Port of New York and New Jersey

Coordinates: 40°40′06″N 74°02′44″W / 40.66833°N 74.04556°W / 40.66833; -74.04556
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Not to be confused with Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.
For the 1949 film, see Port of New York (film).
Port of New York and New Jersey
Port Newark–Elizabeth Marine Terminal on Newark Bay is the busiest container terminal on the East Coast of the United States.
Map
Click on the map for a fullscreen view
Location
Coordinates40°40′06″N 74°02′44″W / 40.66833°N 74.04556°W / 40.66833; -74.04556
Details
Draft depth50 feet (15 m)
Air draft228 feet (69 m), restricted by Verrazzano Bridge
215 feet (66 m), restricted by Bayonne Bridge

The Port of New York and New Jersey is the

port district of the New York-Newark metropolitan area,[1] encompassing the region within approximately a 25-mile (40 km) radius of the Statue of Liberty National Monument
.

It includes the system of navigable waterways in the

natural harbors
in the world.

Having long been the busiest port on the East Coast[3] it became the busiest port by maritime cargo volume in the United States in 2022[4][5] and is a major economic engine for the region.[6][7]

The

foreign-trade zones
(FTZ) within the port.

Geography

NASA image of the greater Newark and New York area, including the port district

Port district

Encompassing an area within an approximate 25-mile (40 km) radius of the Statue of Liberty National Monument, the port district comprises all or part of seventeen counties in the region. The nine that are completely within the district are

Westchester, and Rockland in New York are also within the district.[8]

Waterways

See also: New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary

Bodies of water

natural harbors.[9]

The

Sandy Hook and Rockaway.[10]

In

Kill van Kull, the strait leading to Newark Bay, fed by the Passaic River and Hackensack River, and the northern entrance of Arthur Kill.[citation needed
]

The Gowanus Canal and Buttermilk Channel are entered from the east. The East River is a broad strait that travels north to Newtown Creek and the Harlem River, turning east at Hell Gate before opening to Long Island Sound, which provides an outlet to the open sea.[citation needed]

Channels

Kill van Kull[11]
See also: Hudson Canyon

The port consists of a complex of approximately 240 miles (386 km) of

port facilities.[12][13][14] Most vessels require pilotage,[15][16][17] and larger vessels require tugboat
assistance for the sharper channel turns.

The Ambrose leads from the sea to the Upper Bay, where it becomes the Anchorage Channel.[18] Connecting channels are the Bay Ridge, the Red Hook, the Buttermilk, the Claremont, the Port Jersey, the Kill Van Kull, the Newark Bay, the Port Newark, the Elizabeth, and the Arthur Kill. Anchorages are known as Stapleton, Bay Ridge and Gravesend.[19]

The natural depth of the harbor is about 17 feet (5 m), but it was deepened over the years, to a controlling depth of about 24 feet (7 m) in 1880.

Sandy Hook.[21] In 1914, Ambrose Channel became the main entrance to the port, at 40 feet (12 m) deep and 2,000 feet (600 m) wide. During World War II the main channel was dredged to 45 feet (14 m) deep to accommodate larger ships up to Panamax
size.

In 2016, the Army Corps of Engineers completed a $2.1 billion dredging project, deepening harbor channels to 50 feet (15 m) in order to accommodate Post-Panamax container vessels, which can pass through the widened Panama Canal as well as the Suez Canal.[22][23][24]

This has been a source of environmental concern along channels connecting the container facilities in

PCBs and other pollutants lay in a blanket just underneath the soil.[25] In June 2009 it was announced that 200,000 cubic yards of dredged PCBs would be "cleaned" and stored en masse at the site of the former Yankee Stadium and at Brooklyn Bridge Park.[26]

In many areas the sandy bottom has been excavated down to rock and now requires blasting. Dredging equipment then picks up the rock and disposes of it. At one point in 2005, there were 70 pieces of dredging equipment working to deepen channels, the largest fleet of dredging equipment anywhere in the world.[citation needed]

The channel of the Hudson is the Anchorage Channel and is approximately 50 feet deep in the midpoint of Upper Bay.[27] A project to replace two water mains between Brooklyn and Staten Island, which will eventually allowing for dredging of the channel to nearly 100 feet (30 m), was begun in April 2012.[28][29] The Army Corps has recommended that most channels in the port be maintained at 50 feet deep.[30] Dredging of the canals to 50 feet was completed in August 2016.[31][32]

The channels also include bridges that limit the heights of vessels that can use the harbor. The Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge has a clearance of 228 feet (69.5 m) at mean high water.[33] The Brooklyn Bridge has 135 feet (41.1 m) of clearance, while the Bayonne Bridge has been raised from 155 feet (47.2 m) to 215 feet (65.5 m).

Pilotage

Upper New York Bay
.

The

passenger liners, freighters, and tankers and are responsible for the navigation of larger ships through port district.[10]

History

Jersey City (bottom), Ellis Island (left) and Liberty Island (right), Governors Island
(the largest at center)
Port Newark-Elizabeth

Early History

The

salt marshes supported vast oyster banks that remained a major source of food for the region until the end of the 19th century, by which time contamination and landfilling had obliterated most of them.[34]

The first recorded European visit was that of Giovanni da Verrazzano, who anchored in The Narrows in 1524. For the next hundred years, the region was visited sporadically by ships on fishing trips and slave raids.[dubious – discuss]

European colonization began after

wharves along the mouth of the East River. After the Battle of Brooklyn, the British controlled the harbor for the duration of American Revolutionary War, and prison ships housed thousands at Wallabout Bay.[citation needed
]

19th Century

In the early 19th century, the

Hoboken.[35] This coincided with the immigration of millions, processed at Castle Clinton and later at Ellis Island, some staying in the region, others boarding barges, ships, and trains to points across the United States.[36] In 1910, the port was the busiest in the world.[37]

20th Century

During the

Major Deegan Expressway along parts of the shoreline.[citation needed
]

After the end of

1919 New York City Harbor Strike shut down the port for weeks.[38][39][40]

The era of the

container shipping, which became the prototype, opened in 1962. Expanded intermodal freight transport systems and the Interstate Highway System effected a shift to new terminals at Newark Bay.[41]

Since the 1980s, sections of waterfront in the traditional harbor have been being redeveloped to include public access to the water's edge, with the creation of linear park greenways such as Hudson River Park, Hudson River Waterfront Walkway, and Brooklyn Bridge Park.[42]

21st Century

The CMA CGM Theodore Roosevelt, the largest ship to call at an East Coast port, passed under the raised Bayonne Bridge in July 2017, signalling a new era of container capacity.[43]

Jurisdiction and regulation

Responsibilities within the port are divided among all levels of government, from municipal to federal, as well as public and private agencies.

Established in 1921, the bi-state Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, in addition to overseeing maritime facilities, is responsible for the vehicular crossings and the rapid transit system between New York and New Jersey, several of the region's airports, and other transportation and real estate development projects.[41]

The Port Authority maintains its own

Waterfront Commission, created in 1953 to investigate, prosecute, and prevent criminal activity.[44]

The United States Army Corps of Engineers, which has been involved in harbor maintenance since about 1826, when Congress passed an omnibus rivers and harbors act,[45][46] is responsible for bulkhead and channel maintenance.[45][46]

The United States Coast Guard deals with issues such as floatable debris,[47] spills, vessel rescues, and counter-terrorism.[48]

Both states, and some municipal governments (New York City, in particular), maintain maritime police units. The

parks
.

The port is a

Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) regulate international imports and passenger arrivals. The "green lane" program, in which trusted shippers have fewer containers inspected.[49] There are two foreign trade zones in the port: FTZ 1, the first in the nation, established in 1937, on the New York side of the port; and FTZ 49, on the New Jersey side.[50][51][52]

In March 2006, some of the passenger facilities management was to be transferred to

Dubai Ports World.[53] There was considerable controversy over security and ownership by a foreign corporation, particularly one of Arab origin, of a U.S. port operation, despite the fact that the operator was British-based P&O Ports.[54] DP World later sold P&O's American operations to American International Group's asset management division, Global Investment Group, for an undisclosed sum.[55]

dockworkers.[56]

Cargo infrastructure

Airports

Main article: Aviation in the New York metropolitan area

The airports in the Port of New York and New Jersey combine to create the largest airport system in the United States, the second in the world in terms of passenger traffic, and the first in the world in terms of total flight operations. JFK air freight cargo operations make it the busiest in the US. FedEx Express, the world's busiest cargo airline, uses Newark Liberty International Airport as its regional hub.

Container terminals

Map
3km
2miles
none
4
3
2
1
Port of New York and New Jersey container terminals
1
Port Newark/Elizabeth Marine Terminal
2
Port Jersey Marine Terminal/GCT Bayonne
3
Howland Hook Marine Terminal/GCT New York
4
Red Hook Marine Terminal
Port Newark on Newark Bay (foreground) and Port Jersey on Upper New York Bay
CMA CGM Theodore Roosevelt, the largest container ship to enter the port as of on Sept 7, 2017

There are four

container terminals
in the port:

Terminals are leased to different

A. P. Moller-Maersk Group, American Stevedoring,[58] NYCT,[59] and Global Marine Terminal.[60]

In June 2010, the

Kill van Kull.[62] A project to raise to the roadway of the bridge within the existing arch was completed in May, 2019.[63]

New York - New Jersey container port traffic
  Loaded Imports
  Empty Exports
  Loaded Exports
  Empty Imports

The terminal's combined volume makes it the largest on the East Coast,[64][65][66] the third busiest in the United States,[67] Handling a cargo volume in year 2023 of over 7.8 million TEUs,[68] benefitting post-Panamax from the expansion of the Panama Canal. As of 2023, the terminals experienced a more severe reduction in cargo volume compared to California seaports, resulting in the Port of Los Angeles reclaiming its position as the nation's busiest.

ExpressRail

Main article: ExpressRail
Along the Arthur Kill, the Staten Island Railway North Shore Branch line (foreground) connects the Howland Hook Marine Terminal to the Chemical Coast

Canadian Pacific (CP).[69][70] The network is partially financed by a surcharge on all containers passing through the port by train or truck.[71][72]

Bulk cargo and marine transfer

Newtown Creek

While most

list of Superfund sites in the United States
.

Car float and Cross Harbor Tunnel

Main article: New York New Jersey Rail
NYNJ Rail
western end

At one time nearly 600,000 railcars were transferred annually by barge between the region's extensive rail facilities. Today approximately 1,600 cars are "floated" on the remaining

Bush Terminal Yard in Brooklyn.[74]

At the Greenville end,

Brooklyn, end connections are made to the New York and Atlantic Railway's Bay Ridge Branch and the South Brooklyn Railway. The 2.5-mile (4.0 km) crossing takes approximately 45 minutes. The equivalent truck trip would be 35 to 50 miles (80 km) long.[75]

Upper Bay. The western portal would be located at Greenville Yard, while the eastern portal is undetermined and a source of controversy.[76]

In May 2010, the Port Authority announced that it would purchase the Greenville Yard and build a new barge-to-rail facility there, as well as improve the existing railcar float system. The barge-to-rail facility is expected to handle an estimated 60,000 to 90,000 containers of solid waste per year from New York City, eliminating up to 360,000 trash truck trips a year. The authority's board authorized $118.1 million for the project.[77] The National Docks Secondary rail line is being upgraded in anticipation of expanded volumes.

In September 2014, the PANYNJ announced a $356 million capital project to upgrade and expand the facility, including Roll-on/roll-off operations. Expected to be operational about July 2016, an initial capacity of at least 125,000 cargo container lifts a year is projected.[78]

Port Inland Distribution Network

The Port Inland Distribution Network involves new or expanded transportation systems for redistribution by barge and rail for the shipped goods and containers that are delivered at area ports in an effort to curtail the use of trucks and their burden on the environment, traffic, and highway systems. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ), New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT), and Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission (DVRPC), are involved in initiatives to review and develop this network.[79][80][81] To instantiate PIDN, the PANYNJ signed an agreement November 29, 2003 with the Port of Albany to provide twice weekly barge service. By 2014, the service had been discontinued.[82]

In 2018, service between Newark and Brooklyn to Port of Davisville in Rhode Island was initiated.[83]

America's Marine Highway

America's Marine Highway is a similar United States Department of Transportation initiative to capitalize on U.S. waterways for the transport of goods.[84][85] In 2016, MARAD made a grant of $1.6 million to improve the terminal at Red Hook as part of the Marine Highway program.[86] Barges carrying containers on a route between Red Hook and Newark began operation in September 2016.[87]

