Pope Adrian VI
Clement VII | |
---|---|
Orders | |
Ordination | 30 June 1490 |
Consecration | August 1516 by Diego Ribera de Toledo |
Created cardinal | 1 July 1517 by Leo X |
Personal details | |
Born | Adriaan Floriszoon Boeyens 2 March 1459 |
Died | 14 September 1523 Rome, Papal States | (aged 64)
Buried | Santa Maria dell'Anima, Rome |
Nationality | Dutch |
Previous post(s) |
|
Motto | Patere et sustine ("Respect and wait") |
Coat of arms | |
Other popes named Adrian |
Papal styles of Pope Adrian VI | |
---|---|
His Holiness | |
Spoken style | Your Holiness |
Religious style | Holy Father |
Posthumous style | None |
Pope Adrian VI (
Born in the
.In 1516, Charles, now King of Castile and Aragon, appointed Adrian bishop of Tortosa, Spain, and soon thereafter Grand Inquisitor of the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile. Pope Leo X made him a cardinal in 1517 and after Leo's death he was elected pope in 1522 as a compromise candidate.
Adrian came to the papacy in the midst of one of its greatest crises, threatened not only by
His efforts at reform, however, proved fruitless, as they were resisted by most of his contemporaries, and he did not live long enough to see his efforts through to their conclusion. He was succeeded by the second
Adrian VI and
Early life
Adriaan Florensz was born on 2 March 1459 in the city of
Adrian was probably raised in a house on the corner of the Brandstraat and Oude Gracht that was owned by his grandfather Boudewijn (Boeyen, for short). His father, a carpenter and likely
Leuven
In June 1476, he started his studies at the
On 30 June 1490, Adrian was ordained a priest.[9]
After the regular 12 years of study, Adrian became a
In November 1506
Spain
In 1515, Charles sent Adrian to Spain to convince his maternal grandfather, Ferdinand II of Aragon, that the Spanish lands should come under his rule, and not Charles's Spanish-born younger brother Ferdinand, whom his grandfather had in mind. Adrian succeeded in that just before Ferdinand's death in January 1516.[4] Ferdinand of Aragon,[10] and subsequently Charles V, appointed Adrian Bishop of Tortosa, which was approved by Pope Leo X on 18 August 1516.[11] He was consecrated by Bishop Diego Ribera de Toledo.
On 14 November 1516 the King commissioned him Inquisitor General of Aragon.
In his fifth Consistory for the creation of cardinals, on 1 July 1517,
During the minority of Charles V, Adrian was named to serve with Cardinal
Papal election
In the conclave after the death of the Medici Pope Leo X, Leo's cousin, Cardinal Giulio de' Medici, was the leading figure. With Spanish and French cardinals in a deadlock, the absent Adrian was proposed as a compromise and on 9 January 1522 he was elected by an almost unanimous vote. Charles V was delighted upon hearing that his tutor had been elected to the papacy but soon realised that Adrian VI was determined to reign impartially. Francis I of France, who feared that Adrian would become a tool of the Emperor, and had uttered threats of a schism, later relented and sent an embassy to present his homage.[14]
Fears of a Spanish Avignon based on the strength of his relationship with the Emperor as his former tutor and regent proved baseless, and Adrian, having notified the College of Cardinals of his acceptance,[15] left for Italy after six months of preparations and trying to decide which route to take, making his solemn entry into Rome on 29 August. He had forbidden elaborate decorations, and many people stayed away for fear of the plague that was raging. Pope Adrian was crowned at St. Peter's Basilica on 31 August 1522, at the age of 63.[16]
Reformer
He immediately entered upon the path of the reformer. The 1908 edition of the Catholic Encyclopedia characterised the task that faced him:
- "To extirpate inveterate abuses; to reform a court which thrived on corruption, and detested the very name of reform; to hold in leash young and warlike princes, ready to bound at each other's throats; to stem the rising torrent of revolt in Germany; to save Christendom from the Mediterranean - these were herculean labours for one who was in his sixty-third year, had never seen Italy, and was sure to be despised by the Romans as a 'barbarian'.[2]
His plan was to attack notorious abuses one by one; however, in his attempt to improve the system of
Papacy
