Population of Canada
Canada ranks
The large size of Canada's north, which is not at present arable, and thus cannot support large human populations, significantly lowers the country's carrying capacity. In 2021, the population density of Canada was 4.2 people per square kilometre.[5]
The historical growth of Canada's population is complex and has been influenced in many different ways, such as Indigenous populations, expansion of territory, and human migration. Immigration has been, and remains, the most important factor in Canada's population growth.[6] The 2021 Canadian census counted a total population of 36,991,981, an increase of around 5.2 per cent over the 2016 figure.[7][8] Between 1990 and 2008, the population increased by 5.6 million, equivalent to 20.4 per cent overall growth.[9]
Historical population overview
Indigenous peoples
Scholars disagree on the estimated size of the
New France
The European population grew slowly under French rule,
British Canada
During the late 18th and early 19th century
Post-confederation
The population has increased every year since the establishment of the Dominion of Canada in 1867; however, the population of Newfoundland was not included prior to its entry into confederation as Canada's tenth province in 1949.[38][39] The first national census of the country was taken in 1871, with a population count around 3,689,000.[40] The year with the least population growth (in real terms) was 1882–1883, when only 30,000 new individuals were enumerated.[39]
The
Canada's total population enumerated by the
Components of population growth
A population estimate for 2022 put the total number of people in Canada at 38,232,593.[50]
Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2022.[51]
- One birth every 1 minute
- One death every 2 minutes
- One net migrant every 2 minutes
- Net gain of one person every 2 minutes
In 2010, Canada's annual
In 2023, Canada's population jumped by over 1 million people for the first time in the country's history. The population now stands at 39.5 million and is set to pass the 40 million mark later this year. The population growth has largely been fuelled by migrants who have been brought into the country to ease labour shortages.[53]
Population by years
Prior to
Ephemeral European settlements
Year | Area/colony | Population | Notes[55] |
---|---|---|---|
1000 | L'Anse aux Meadows (Newfoundland) |
30 to 160 | Archaeological evidence of a short-lived Norse settlement was found at L'Anse aux Meadows, on the northernmost tip of the island of Newfoundland (carbon dating estimate 990–1050 AD.[56]) There is no record of how many men and women lived at the site at any given time, however archaeological evidence of the dwellings suggest it had the capacity of supporting 30 to 160 individuals.[57]
|
1541 | Cap-Rouge (Quebec City) |
400 | Jacques Cartier established Charlesbourg-Royal at Cap-Rouge on his third voyage. Even though scurvy was cured through the indigenous remedy (Thuja occidentalis infusion), the impression left is of a general misery with the effort being abandoned.[58] During the winter 35 of Cartier's men perished.[58] |
1543 | Cap-Rouge (Quebec City) |
200 | In 1542, |
1583 | St. John Bay (Newfoundland) |
260 | Humphrey Gilbert with 260 men planned a settlement; however, during exploration of the coast line a ship was lost containing many of the prospective colonists and their provisions.[61] |
1598 | Sable Island (Nova Scotia) |
50 | Marquis de La Roche-Mesgouez and 40 convicts (peasants and beggars) with 10 soldiers settled on Sable Island, but this colonization attempt failed, culminating in a revolt with only 11 survivors evacuated.[62][63] |
1600 | Tadoussac (Quebec) |
16 | François Gravé Du Pont with 16 men built a fur trading post at Tadoussac; however, only five of the men survived the winter before returning to France.[63] |
1604 | Saint Croix (Maine) |
79 | The habitation at Port-Royal after 35 died of scurvy.[65]
|
Former colonies and territories
17th century
Year | Area/colony | Population[66][67] | Notes[54] |
---|---|---|---|
1605 | Port Royal (Nova Scotia) |
44 | The 44 colonists are surviving members of 79 from the now abandoned St. Croix settlement of Maine. habitation at Port-Royal was also abandoned and left in the care of the local Mi'kmaq.[65] The settlement was later moved upstream and to the south bank of the Annapolis River, keeping the name Port-Royal and becoming the capital of Acadia.[68]
|
1608 | Quebec City | 28 | Samuel de Champlain establishes the colony with 28 settlers.[63] Half of the men that winter the first year die of scurvy or starvation.[69] Nevertheless, new settlers arrive resulting in Quebec being the first permanent settlement, and also the capital of, the French colony of Canada. |
1610 | Cuper's Cove (Newfoundland) |
