Port-au-Prince
Port-au-Prince
Pòtoprens | |
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Capital city and commune | |
UTC-4 (EDT) | |
Website | http://www.portauprince.ht |
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Port-au-Prince (
The city of Port-au-Prince is on the
Etymology
Port-au-Prince literally means "Prince's Port", but it is unclear which prince was the honoree. A theory is that the place is named after Le Prince, a ship captained by de Saint-André which arrived in the area in 1706. However, the islets in the bay had already been known as les îlets du Prince as early as 1680, predating the ship's arrival.[11] Furthermore, the port and the surrounding region continued to be known as Hôpital, named after the filibusters' hospital.[12]
French colonial commissioner Étienne Polverel named the city Port-Républicain on 23 September 1793 "in order that the inhabitants be kept continually in mind of the obligations which the French Revolution imposed on them." It was later renamed back to Port-au-Prince by Jacques I, Emperor of Haiti.[13]
When Haiti was divided between a kingdom in the north and a republic in the south, Port-au-Prince was the capital of the republic, under the leadership of Alexandre Pétion. Henri Christophe renamed the city Port-aux-Crimes after the assassination of Jacques I at Pont Larnage (now known as Pont-Rouge, and located north of the city).[citation needed]
History
Taino Period
The Port-au-Prince area was part of the Xaragua chiefdom with the capital city, Yaguana being in Léoganes. There were multiple Taino settlements in the area such as Bohoma and Guahaba. It is understood that most of the plain area was used as hunting grounds. The Bahoruco mountain range in the north-east of Port-au-Prince was the scene of a Taino rebellion led by Enriquillo resulting in a treaty with the Spanish.
Spanish colonization
Prior to the arrival of
With the arrival of the Spaniards, the Amerindians were forced to accept a
Direct Spanish rule over the area having been established, Ovando founded a settlement not far from the coast (west of
Domination of the filibustiers
For more than 50 years, the area that is today Port-au-Prince saw its population drop off drastically, when some buccaneers began to use it as a base, and Dutch merchants began to frequent it in search of leather, as game was abundant there. Around 1650, French flibustiers, running out of room on the Île de la Tortue, began to arrive on the coast, and established a colony at Trou-Borded. As the colony grew, they set up a hospital not far from the coast, on the Turgeau heights. This led to the region being known as Hôpital.
Although there had been no real Spanish presence in Hôpital for well over 50 years, Spain retained its formal claim to the territory, and the growing presence of the French flibustiers on ostensibly Spanish lands provoked the Spanish crown to dispatch Castilian soldiers to Hôpital to retake it. The mission proved to be a disaster for the Spanish, as they were outnumbered and outgunned, and in 1697, the Spanish government signed the
Ester was a rich village, inhabited by merchants, and equipped with straight streets; it was here that the governor lived. On the other hand, the surrounding region, Petite-Rivière, was quite poor. Following a great fire in 1711, Ester was abandoned. Yet the French presence in the region continued to grow, and soon afterward, a new city was founded to the south, Léogâne.
While the first French presence in Hôpital, the region later to contain Port-au-Prince was that of the flibustiers; as the region became a real French colony, the colonial administration began to worry about the continual presence of these pirates. While useful in repelling foreign pirates, they were relatively independent, unresponsive to orders from the colonial administration, and a potential threat to it. Therefore, in the winter of 1707, Choiseul-Beaupré, the governor of the region sought to get rid of what he saw as a threat. He insisted upon control of the hospital, but the flibustiers refused, considering that humiliating. They proceeded to close the hospital rather than cede control of it to the governor, and many of them became habitans (farmers) the first long-term European inhabitants in the region.
Although the elimination of the flibustiers as a group from Hôpital reinforced the authority of the colonial administration, it also made the region a more attractive target for marauding buccaneers. In order to protect the area, in 1706, a captain named de Saint-André sailed into the bay just below the hospital, in a ship named Le Prince. It is said that M. de Saint-André named the area Port-au-Prince (meaning "Port of the Prince"), but the port and the surrounding region continued to be known as Hôpital, but the islets in the bay had already been known as les îlets du Prince as early as 1680.
Pirates eventually refrained from troubling the area, and various nobles sought land grants from the French crown in Hôpital; the first noble to control Hôpital was Sieur Joseph Randot. Upon his death in 1737, Sieur Pierre Morel gained control over part of the region, with Gatien Bretton des Chapelles acquiring another portion of it.