Adrian VI was not successful as a peacemaker among Christian princes, whom he hoped to unite in a war against the Turks. In August 1523 he was forced into an alliance with the Empire, England, and Venice against France; meanwhile, in 1522 Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–66) had conquered Rhodes.[17]
In his reaction to the early stages of the
He made only one cardinal in the course of his pontificate,
Adrian VI held no beatifications in his pontificate but canonized Saints Antoninus of Florence and Benno of Meissen on 31 May 1523.[21][22]
Charles V's ambassador in Rome, Juan Manuel, lord of Belmonte, wrote that he was worried that Charles's influence over Adrian waned after Adrian's election, writing "The Pope is "deadly afraid" of the College of Cardinals. He does whatever two or three cardinals write to him in the name of the college."[23]
Death
Adrian VI died in Rome on 14 September 1523, after one year, eight months and six days as pope.[2] Most of his official papers were lost after his death. He published Quaestiones in quartum sententiarum praesertim circa sacramenta (Paris, 1512, 1516, 1518, 1537; Rome, 1522), and Quaestiones quodlibeticae XII. (1st ed., Leuven, 1515).[13] He is buried in the Santa Maria dell'Anima church in Rome.[2]
He bequeathed property in the Low Countries for the foundation of a college at the University of Leuven that became known as Pope's College.[24]
In popular culture
The first series of engravings used to educate Dutch school children at the turn of the 18th century includes Adrian VI in its woodcut on 'Famous Dutch Men and Women' with the following
- In Utrecht wijst men nog dit huis den vreemdeling aan,
- En noemt het om zijn naam 't huis van Paus Adriaan,
- Nog praalt 's mans borstbeeld in den gevel. Min verheven
- Was 't het stamhuis van dien Paus, een schuitemakers zoon,
- Zijn naam blijft nog vol lof op duizend tongen zweeven,
- Kort droeg hij, maar met roem, de pauselijke kroon.'
- In Utrecht they still point out this house to strangers,
- And name it after him: the house of pope Adrian,
- Still his bust stands in its façade. Less elevated
- Was the ancestry of this pope, the son of a boat builder,
- His name is still proudly spoken by thousands of tongues,
- Only briefly, but with honor, he wore the papal crown.
Pope Adrian VI appears as a character in Christopher Marlowe's stage drama The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus (1604).[25]
Notes
- ^ Dedel, according to Collier's Encyclopedia.
- ^ a b c d e Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. .
- ^ Rodocanachi, p. 301.
- ^ a b c d Jos Martens, Bio and review of Verweij book at Histoforum Magazine.
- ^ Gerard Weel Life and times of Adrian of Utrecht Archived 25 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine (in Dutch)
- ^ Coster. "De Latijnse School te Zwolle". Metamorfoses. pp. 17, 19. Rodocanachi, p. 301-302.
- ^ The date was 1 June 1476 according to the Matriculation Register: Rodocanachi, p. 302 and n. 1.
- ^ Rodocanachi, p. 302.
- ^ David Cheney, Catholic-Hierarchy: Adrian Florenszoom Dedel. Retrieved: 14 May 2016.
- ^ Paolo Giovio, Vita Hadriani VI, p. 119.
- ^ Gulik and Eubel, p. 186.
- ^ Gulik and Eubel, pp. 16 and 63.
- ^ a b c d public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Adrian". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 216. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
- ^ Baumgartner, p. 95
- ^ Adrian VI (1522). Copia Brevis S. D. N. Adriani VI. in summum Pontificem electi, ad sacrosanctum Cardinalium Collegium (in Latin). Caesaraugusta (Saragossa).
- ^ Baumgartner, pp. 97–98
- ^ "Pope Adrian VI". New Catholic Dictionary CatholicSaints.Info. 18 October 2018
- ^ Pigafetta, Antonio and Theodore J. Cachey, The first voyage around the world, 1519–1522, (University of Toronto Press, 2007), 128.
- ^ Hans Joachim Hillerbrand, The division of Christendom: Christianity in the sixteenth century, (Westminster John Knox Press, 2007), 141.
- ^ P.J. Block and P.C. Molhuysen (1912), Nieuw Nederlandsch biographisch woordenboek(NNBW), deel 2, part 2, p. 437. Free digitalised version (in Dutch)
- ^ McMahon, Arthur Lawrence (1907). "St. Antoninus". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Heuser, Herman Joseph (1948). The American Ecclesiastical Review. Catholic University of America Press. p. 265.
