Pope Gregory XVI". The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 20 November 2015
- ^ McBrien 2000, p. 337.
- ^ Gregory XVI (Mauro Cappellari) (1832). Il trionfo della Santa Sede e della Chiesa: contro gli assalti dei novatori combattuti e respinti colle stesse loro armi (in Italian). Venice: G. Battaggia.
- ^ a b c Pham 2004, p. 322.
- ^ Salvador Miranda, "Biographical notes on Mauro Cappellari". Retrieved 10 May 2016.
- ^ McBrien 2000, p. 335.
- ^ "Pope Gregory XVI to Bring about a Decision" (PDF). C Korten. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
- ^ ISBN 978-0199262861.
- ^ J. P. Adams, Sede Vacante 1830–1831.. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
- ^ a b c McBrien 2000, p. 276.
- ^ Pham 2004, pp. 20–21.
- ^ McBrien 2000, p. 339.
- ^ Pope Gregory XVI. Commissum divinitus, May 17, 1835, Papal Encyclicals Online
- ^ "Pope Gregory XVI 3 December 1839 Condemning Slave Trade". Retrieved 16 February 2010.
- ISBN 978-0-231-10871-3.
- ISBN 978-1-57181-266-7.
- ^ "In supremo apostolatus". Papalencyclicals.net. 3 December 1839. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
- ^ Salvador Miranda. "Gregory XVI (1831–1846)". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
- ^ Catholic Encyclopedia
Sources
- Petruccelli della Gattina, Ferdinando (1861). Storia arcana del pontificato di Leone XII, Gregorio XVIe Pio IX ossia preliminari della questione romana di E. About con documenti diplomatici per F. Petruccelli de la Gattina (in Italian). Milan: Francesco Colombo. (critical)
- Sylvain, Charles (1889). Grégoire XVI. et son pontificat. Paris: Desclée et de Brouwer.
- Nielsen, Fredrik Kristian (1906). "Chapter XVI: Gregory XVI". The History of the Papacy in the Nineteenth Century: Leo XII to Pius IX. Vol. II. London: J. Murray. pp. 51–101.
- Fitz-Hardinge Berkeley, George (1932). "Chapters VII, VIII, IX". Italy in the Making: 1815 to 1846. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 90–138. ISBN 978-0-521-07427-8.
- Ernesto Vercesi (1936). Tre pontificati: Leone XII, Pio VIII, Gregorio XVI (in Italian). Torino: Soc. editrice internazionale.
- Schmidlin, Joseph (1940). Léon XII, Pie VIII et Grégoire XVI, 1823–1846 (in French). Vitte.
- Koenig, Duane. “BACKDROP TO REVOLUTION—THE REIGN OF POPE GREGORY XVI.” Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences 9, no. 2 (1946): 131–43. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24313351.
- Korten, Christopher. “DEFINING MOMENTS: THE REASONS MAURO CAPPELLARI BECAME POPE GREGORY XVI.” Archivum Historiae Pontificiae 47 (2009): 17–39. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23565183.
- Korten, Christopher. “Against the Grain: Pope Gregory XVI’s Optimism Toward Russia in His Censure of Polish Clerics in 1831.” The Catholic Historical Review 101, no. 2 (2015): 292–316. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43900025.
- Korten, Christopher. “‘Il Trionfo?’ The Untold Story of Its Development and Pope Gregory XVI’s Struggle to Attain Orthodoxy.” The Harvard Theological Review 109, no. 2 (2016): 278–301. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43948562.
- Korten, Christopher. “Pope Gregory XVI’s Chocolate Enterprise: How Some Italian Clerics Survived Financially During the Napoleonic Era.” Church History 86, no. 1 (2017): 63–85. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26292211.
- Quinn, John F. “‘Three Cheers for the Abolitionist Pope!’: American Reaction to Gregory XVI’s Condemnation of the Slave Trade, 1840-1860.” The Catholic Historical Review 90, no. 1 (2004): 67–93. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25026521.
- Reinerman, Alan J. “Metternich, Pope Gregory XVI, and Revolutionary Poland, 1831-1842.” The Catholic Historical Review 86, no. 4 (2000): 603–19. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25025819.
- Lefebvre, C., ed. (1948). Gregorio XVI. Vol. Parte seconda. Rome: Pontificia Universita Gregorian. ISBN 978-88-7652-439-4. (laudatory)
- Stogre, Michael (1992). "Chapter Two". That the World May Believe: The Development of Papal Social Thought on Aboriginal Rights. Sherbrooke, Ontario CA: Médiaspaul. pp. 47–124. ISBN 978-2-89039-549-7.
- McBrien, Richard P. (2000). Lives of the Popes. HarperCollins.
- Viaene, Vincent (2001). Belgium and the Holy See from Gregory XVI to Pius IX (1831–1859): Catholic Revival, Society and Politics in 19th-century Europe. Louvain: Leuven University Press. ISBN 978-90-5867-138-7.
- Pham, John-Peter (2004). Heirs of the Fisherman. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517834-0.
- Regoli, Roberto, "Gregorio XVI: una ricerca historiografica," Archivum Historiae Pontificiae 44 (2006), pp. 141–171. (laudatory)
- Curran, Charles E., ed. (2003). "5. Reflections on Slavery; 6. The Correction of Common Catholic Teaching". Change in Official Catholic Moral Teachings. Readings in Moral Theology, no. 13. New York/Mahwah NJ: Paulist Press. pp. 65–79. ISBN 978-0-8091-4134-0.
- Chadwick, Owen (2003). "Chapter 1". A History of the Popes, 1830-1914. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–61. ISBN 978-0-19-926286-1.
- Francesca Longo; Claudia Zaccagnini; Fabrizio Fabbrini (2008). Gregorio XVI promotore delle arti e della cultura (in Italian). Ospedaletto (Pisa): Pacini. ISBN 978-88-7781-950-5. (laudatory)
- von Wurzbach, Constantin (1857). "Cappellari, Bartholomäus Albert". Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich(in German). Vol. 2. Vienna: Verlag der typografisch-literarisch-artistischen Anstalt (L. C. Zamarski, C. Dittmarsch & Comp.). p. 275.
- Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz (1990). "Gregor XVI". In Bautz, Friedrich Wilhelm (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 2. Hamm: Bautz. cols. 327–330. ISBN 3-88309-032-8.
- Giacomo Martina: Gregorio XVI. In: Massimo Bray (ed.): Enciclopedia dei Papi. Volume 3: Innocenzo VIII, Giovanni Paolo II. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 2000 (treccani.it)
- Martina, Giacomo (2002). "Gregorio XVI, papa". In Caravale, Mario (ed.). Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI) (in Italian). Vol. 59. Rome: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana.
- Literature by and about Pope Gregory XVI in the German National Library catalogue
External links
- Media related to Gregorius XVI at Wikimedia Commons
- Works by or about Gregory XVI at Wikisource
- Quotations related to Pope Gregory XVI at Wikiquote