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  • Image 1 Portrait by Godfrey Kneller, c. 1690 William III (William Henry; Dutch: Willem Hendrik; 4 November 1650 – 8 March 1702), also widely known as William of Orange, was the sovereign Prince of Orange from birth, Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel in the Dutch Republic from the 1670s, and King of England, Ireland, and Scotland from 1689 until his death in 1702. As King of Scotland, he is known as William II. He ruled Britain and Ireland alongside his wife, Queen Mary II, and their joint reign is known as that of William and Mary. William was the only child of William II, Prince of Orange, and Mary, Princess Royal, the daughter of King Charles I of England, Scotland, and Ireland. His father died a week before his birth, making William III the prince of Orange from birth. In 1677, he married his first cousin Mary, the eldest daughter of his maternal uncle James, Duke of York, the younger brother and later successor of King Charles II. (Full article...)

    James, Duke of York, the younger brother and later successor of King Charles II. (Full article...
    )
  • Image 2 Theatrical poster, Batavia Terang Boelan ([təˈraŋ buˈlan]; Indonesian for "Full Moon", Terang Bulan in the Enhanced Spelling System) is a 1937 film from the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). Written by Saeroen, directed by Albert Balink, and starring Rd Mochtar, Roekiah and Eddie T. Effendi, Terang Boelan follows two lovers who elope after one is almost forced to marry an opium smuggler. The film was shot in the Indies and Singapore, and was partially inspired by the 1936 Hollywood film The Jungle Princess. It was aimed at native audiences and included keroncong music, which was popular at the time, and several actors from Balink's previous work Pareh (1936). Terang Boelan was a commercial success in both the Indies and abroad, earning 200,000 Straits dollars in British Malaya. This success revived the faltering domestic film industry and inspired films aimed at Malay audiences in Malaya, creating a formula of songs, beautiful scenery and romance that was followed for decades afterwards. The Indonesian film historian Misbach Yusa Biran described it as a turning point in the history of Indonesian cinema for its catalytic effect on the industry's growth. Like many Indonesian films of the era, Terang Boelan has been lost since at least the 1970s. (Full article...)

    Malay audiences in Malaya, creating a formula of songs, beautiful scenery and romance that was followed for decades afterwards. The Indonesian film historian Misbach Yusa Biran described it as a turning point in the history of Indonesian cinema for its catalytic effect on the industry's growth. Like many Indonesian films of the era, Terang Boelan has been lost since at least the 1970s. (Full article...
    )
  • Image 3 Panggilan Darah (Indonesian for Call of Blood) is a 1941 film from the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) written and directed by Sutan Usman Karim and produced by Tjho Seng Han for Oriental Film. The black-and-white film starred Dhalia and Soerip as orphaned sisters trying to make a living in the colonial capital of Batavia (now Jakarta) before moving to Kudus to work at a clove cigarette factory. Shot on location at an orphanage and two factories in central Java, Panggilan Darah was a modest commercial success in the Indies and Singapore. Its soundtrack, which featured nine kroncong songs, received popular acclaim, and the film's acting received critical praise. Despite this success, Oriental was unable to recoup its expenses, and merged into Multi Film soon afterwards. Panggilan Darah, which was screened as late as 1952, may now be lost. (Full article...)
    Kudus to work at a clove cigarette factory.

    Shot on location at an orphanage and two factories in central Java, Panggilan Darah was a modest commercial success in the Indies and Singapore. Its soundtrack, which featured nine kroncong songs, received popular acclaim, and the film's acting received critical praise. Despite this success, Oriental was unable to recoup its expenses, and merged into Multi Film soon afterwards. Panggilan Darah, which was screened as late as 1952, may now be lost. (Full article...
    )
  • Image 4 One sheet Tjioeng Wanara ([tʃiˈuŋ waˈnara]; Perfected Spelling: Ciung Wanara) is a 1941 film from the Dutch East Indies (modern-day Indonesia) directed and produced by Jo Eng Sek. Starring R Sukran, Elly Joenara and AB Djoenaedi, it featured more than 500 people in supporting roles. The film follows a young prince named Tjioeng Wanara who must reclaim his throne from the cruel King of Galuh; it is adapted from the Sundanese legend of the same name. The second production by Star Film, Tjioeng Wanara was released 18 August 1941. It was advertised heavily, emphasising the fact that the scholar Poerbatjaraka had served as the historical adviser and that the film was based on Balai Pustaka's version of the legend. It premiered to commercial success, but received mixed reviews. This black-and-white production, which was screened until at least 1948, is now thought lost. (Full article...)

    Galuh; it is adapted from the Sundanese legend of the same name.