- ^ British History Online. (15 April 1522 entry)
- ISBN 978-90-04-22950-1.
- ^ Marlowe, Christopher (1604). "Dramatis Personae". The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus – via Project Gutenberg.
Bibliography
- Baumgartner, Frederic J. (2003). Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-29463-8.
- Bietenholz, Peter G.; Deutscher, Thomas Brian (6 September 2003). Contemporaries of Erasmus: A Biographical Register of the Renaissance and Reformation. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 5–9. ISBN 978-0-8020-8577-1.
- Creighton, Mandell. A History of The Papacy during the Period of the Reformation Volume V (London 1894).
- Creighton, Mandell (1897). A History of the Papacy from the Great Schism to the Sack of Rome. Vol. VI. London: Longmans, Green, and Company. ISBN 9780837077819.
- Domarus, M. v. "Die Quellen zur Geschichte des Papstes Hadrian VI.," Historisches Jahrbuch 16 (München 1895), 70–91.
- Giovio, Paolo (1551). Vita Leonis Decimi, pontifici maximi: libri IV...Hadriani VI... et Pompeii Columnae... (in Latin). Florence: Lorenzo Torrentini.
- Gregorovius, Ferdinand. The History of Rome in the Middle Ages (translated from the fourth German edition by A. Hamilton) Volume 8 part 2 [Book XIV, Chapter 4-5] (London 1902)
- Gross, Ernie. This Day In Religion. New York:Neal-Schuman Publishers, Inc, 1990. ISBN 1-55570-045-4.
- Gulik, Guilelmus van; Konrad Eubel (1923). L. Schmitz-Kallenberg (ed.). Hierarchia catholica medii aevi (in Latin). Vol. III (editio altera ed.). Münster: sumptibus et typis librariae Regensbergianae.
- Höfler, Karl Adolf Constantin, Ritter von (1880). Papst Adrian VI. 1522–1523 (in German). Vienna: Wilhelm Braumüller.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Luther, Martin. Luther's Correspondence and Other Contemporary Letters, 2 vols., tr.and ed. by Preserved Smith, Charles Michael Jacobs, The Lutheran Publication Society, Philadelphia, Pa. 1913, 1918. vol.I (1507–1521) and vol.2 (1521–1530) from ISBN 1-59752-601-0
- Malerba, Luigi. Le maschere, Milan: A. Mondadori, 1995. ISBN 88-04-39366-1
- McNally, Robert E. (1969). "Pope Adrian VI (1522-23) and Church Reform". Archivum Historiae Pontificiae. 7: 253–285. JSTOR 23563708.
- Pasolini, Guido. Adriano VI. Saggio Storico (Rome, 1913).
- Pastor, Ludwig. History of the Popes (tr. R.F. Kerr) Volume VIII (St. Louis 1908).
- Paulus Jovius, "Vita Hadriani VI," in Gaspar Burmann, Analecta historica de Hadriano Sexto (Utrecht 1727) 85–150.
- Rodocanachi, E. (1931). "La jeunesse d' Adrien VI". Revue Historique. 56 (2): 300–307. JSTOR 40944759.
- ISBN 90-44-12664-4
Further reading
- Coster, Wim (2003), Metamorfoses. Een geschiedenis van het Gymnasium Celeanum, Zwolle: Waanders, ISBN 978-90-400-8847-6
- Creighton, Mandell (1919), A History of the Papacy from the Great Schism to the Sack of Rome, vol. 6, New York: Longmans, Green
- Duke, Alastair (2009), "The Elusive Netherlands: The Question of National Identity in the Early Modern Low Countries on the Eve of the Revolt", in Duke, Alastair; Pollmann, Judith; Spicer, Andrew (eds.), Dissident identities in the early modern Low Countries, Farnham: Ashgate Publishers, pp. 9–57, ISBN 978-0-7546-5679-1
- Frey, Rebecca Joyce (2007), Fundamentalism, New York: Infobase Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8160-6767-1
- Howell, Robert B. (2000), "The Low Countries: A Study in Sharply Contrasting Nationalisms", in Barbour, Stephen; Carmichael, Cathie (eds.), Language and nationalism in Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 130–50, ISBN 978-0-19-823671-9
- Schlabach, Gerald W. (2010), Unlearning Protestantism: Sustaining Christian Community in an Unstable Age, Grand Rapids: Brazos Press, ISBN 978-1-58743-111-1