40 | The New Cambriol, South Falkland and Avalon, an area that became known as the English Shore. However the majority of the population did not stay year round returning in the spring of each year. Over the next 100 years the English colonies of Newfoundland grew very slowly, and had only 3,000 permanent residents by the 1720s.[73]
|
1629 | Quebec city | 117 | *90 wintering belonged to Kirke's English Expedition that had captured the city.[74] Under brief British control the city begins to grow and be fortified.[75] Prior to 1632 only eight births were recorded among the 60 to 70 permanent European settlers.[75][76] The first European child born in Quebec had been Hélène Desportes, in 1620.[77] |
1641 | New France | 240 | De facto population of Canada (New France) and Acadia, now situated partly in the future United States.[76] |
1642 | Fort Ville-Marie (Old Montreal) |
50 | New colony with the majority of immigrants coming directly from France led by Paul de Chomedey and Jeanne Mance, a lay woman.[78] |
1666 | Canada (New France) | 3,215 | The 1660s marked the only real "wave" of French settlers arriving until the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713.[79] Following the initial wave of French settlers natural growth was the main contributing factor to population growth.[75] Quebec city 2,100, Trois-Rivières 455, Montreal 655. (Comprising 528 families with 2,034 men and 1,181 women. Professionals included 3 notaries, 3 schoolmasters, 3 locksmiths, 4 bailiffs, 5 surgeons, 5 bakers, 8 barrel makers, 9 millers, 18 official merchants, 27 joiners, and 36 carpenters.)[54]
|
1677 | Indigenous Nations |
10,750 | Estimated indigenous population in and around New France territory 10,750, including 2,150 warriors. ( |
1679 | Acadia | 515 | Majority are from the Poitou region of France. |
1681 | New France | 9,677 | New France sees new settlements develop as residents leave Quebec City (population 1,345) and Trois-Rivières (150) with Montreal gaining influence (population 1,418).[54] |
1687 | Newfoundland |
663 | French population only. |
1695 | New France | 13,639 | Population of Saint John River New Brunswick 49. |
1698 | New France | 15,355 | English population of Newfoundland at the time 1,500. |
18th century
Year | Area/colony | Population[67][80] | Notes[54] |
---|---|---|---|
1705 | Newfoundland | 520 | French population only |
1706 | New France | 16,417 | Covering territory that is now situated partly in the United States of America and partly in Canada. |
1712 | New France | 18,440 | Married – men 2,786, women 2,588. Unmarried – males 6,716, females 6,350.[54] |
1718 | New France | 22,983 | Married – men 3,662, women 3,926. Unmarried – males 7,911, females 7,484.[54] |
1720 | St.John Island (Prince Edward Island) |
100 | 17 families |
1730 | New France | 33,682 | Married – men 6,050, women 5,728. Unmarried – males 11,314, females 10,590.[54] |
1736 | Indigenous Nations |
17,575 | Estimated population of |
1737 | New France | 39,970 | Married – men 7,378, women 6,804. Unmarried – males 13,330, females 12,458.[54] |
1741 | Newfoundland | 6,000 | English population only. |
1749 | Nova Scotia | 2,544 | Married – men, 509; women 509. Unmarried – men, 660; women, 3. Children-boys, 228; girls, 216. Servants-men, 277; women, 142.[54] |
1749 | Île-Royale (Cape Breton) |
1,000 | French population only. |
1749 | Acadian Mainland (New Brunswick) | 1,000 | French population only. |
1749 | Acadian Peninsula | 13,000 | French population only. |
1749 | St. John Island (Prince Edward Island) |
1,000 | French population only. |
1752 | Acadia (non-French) | 4,203 | British and German population only. Men over sixteen years old, 574; women over sixteen years old, 607. Children boys, 1,899; children girls, 1,123. |
1760 | New France | 70,000 | Expulsion of the Acadians three-quarters of the Acadian population of 18,000 forcibly relocated between 1755 and 1764.[81] |
1765 | Province of Quebec (1763–91) |
69,810 | French and English populations. |
1775 | Province of Quebec (1763–91) | 90,000 | French and English populations. |
1785 | Newfoundland | 10,244 | French and English populations. |
1790 | Nova Scotia | 30,000 | French and English populations. |
1797 | St. John Island (Prince Edward Island) |
4,500 | French and English populations. |
19th century
Year | Area/Province | Population[82] |
---|---|---|
1806 | New Brunswick | 35,000 |
1806 | Prince Edward Island | 9,676 |
1806 | Upper Canada | 70,718 |
1806 | Lower Canada | 250,000 |
1806 | Newfoundland | 26,505 |
1807 | Nova Scotia | 65,000 |
1822 | Prince Edward Island | 24,600 |
1823 | Newfoundland | 52,157 |
1824 | Upper Canada | 150,066 |
1824 | New Brunswick | 74,176 |
1825 | Upper Canada | 157,923 |
1825 | Lower Canada | 479,288 |
1831 | Lower Canada | 553,134 |
1832 | Upper Canada | 263,554 |
1832 | Newfoundland | 59,280 |
1833 | Prince Edward Island | 32,292 |
1844 | Canada East | 697,084 |
1845 | Newfoundland | 96,295 |