By then, the colonial administration was convinced that a capital needed to be chosen, in order to better control the French portion of Hispaniola (Saint-Domingue). For a time, Petit-Goâve and Léogâne vied for this honor, but both were eventually ruled out for various reasons. Neither was centrally located. Petit-Goâve's climate caused it to be too malarial, and Léogane's topography made it difficult to defend. Thus, in 1749, a new city was built, Port-au-Prince.
Foundation of Port-au-Prince
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2014) |
In 1770, Port-au-Prince replaced Cap-Français (the modern Cap-Haïtien) as capital of the colony of Saint-Domingue.[17]
In November 1791, it was burned in a battle between attacking black revolutionaries and defending white plantation owners.[18]
It was captured by British troops on June 4, 1794, after the Battle of Port-Républicain.[19]
In 1804, it became the capital of newly independent Haïti. When Jean-Jacques Dessalines was assassinated in 1806, Port-au-Prince became the capital of the mulatto-dominated south (Cap-Haïtien was the capital of the black-dominated north). It was re-established as the capital of all of Haiti when the country was unified again in 1820.[17]
American occupation
During the American occupation of Haiti (1915–1934), Port-au-Prince, garrisoned by American Marines and Haitian gendarmes, was attacked twice by caco rebels. The first battle, which took place in 1919, was a victory of the American and Haitian government forces, as was the second attack in 1920.
2010 earthquake
On 12 January 2010, a
The airport's control tower was damaged
Hurricanes
The worst hurricane season experienced by Haiti occurred in 2008 when four storms Fay, Gustav, Hanna, and Ike negatively impacted Haiti. Nearly 800 people were killed; 22,000 homes were destroyed; 70% of the country's crops were lost, according to reliefweb.org. Then, in 2012, Hurricane Sandy, while not making direct impact, resulted in 75 deaths, $250 million in damage and a resurgence of cholera that was estimated to infected 5,000 people. In 2016, Hurricane Matthew caused catastrophic damage across Haiti, and over 500 deaths were associated with the storm in Haiti alone, along with at least $3 billion in damages. The storm also caused a massive humanitarian crisis shortly after. [26]
Geography
The metropolitan area is subdivided into various
The commune harbors many low-income slums plagued with poverty and violence in which the most notorious, Cité Soleil, is situated. However, Cité Soleil has been recently split off from Port-au-Prince proper to form a separate commune. The Champ de Mars area has begun some modern infrastructure development as of recently. The downtown area is the site of several projected modernization efforts in the capital.
Climate
Port-au-Prince has a tropical wet and dry climate (Aw) and relatively constant temperatures throughout the course of the year. Port-au-Prince's wet season runs from March through November with rainfall peaking from April to May and from August to October, with the city experiencing a relative break in rainfall during the months of June and July. The city's dry season covers the remaining three months. Port-au-Prince generally experiences warm and humid conditions during the dry season and hot and humid conditions during the wet season.
Climate data for Port-au-Prince | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31 (88) |
31 (88) |
32 (90) |
32 (90) |
33 (91) |
35 (95) |
35 (95) |
35 (95) |
34 (93) |
33 (91) |
32 (90) |
31 (88) |
33 (91) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 27 (81) |
26.5 (79.7) |
27 (81) |
28 (82) |
28 (82) |
30 (86) |
30 (86) |
29.5 (85.1) |
28 (82) |
28 (82) |
27 (81) |
26.5 (79.7) |
28.0 (82.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 23 (73) |
22 (72) |
22 (72) |
23 (73) |
23 (73) |
24 (75) |
25 (77) |
24 (75) |
24 (75) |
24 (75) |
23 (73) |
22 (72) |
23 (74) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 33 (1.3) |
58 (2.3) |
86 (3.4) |
160 (6.3) |
231 (9.1) |
102 (4.0) |
74 (2.9) |
145 (5.7) |
175 (6.9) |
170 (6.7) |
86 (3.4) |
33 (1.3) |
1,353 (53.3) |
Average rainy days (≥ 1 mm) | 3 | 5 | 7 | 11 | 13 | 8 | 7 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 7 | 3 | 99 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 279.0 | 254.2 | 279.0 | 273.0 | 251.1 | 237.0 | 279.0 | 282.1 | 246.0 | 251.1 | 240.0 | 244.9 | 3,116.4 |
Source: Climate & Temperature[27] |
Demographics
The population of the area was 1,234,742.[28] The majority of the population is of
Citizens of Arab (particularly Syrian, Lebanese, and Palestinian) ancestry have a large presence in the capital.[citation needed] Arab Haitians (a large number of whom live in Port-au-Prince) are, more often than not, concentrated in financial areas where the majority of them establish businesses. Most of the biracial residents of the city are concentrated within wealthier areas.
