Pope Martin V
Jean Franczon Allarmet de Brogny | |
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Created cardinal | 12 June 1405 by Innocent VII |
Personal details | |
Born | Oddone Colonna January/February 1369 |
Died | 20 February 1431 Rome, Papal States | (aged 61–62)
Coat of arms | |
Other popes named Martin |
Papal styles of Pope Martin V | |
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His Holiness | |
Spoken style | Your Holiness |
Religious style | Holy Father |
Posthumous style | None |
Pope Martin V (
Biography
Oddone Colonna was born at
Oddone studied law at the
In 1409 he took part in the
Papacy
Election
After deposing
Martin left Constance at the close of the council (May 1418), but travelled slowly through Italy and lingered at
In exchange for the recognition of
After a long stay in Florence while these matters were arranged, Martin was able to enter Rome in September 1420. He at once set to work establishing order and restoring the dilapidated churches, palaces, bridges, and other public structures. For this reconstruction he engaged some famous masters of the Tuscan school and helped instigate the Roman Renaissance.[5]
Faced with competing plans for general reform offered by various nations, Martin V submitted a counter-scheme and entered into negotiations for
Hussite Wars
By 1415
In 1419 King Wenceslaus IV, who had resisted what he considered interference in his kingdom, commanded that all ejected Catholic beneficiaries should be reinstated in their offices and revenues. Prague prepared for armed resistance. Jan Želivský, an extreme anti-Catholic preacher of Prague, led a procession to the town hall, where under the leadership of Jan Žižka of Trocnov, a noble of southern Bohemia, the building was stormed and people found inside were thrown out of the windows on to the spears and swords of the processionists, and hacked to pieces. In Kuttenberg, hundreds of captured Hussites were thrown by the miners into the shafts of disused silver mines. King Wenceslaus swore death to all the rebels, but died of a stroke in August, 1419. The next months were marked by deeds of violence; many citizens, especially Germans, had to flee.[6]
Wenceslaus was succeeded by his brother Sigismund, King of the Romans and King of Hungary, who prepared to restore order. On 1 March 1420, Pope Martin V issued a Bull inviting all Christians to unite in a crusade against the Wycliffites (Lollards), Hussites, and other heretics.[6] In 1428, the pope commanded that the remains of Wycliffe, who was posthumously declared a heretic in 1415, be dug up and burned. The crusades against the Lollards, however, were ultimately unsuccessful.
Crusades
According to Burton, Pope Martin authorized a crusade against Africa in 1418 in relation to the slave trade.[7]
In addition to the Hussite Crusades, Martin declared a Crusade against the Ottoman Empire in 1420 in response to the rising pressure from the Ottoman Turks. In 1419–1420 Martin had diplomatic contacts with the Byzantine emperor Manuel II, who was invoking a council in Constantinople. On 12 July 1420 the Pope conceded to attach an indulgence to anyone who would contribute to a crusade against the latter, which would be led by Sigismund, King of the Romans.[4]
War against Braccio da Montone
The main concern of Martin's pontificate from 1423 was the resumed war against Braccio da Montone. The following year, the combined Papal-Neapolitan army, led by
In the same year Martin obtained a reduction of the autonomy of the commune of Bologna, whose finances would be thenceforth under the authority of a papal treasurer.[4] He also ended the war with Braccio da Montone in exchange for his recognition as vicar[4] and reconciled with the deposed John XXIII, to whom he gave the title of Cardinal of Tusculum.
Annuity contracts
Canon law prohibited interest upon a loan. To avoid this, annuities were paid, interest in effect but not in name. The dispute as to the legality of annuity contracts was brought before Martin V in 1423. He held that purchased annuities, which were redeemable at the option of the seller, were lawful.[8][9] When the lawfulness of annuities was established, they were widely used in commerce; it seems that city states used them to raise compulsory loans from their citizens.
Periodic ecumenical councils
A decree of the Council of Constance (
Founding of the University of Louvain
On December 9, 1425, Martin founded the
Death
Martin V died in Rome of a
Personal views
Position on Jews
The excitement of the Church during the Hussite movement rendered the Jews apprehensive, and through
Position on slavery
During the Middle Ages, slavery had fallen out of usage in Europe. The Church denounced the enslavement of Christians. However, voyages and discoveries brought other continents, where slavery still existed, into European consciousness, raising the question of whether slavery of unbelievers and outside of Europe was permitted. According to Burton, Martin authorized a crusade against Africa in 1418, and this, coupled with a later bull of
Norman Housley finds it "... hard to avoid the conclusion that the pope was agreeing to whatever was asked of him by the king. ... [P]olitical weakness compelled the Renaissance Papacy to adopt an acquiescent and unchallenging position when approached for requests for privileges in favour of these ventures."[18]
Residences
During his permanence in Rome, Martin moved his residence from the Lateran to
Numbering
When the second Pope to take the name Martin was elected in 1281, there was confusion over how many Popes had taken the name before. It was believed then that there were three, so the new Pope of 1281 became Martin IV. But, in reality, those believed to be Martin II and Martin III were actually named Marinus I and Marinus II, although they are sometimes still referred to as "Martin II" and "Martin III". This has advanced the numbering of all subsequent Popes Martin by two. Popes Martin IV–V were actually the second and third popes by that name.
See also
Notes
- ^ Kelly, J.N.D.. (1996). The Oxford Dictionary of Popes. Oxford.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ His date of birth can be established basing on the following contemporary reports:
- In the document issued on 25 January 1391 by Pope Boniface IX he is reported as being in the 22nd year of his life, see MARTINO V, papa. Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani – Volume 71 (2008)
- According to the 15th-century librarian of the Vatican Library and author of the lives of Popes Bartolomeo Platina, he died in the 63rd year of his life, see Bartolomeo Platina: The lives of the Popes. London: 1888, s. 212
- ^ a b "Miranda, Salvador. "Colonna, Oddone", Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church".
- ^ a b c d e f g "MARTINO V, papa in "Dizionario Biografico"". www.treccani.it.
- ^ a b c Ott, Michael. "Pope Martin V." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 25 July 2014
- ^ a b c "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Hussites". www.newadvent.org.
- ^ a b Burton 2007, p. 197.
- ^ Lumley's Treatise upon the Law of Annuities and Rent Charges, 1st ed, 1833
- Pope Calixtus III, preserved 25 ATR 388 in the Corp Jur Canon Extra III tit 5.
- ^ ""Popes, The", Jewish Encyclopedia, 1906".
- ^ Davis 1988, p. 100.
- ^ Setton 1978, p. 46.
- ISBN 978-0859920155.
- ^ Davidson 1961, p. 41.
- ^ Semmes 1996 citing Thompson, Vincent Bakpetu (1987). The Making of the African Diaspora in the Americas, 1441-1900. New York: Longman.
- ISBN 978-0802828897.
- ^ Davidson 1961, p. 100 fn 8.
- ^
Housley, Norman. Religious Warfare in Europe 1400–1536, p.182, Oxford University Press, 2002 ISBN 9780198208112
References
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Setton, Kenneth M. (1978). The Papacy and the Levant. DIANE Publishing. ISBN 978-0-87169-127-9. Review
- Burton, Keith Augustus (2007). The blessing of Africa. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-8308-2762-6.
- Davis, David Brion (1988). The problem of slavery in Western culture. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 978-0-19-505639-6.
- Davidson, Basil (1961). The African Slave Trade. James Currey Publishers. ISBN 978-0-85255-798-3.
- Semmes, Clovis E. (1996). Racism, health, and post-industrialism. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-95428-4.