1846 | Assiniboia (North-West Territories) | 4,871 |
1848 | Canada West |
725,879 |
1861 | Colony of Vancouver Island | 3,024 |
1869 | Newfoundland | 146,536 |
1871 | British Columbia | 36,247 |
1871 | Manitoba | 25,228 |
1871 | Ontario | 1,620,851 |
1871 | Quebec | 1,191,516 |
1871 | New Brunswick | 285,594 |
1871 | Nova Scotia | 387,800 |
1871 | Prince Edward Island | 94,021 |
1871 | Northwest Territories | 48,000 |
Year | Canada as a whole | Population | Provinces/Area[18] |
---|---|---|---|
1871 | Indigenous population | 102,358 | Prince Edward Island 323 – Nova Scotia 1,666 – New Brunswick 1,403 – Quebec 6,988 – Ontario 12,978 – British Columbia 23,000 – Rupert's Land 33,500 – Manitoba 500 and Labrador and the Arctic Watersheds 22,000 |
Canada as a whole since confederation
|
|
|
Census data by years
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1871 | 102,358 | — |
1881 | 108,547 | +6.0% |
1901 | 127,941 | +17.9% |
1911 | 105,611 | −17.5% |
1921 | 114,083 | +8.0% |
1931 | 128,890 | +13.0% |
1941 | 160,937 | +24.9% |
1951 | 165,607 | +2.9% |
1961 | 220,121 | +32.9% |
1971 | 312,765 | +42.1% |
1981 | 491,460 | +57.1% |
1986 | 711,725 | +44.8% |
1991 | 1,016,340 | +42.8% |
1996 | 799,010 | −21.4% |
2001 | 976,305 | +22.2% |
2006 | 1,172,790 | +20.1% |
2011 | 1,400,690 | +19.4% |
2016 | 1,673,785 | +19.5% |
2021 | 1,807,250 | +8.0% |
Source: Statistics Canada [18][85][86]: 5&6 [87]: 3 [88]: 1 [89]: 17 [90][91][92][93][94][95] Note: Population decline between 1991 and 1996 censuses attributed to change in criteria in census count; "the 1996 Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples used a more restrictive definition of Aboriginal".[96] |
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1871 | 3,689,257 | — |
1881 | 4,324,810 | +17.2% |
1891 | 4,833,239 | +11.8% |
1901 | 5,371,315 | +11.1% |
2021 | 36,991,981 | +5.2% |
[97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105] |
Data projections
In 2006, Statistics Canada projected for the decade 2021 to 2031 the population to grow by more than 5 million, or more than 10%.[106] Between 1990 and 2008, the population increased by 5.6 million, equivalent to 20.4 per cent overall growth.[9] The 2016 Canadian census counted a total population of 35.1 million,[7] or 1.5 million under the 2006 projection.
In October 2020, the Trudeau government announced its plans to bring in more than 1.2 million immigrants over the subsequent three years, to catch up to the high-growth scenario.[107]
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
2011 | 33,470,000 | — |
2016 | 36,540,000 | +9.2% |
2021 | 39,110,000 | +7.0% |
2026 | 41,750,000 | +6.8% |
2031 | 44,430,000 | +6.4% |
2036 | 47,130,000 | +6.1% |
2041 | 49,900,000 | +5.9% |
2046 | 52,910,000 | +6.0% |
2051 | 56,070,000 | +6.0% |
2056 | 59,400,000 | +5.9% |
2061 | 63,000,000 | +6.1% |
Modern population distribution
By province and territory
- List of population centres in Alberta
- List of population centres in British Columbia
- List of population centres in Manitoba
- List of population centres in New Brunswick
- List of population centres in Newfoundland and Labrador
- List of population centres in the Northwest Territories
- List of population centres in Nova Scotia
- List of population centres in Nunavut
- List of population centres in Ontario
- List of population centres in Prince Edward Island
- List of population centres in Quebec
- List of population centres in Saskatchewan
- List of population centres in Yukon
By cities and municipalities
- List of largest Canadian cities by census
- List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population
First Nations
See also
- Demographics of Canada
- Canada immigration statistics
- Immigration to Canada
- Interprovincial migration in Canada
- List of Canadian provinces and territories by Human Development Index
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Further reading
- Roderic P. Beaujot; Don Kerr (2007). The changing face of Canada: essential readings in population. Canadian Scholars' Press. ISBN 978-1-55130-322-2.
- Michael R. Haines; Richard H. Steckel (2000). A Population History of North America. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-49666-7.
- Alan Simmons (2010). Immigration and Canada: Global and Transnational Perspectives. Canadian Scholars' Press. ISBN 978-1-55130-362-8.
External links
- Canada's population clock – Statistics Canada
- Canada Population – Worldometers
- Annual Estimates of Population for Canada, Provinces and Territories, from July 1, 1971 to July 1, 2014 – Economics and Statistics Branch (Newfoundland & Labrador Statistics Agency)
- Population and Dwelling Count, 2011 Census – Statistics Canada
- Population estimates and projections, 2010 – 2036 – Statistics Canada
- Historical population and migration statistical data – Statistics Canada (Archived)
- Population Institute of Canada