Notable people
- Édouard-Gérard Balbiani (1823–1899), French embryologist, was born in Port-au-Prince
- Jhonson Napoleon, Haitian businessman
Economy
Port-au-Prince is one of the nation's largest centers of economy and finance. The capital exports its most widely consumed produce of
factories. Despite political unrest, the city also relies on the tourism industry and construction companies to move its economy. Port-au-Prince was once a popular place for cruises, but has lost nearly all of its tourism, and no longer has cruise ships coming into port.Unemployment in Port-au-Prince is high, and compounded further by underemployment. Levels of economic activity remain prominent throughout the city, especially among people selling goods and services on the streets. Informal employment is believed to be widespread in Port-au-Prince's slums, as otherwise the population could not survive.[29] Port-au-Prince has several upscale districts in which crime rates are significantly lower than in the city center.[citation needed]
Port-au-Prince has a tourism industry. The Toussaint Louverture International Airport (referred to often as the Port-au-Prince International Airport) is the country's main international gateway for tourists. Tourists often visit the Pétion-Ville area of Port-au-Prince, with other sites of interest including gingerbread houses.
Health
There are a number of hospitals including le Centre Hospitalier du Sacré-Cœur,[30] Hôpital de l'Université d'État d'Haïti (l'HUEH), Centre Obstetrico Gynécologique Isaie Jeanty-Léon Audain, Hôpital du Canapé-Vert, Hôpital Français (Asile Français), Hôpital Saint-François de Sales, Hôpital-Maternité Sapiens, Hôpital OFATMA, Clinique de la Santé, Maternité de Christ Roi, Centre Hospitalier Rue Berne and Maternité Mathieu.
After the 2010 earthquake, two hospitals remained that were operational. The University of Miami in partnership with Project Medishare has created a new hospital, L'Hôpital Bernard Mevs Project Medishare, to provide inpatient and outpatient care for those impacted by the January 2010 earthquake. This hospital is volunteer staffed and provides level 1 trauma care to Port-au-Prince and the surrounding regions.[31]
CDTI (Centre de Diagnostique et de Traitement Intégré) closed in April 2010 when international aid failed to materialize. It had been considered the country's premiere hospital.[32]
Culture
The culture of the city lies primarily in the center around the National Palace as well as its surrounding areas. The National Museum is located in the grounds of the palace, established in 1938. The National Palace was one of the early structures of the city but was destroyed and then rebuilt in 1918. It was destroyed again by the earthquake on 12 January 2010 which collapsed the center's domed roof.
Another popular destination in the capital is the Hotel Oloffson, a 19th-century gingerbread mansion that was once the private home of two former Haitian presidents. It has become a popular hub for tourist activity in the central city. The Cathédrale de Port-au-Prince is a famed site of cultural interest and attracts foreign visitors to its Neo-Romantic architectural style.
The Musée d'Art Haïtien du Collège Saint-Pierre contains work from some of the country's most talented artists, and the Musée National is a museum featuring historical artifacts such as King Henri Christophe's actual suicide pistol and a rusty anchor that museum operators claim was salvaged from Christopher Columbus's ship, the Santa María. Other notable cultural sites include the Archives Nationales, the Bibliothèque Nationale (National Library) and Expressions Art Gallery. The city is the birthplace of internationally known naïve artist Gesner Abelard, who was associated with the Centre d'Art. The Musée du Panthéon National Haïtien (MUPANAH) is a museum featuring the heroes of the independence of Haiti, the Haitian history and culture.
On April 5, 2015, the construction of a new LDS Temple in Port-au-Prince was announced.[33]
Port-au-Prince is the only city anywhere in the world to have a main avenue named for American abolitionist hero John Brown. Another is named for another abolitionist hero, Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner.
Celebrations
There is a celebration of Bawon Samdi and Gran Brigi called Fet Gede, which takes place from the Day of the Dead on November 1 through the third day of the month. This occurs in the national cemetery of Haiti. While celebrating, people wear Vodou white cotton clothing and purple headscarves. During the celebration, the cemetery becomes packed with people. Those who are celebrating make sacrifices of food for the spirits (mange lwa) and pour liquor on the gravestones among other festivities.[34]
Government
The mayor of Port-au-Prince is Lucsonne Janvier, who succeeded Ralph Youri Chevry in July 2020.[35] In 2023, Janvier's City Hall employees protested lack of salaries.[36]
The city's separate districts (primarily the districts of
The national police force as of recently, have been increasing in number. However, because of its ailing ineffectiveness and insufficient manpower, a significant number of
Education
Port-au-Prince various educational institutions, ranging from small
A clinic was run at the school by a medical team from the United States and Canada.