In 2010, a private sector service provider began

short sea shipping of aggregate products with a barge service between Tremley Point, Linden on the Arthur Kill and the Port of Salem to address a critical, yet weak link in freight transport with ports in the Delaware Valley.[85]

Cruise terminals and ferries

Cruise terminals

Cruise terminal on the Hudson

The golden age of the

North Atlantic ocean liner lasted from the end of the 19th century to the post–World War II period, after which innovations in air travel became commercially viable. Many berths for the great ships that lined the North River (Hudson River)
were more or less abandoned by the 1970s.

Nowadays most travel is recreational. While many cruises are to points in the Caribbean and to the Southern Hemisphere, there are also ships calling at the port that sail transatlantically , notably RMS Queen Mary 2 with a scheduled service to Southampton, England. The passenger cruise ship terminals in the port are located in the traditional, or "inner", harbor. Collectively the cruise terminals in the Port of New York and New Jersey are the sixth busiest in the United States and 16th busiest in the world for passenger travel.

Ferries and sightseeing

New York Water Taxi ferries moored at Erie Basin in Red Hook, Brooklyn

There has been continuous

St. George Ferry Terminal, the free Staten Island Ferry
transports on average 75,000 passengers per day.

Service on the East River ended in the early 20th century and on the Hudson River in the 1960s. It has been restored and grown significantly since the 1980s providing regular service to points in

Upper New York Bay.[91]

Lights and lighthouses

Sandy Hook Light, the oldest continuously operating and standing lighthouse in the United States
Stepping Stones Lighthouse

There are both historic and modern lighthouses throughout the port, some of which have been decommissioned[103][104]

Land reclamation and ocean dumping

Battery Park City is one of many sites throughout the port built on land fill

Channelization and landfilling began in the colonial era and continued well into the 20th century.[105] The expansion of the land area of Lower Manhattan through encroachment began in the 17th-century Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam and continued into 20th century.[106]

Early materials were

ballast during World War II. New land has been created throughout the port, including large swaths that are now Battery Park City, Ellis Island, Liberty State Park, Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, and the Meadowlands Sports Complex.[107][108][109]

From 1924 until 1986, sewerage

ocean dumping was banned.[110][111][112]

Barges were also used to transport waste to

Syringe Tide.[113][114]

Shipwrecks and abandoned boats

The port has many sunken ships, some of which can be seen, others that lie on the floor of the ports waterways.[115]

The Staten Island boat graveyard is a marine scrapyard located in the Arthur Kill near the Fresh Kills Landfill, on the West Shore of Staten Island.

Tourism and recreation

The Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island recall the era of transatlantic immigration to America

Harbor-related

nature preserves
within the port district include:

Economy

In 2010, 4,811 ships entered the harbor carrying over 32.2 million metric tons of cargo valued at over $175 billion.[116] In 2010, the New York-New Jersey Port industry supported:[117]

  1. 170,770 direct jobs
  2. 279,200 total jobs in the NY-NJ region
  3. Nearly $11.6 billion in personal income
  4. Over $37.1 billion in business income
  5. Almost $5.2 billion in federal, state and local tax revenues
  6. Local and State Tax Revenue: $1.6 billion
  7. Federal Tax Revenue: $3.6 billion

Approximately 3.2 million

twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU) of containers and 700,000 automobiles are handled per year.[118] In the first half of 2014, the port handled 1,583,449 containers, a 35,000-container increase above the six-month record set in 2012,[71] while the port handled a monthly record of 306,805 containers in October 2014.[119] In 2014, the port handled 3,342,286 containers and 393,931 automobiles.[120]

In January through June 2015, the top 10 imports that went through the port of New York and New Jersey were:[121]

  1. Petroleum: $6.78 billion
  2. Appliances: $3.80 billion
  3. Vehicles: $2.59 billion
  4. Plastics: $1.72 billion
  5. Electronics: $1.46 billion
  6. Chemicals: $1.45 billion
  7. Oils and perfumes: $928.7 million
  8. Pharmaceuticals: $897.5 million
  9. Optical and photographic: $801.8 million
  10. Pearls and precious gems and metals: $562.4 million

See also

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External links

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