    The second production by Star Film, Tjioeng Wanara was released 18 August 1941. It was advertised heavily, emphasising the fact that the scholar Poerbatjaraka had served as the historical adviser and that the film was based on Balai Pustaka's version of the legend. It premiered to commercial success, but received mixed reviews. This black-and-white production, which was screened until at least 1948, is now thought lost. (Full article...
    )
  • Image 5 A tulip, known as "the Viceroy" (viseroij), displayed in the 1637 Dutch catalogue Verzameling van een Meenigte Tulipaanen. Its bulb was offered for sale for between 3,000 and 4,200 guilders (florins) depending on weight (gewooge). A skilled craftsworker at the time earned about 300 guilders a year. Tulip mania (Dutch: tulpenmanie) was a period during the Dutch Golden Age when contract prices for some bulbs of the recently introduced and fashionable tulip reached extraordinarily high levels. The major acceleration started in 1634 and then dramatically collapsed in February 1637. It is generally considered to have been the first recorded speculative bubble or asset bubble in history. In many ways, the tulip mania was more of a then-unknown socio-economic phenomenon than a significant economic crisis. It had no critical influence on the prosperity of the Dutch Republic, which was one of the world's leading economic and financial powers in the 17th century, with the highest per capita income in the world from about 1600 to about 1720. The term tulip mania is now often used metaphorically to refer to any large economic bubble when asset prices deviate from intrinsic values. Forward markets appeared in the Dutch Republic during the 17th century. Among the most notable was one centred on the tulip market. At the peak of tulip mania, in February 1637, some single tulip bulbs sold for more than 10 times the annual income of a skilled artisan. Research is difficult because of the limited economic data from the 1630s, much of which come from biased and speculative sources. Some modern economists have proposed rational explanations, rather than a speculative mania, for the rise and fall in prices. For example, other flowers, such as the hyacinth, also had high initial prices at the time of their introduction, which then fell as the plants were propagated. The high prices may also have been driven by expectations of a parliamentary decree that contracts could be voided for a small cost, thus lowering the risk to buyers. (Full article...)
    hyacinth, also had high initial prices at the time of their introduction, which then fell as the plants were propagated. The high prices may also have been driven by expectations of a parliamentary decree that contracts could be voided for a small cost, thus lowering the risk to buyers. (Full article...
    )
  • Image 6 Official portrait, 1956 Fakih Usman (alternatively spelled as Faqih Usman; [faˈkɪh ʊsˈman]; 2 March 1904 – 3 October 1968) was an Indonesian Islamic leader and politician of the Masyumi Party. He twice served as the Minister of Religious Affairs under the cabinets of Abdul Halim and Wilopo from January until September 1950, and again from 1952 until 1953. In his early years, Fakih was criticized by conservative Muslims for his involvement with the modernist Islamic Muhammadiyah organization, though he is remembered fondly by the group. Born to a merchant and his wife in Gresik, Dutch East Indies, Fakih studied with his father and at a series of pesantren (Islamic boarding schools) until the 1920s. In 1925 he became involved with the Muhammadiyah, rising quickly through the leadership until he became the head of the Surabaya branch in 1938. He was also active in local politics, in 1937, he became the treasurer of the Indonesian Islamic Assembly. He continued to be involved in politics and Islamic groups during the Japanese occupation and the ensuing national revolution. Following the end of the war, he was appointed Minister of Religious Affairs. As a minister, he oversaw educational and institutional reform, growing in prominence within the Muhammadiyah. He also served as deputy chairman of the organization under several different leaders before being chosen as its chairman in late 1968. He died several days later. (Full article...)

    Gresik, Dutch East Indies, Fakih studied with his father and at a series of pesantren (Islamic boarding schools) until the 1920s.

    In 1925 he became involved with the Muhammadiyah, rising quickly through the leadership until he became the head of the Surabaya branch in 1938. He was also active in local politics, in 1937, he became the treasurer of the Indonesian Islamic Assembly. He continued to be involved in politics and Islamic groups during the Japanese occupation and the ensuing national revolution. Following the end of the war, he was appointed Minister of Religious Affairs. As a minister, he oversaw educational and institutional reform, growing in prominence within the Muhammadiyah. He also served as deputy chairman of the organization under several different leaders before being chosen as its chairman in late 1968. He died several days later. (Full article...
    )
  • Image 7 The Huguenot-Walloon half dollar or Huguenot-Walloon Tercentenary half dollar is a commemorative coin issued by the United States Bureau of the Mint in 1924. It marks the 300th anniversary of the voyage of the Nieuw Nederlandt which landed in the New York area in 1624. Many of the passengers were Huguenots from France or Walloons from what is now Belgium; they became early settlers of New York State and the surrounding area. A commission run by the Federal Council of Churches in America sought issuance of a half dollar to mark the anniversary, and the bill passed through Congress without opposition in 1923 and was signed by President Warren G. Harding. Sketches were prepared by commission chairman Reverend John Baer Stoudt and converted to plaster models by the Mint's aging chief engraver, George T. Morgan. The models were initially rejected by the Commission of Fine Arts, which required revisions under the supervision of Buffalo nickel designer James Earle Fraser. (Full article...)
    Commission of Fine Arts, which required revisions under the supervision of Buffalo nickel designer James Earle Fraser. (Full article...
    )
  • