Pope Innocent II

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Pope Innocent II (

Second Lateran council

.

Early years

Gregorio Papareschi came from a Roman family,

cardinal deacon of Sant'Angelo in 1116 by Pope Paschal II.^[3] Gregorio was selected by Pope Callixtus II for various important and difficult missions, such as the one to Worms for the conclusion of the Concordat of Worms, the peace accord made with Holy Roman Emperor Henry V in 1122,^[3] and also the one that made peace with King Louis VI of France in 1123. In 1124, he became a close advisor to Pope Honorius II.^[3]

Election as Pope

On the evening of 13 February 1130,

Anacletus II, a Roman whose family were the enemy of Haimeric's supporters, the Frangipani.^[6] Anacletus' mixed group of supporters were powerful enough to take control of Rome while Innocent was forced to flee north.^[6]

Papacy

Struggle against the Antipope

Anacletus had control of Rome, so Innocent II took ship for

Lothair III of Germany and his bishops at the synod of Würzburg.^[9]^[10] In January 1131, he also had a favourable interview with Henry I of England at Chartres.^[11]

In August 1132, Lothar III undertook an expedition to Italy to set aside Anacletus as

Lateran Basilica (4 June 1133), but otherwise the expedition proved abortive. Innocent II invested Lothair as emperor and the territories belonging to Matilda of Tuscany in return for an annuity of 100 pounds of silver paid to the pope.^[12] After Lothar's hasty departure from Rome, Innocent fled to Pisa.^[13]

In May 1135, Innocent convened the council of Pisa, which was attended by over one hundred clerics and abbots.^[14] Innocent II had the council declare antipope Anacletus II and his supporters excommunicated.^[14] The second expedition by Lothar III in 1136 was no more decisive in its results, and the protracted struggle between the rival pontiffs was terminated only by the death of Anacletus II on 25 January 1138.

Second Lateran Council

At the

Second Lateran Council under Pope Innocent II in 1139 banned the use of crossbows, as well as slings and bows, against Christians.^[16]

Treaty of Mignano

On 22 July 1139, at

Roger III of Apulia ambushed the papal troops with a thousand knights and captured Innocent.^[17] On 25 July 1139, Innocent was forced to acknowledge the kingship and possessions of Roger with the Treaty of Mignano.^[18]

Involvement with Outremer

In his papal bull

Armenian Catholicos.^[20]^[21] The consequent Latin synod in Antioch, attended also by the Armenian Catholicos Gregory III marked the symbolic beginning of Armenian-Latin high-level clerical contacts and according to Armenian sources Innocent sent Gregory a letter of greeting with a staff and pallium.^[22] On 25 September 1141 he wrote Catholicos Gregory III another long letter in which he asked him to cooperate with the Church of Rome and end the schism which was achieved at the end of the century.^[23]^[24]

Death

Innocent II died on 24 September 1143 [25] and was succeeded by Pope Celestine II.^[26]

Legacy

In 1134, Innocent elevated as cardinal-nephew his nephew, Gregorio Papareschi. He did the same for his brother Pietro Papareschi, whom he made cardinal in 1142. Another nephew, Cinthio Capellus (died 1182), was also a cardinal, raised to the cardinalate in 1158, after Innocent's death.^[27]

Aside from the complete rebuilding of the ancient church of

Tivoli

in which he became involved. As a result, Roman factions that wished Tivoli annihilated took up arms against Innocent.

In 1143, as the pope lay dying, the Commune of Rome, to resist papal power, began deliberations that officially reinstated the Roman Senate the following year.^[31] The pope was interred in a porphyry sarcophagus that contemporary tradition asserted had been the Emperor Hadrian's.

References

^ Robinson 1990, p. 72.
^ Aurell 2020, p. 176.
^ ^a ^b ^c Duggan 2016, p. 272.
^ Schwaiger 2002, p. 732.
^ ^a ^b Robinson 1990, p. 75.
^ ^a ^b Robinson 1995, p. 373.
^ Robinson 1990, p. 361.
^ Somerville 1970, p. 101.
^ Clark 2016, p. 11.
^ Lees 1998, p. 34.
^ Truax 2017, p. 27.
^ Robinson 1990, p. 246.
^ Somerville 1970, p. 100-101.
^ ^a ^b Robinson 1990, p. 138.
^ Houben 2002, p. 70.
^ Schroeder 1937, p. 195-213.
^ Rogers 1997, p. 118.
^ Pacaut 2002, p. 784.
^ Bagni 2020, p. 6.
^ Jotischky 2018, p. 343.
^ Phillips 2007, p. 41.
^ Clapp & Dadoyan 2017, p. 218.
^ Lapina & Morton 2017, p. 195.
^ Ryan 2001, p. 57.
^ Robinson 1990, p. 525.
^ Robinson 1990, p. 206.
^ Duggan 2000, p. 277.
^ Kinney 1986, p. 379-397.
^ Morris 1989, p. 187.
^ Montaubin 2016, p. 147.
^ Cotts 2012, p. 31.

Bibliography

Aurell, Jaume (2020). Medieval Self-Coronations: The History and Symbolism of a Ritual. Cambridge University Press.
Bagni, Giampiero (2020). "A multidisciplinary approach to the production of wine on Templar estates: The Bologna commandery". In Morton, Nicholas (ed.). The Military Orders Volume VII: Piety, Pugnacity and Property. Routledge.
Clark, Anne L. (2016). Elisabeth of Schonau: A Twelfth-Century Visionary. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Cotts, John D. (2012). Europe's Long Twelfth Century: Order, Anxiety and Adaptation, 1095-1229. Palgrave Macmillan.
Duggan, Anne J., ed. (2000). The Correspondence of Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, 1162-1170: Letters. Vol. I: 1-175. Clarendon Press.
Clapp, James A.; Dadoyan, Seta B. (8 September 2017). The Armenians in the Medieval Islamic World: Armenian Realpolitik in the Islamic World and Diverging Paradigmscase of Cilicia Eleventh to Fourteenth Centuries. Routledge.
ISBN 978-1-351-48576-0
. Retrieved 23 February 2024.

Duggan, Anne J. (2016). "Jura sua unicuique tribuat: Innocent II and the advance of the learned laws". In Doran, John; Smith, Damian J. (eds.). Pope Innocent II (1130-43), The World vs The City. Routledge. pp. 272–310.

Houben, Hubert (2002). Roger II of Sicily: Ruler between East and West. Translated by Loud, Graham A.; Milburn, Diane. Cambridge University Press.

Jotischky, Andrew (21 July 2018). Pope Eugenius III (1145-1153): the First Cistercian Pope. Amsterdam University Press.
ISBN 978-90-485-3720-4
. Retrieved 21 February 2024.

Kinney, Dale (1986). "Spolia from the Baths of Caracalla in Sta. Maria in Trastevere". The Art Bulletin. 68.3 (September) (3): 379–397.
doi:10.1080/00043079.1986.10788359
.

Lapina, Elizabeth; Morton, Nicholas (22 May 2017). The Uses of the Bible in Crusader Sources. Brill.
ISBN 978-90-04-34121-0
. Retrieved 21 February 2024.

Lees, Jay Terry (1998). Anselm of Havelberg: Deeds Into Words in the Twelfth Century. Brill.

Montaubin, Pascal (2016). "Innocent II and Capetian France". In Smith, Damian J.; Doran, John (eds.). Pope Innocent II (1130-43): The World Vs the City. Routledge. pp. 107–151.

Morris, Colin (1989). The Papal Monarchy: The Western Church from 1050 to 1250 (Oxford History of the Christian Church). Clarendon Press.

Pacaut, Marcel (2002). "Innocent II". In Levillain, Philippe (ed.). The Papacy: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 2: Gaius-Proxies. Routledge. pp. 783–785.

Robinson, I.S. (1990). The Papacy, 1073-1198. Cambridge University Press.

Robinson, I.S. (1995). "The Papacy, 1122-1198". In Luscombe, David; Riley-Smith, Jonathan (eds.). The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 4, C.1024–c.1198, Part 2. Cambridge University Press.

Rogers, Randall (1997). Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century. Clarendon Press.

Schroeder, H. J. (1937). Disciplinary Decrees of the General Councils: Text, Translation and Commentary. B. Herder.

Schwaiger, Georg (2002). "Honorius II". In Levillain, Philippe (ed.). The Papacy: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 2: Gaius-Proxies. Routledge. pp. 732–733.

Phillips, Jonathan P. (2007). The Second Crusade: Extending the Frontiers of Christendom. Yale University Press.
ISBN 9780300112740
.

Ryan, James D. (1 May 2001). "Toleration Denied: Armenia between East and West in the Era of the Crusades". In Gervers, Michael; Powell, James M. (eds.). Tolerance and Intolerance: Social Conflict in the Age of the Crusades. Syracuse University Press.
ISBN 978-0-8156-2869-9
. Retrieved 23 February 2024.

Somerville, Robert (1970). "The Council of Pisa, 1135: A Re-Examination of the Evidence for the Canons". Speculum. 45, No. 1 (Jan.) (1). The University of Chicago Press: 98–114.
S2CID 162871829
.

Truax, Jean (2017). Aelred the Peacemaker: The Public Life of a Cistercian Abbot. Liturgical Press.

Wheeler, Bonnie; McLaughlin, Mary Martin, eds. (2009). The Letters of Heloise and Abelard: A Translation of Their Collected Correspondence and Related Writings. Palgrave Macmillan.

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