The Ministry of Education is also located in downtown Port-au-Prince at the Palace of Ministries, adjacent to the National Palace in the Champ de Mars plaza.
The Haitian Group of Research and Pedagogical Activities (GHRAP) has set up several community centers for basic education. UNESCO's office at Port-au-Prince has taken a number of initiates in upgrading the educational facilities in Port-au-Prince.
Crime
A 2012 independent study found that the murder rate in Port-au-Prince was 60.9 murders per 100,000 residents in February 2012.[44] In the 22 months after the end of the President Aristide era in 2004, the murder rate for Port-au-Prince reached a high of 219 murders per 100,000 residents per year.[45]
High-crime zones in the Port-au-Prince area include
In the Bel Air neighborhood of Port-au-Prince, the murder rate reached 50 murders per 100,000 residents at the end of 2011, up from 19 murders per 100,000 residents in 2010.[47]
Transportation
Roads
All of the major transportation systems in Haiti are located near or run through the capital. The northern highway, Route Nationale #1 (National Highway One), originates in Port-au-Prince. The southern highway, Route Nationale #2 also runs through Port-au-Prince. Maintenance for these roads lapsed after the 1991 coup, prompting the World Bank to lend US$50 million designated for road repairs. The project was canceled in January 1999, however, after auditors revealed corruption.[citation needed] A third major highway, the Haitian Route Nationale #3, connects Port-au-Prince to the central plateau; however, due to its poor condition, it sees limited use.[citation needed]
Public transportation
The most common form of public transportation in Haiti is the use of brightly painted
Seaport
The seaport, Port international de Port-au-Prince, has more registered shipping than any of the over dozen ports in the country.[citation needed] The port's facilities include cranes, large berths, and warehouses, but these facilities are in universally poor shape. The port is underused,[citation needed] possibly due to the substantially high port fees compared to ports in the Dominican Republic.
Airports
Toussaint Louverture International Airport (Maïs Gâté), which opened in 1965 (as François Duvalier International Airport), is north of the city. It is Haiti's major jetway, and as such, handles the vast majority of the country's international flights. Transportation to smaller cities from the major airport is done via smaller aircraft. Companies providing this service include Caribintair and Sunrise Airways.
See also
- Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault zone
- Famous people from Port-au-Prince
- Port au Prince – a ship from the Age of Sail
References
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- ^ {{cite book|last=Janvier|first=Louis-Joseph |author-link=Louis-Joseph Janvier |title=La république d'Haïti et ses visiteurs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAsWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA66%7Cyear=1883%7Cpublisher=Marpon et Flammarion|language=fr|page=66|quote= « Le nom de la ville […] lui vient d'un vaisseau nommé le Prince, qui mouilla dans la baie en 1706. » […] C'est inexact. […] les îlets qui sont dans la rade de Port-au-Prince portaient authentiquement le nom d'Îlets du Prince dès 1680, c'est-à-dire 26 ans avant que le navire le Prince, commandé par M. de Saint-André, ne fût venu prendre named le Prince, which anchored in the bay in 1706.’ […] This is inaccurate. […] The islets in the harbour of Port-au-Prince in fact had been named Îlets du Prince in 1680, which was 26 years before Mr. de Saint-André's ship le Prince even anchored in the harbour."
- ^ Moreau de Saint-Méry, M. L.-É. (1876). Description topographique, physique, civile, politique et historique de la partie française de l'île Saint-Dominge (in French). Vol. 3. L. Guérin. p. 348.
la désignation du point où les flibustiers avaient formé un hôpital pour eux.
≈ "The naming of the spot where filibusters had founded a hospital for themselves." - ^ Jacques Nicolas Léger, Haiti: Her History and Her Detractors (The Neale Pub. Co., 1907), page 66
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The events of 1494 and early 1495 ultimately precipitated a collective and violent reaction from Indians in the western Vega. Colón took this as an opportunity to subjugate the island brutally and to establish a tribute system through which gold and food could be collected from the Indians in greater quantity.
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Bibliography
- Kolbe, Athena R.; Muggah, Robert (2012). ""Haiti's Urban Crime Wave? Results from Monthly Household Surveys August 2011 – February 2012" (PDF). Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Igarape. Kolbe, Athena R & Muggah, Robert. p. 9. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
External links
- Port-au-Prince travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Tour Virtual of Port au Prince – Brazilian Site
- Port-au-Prince U.S Embassy
- Live Radios from Haiti
- "Scientists: Why Haiti Should Move Its Capital". Time magazine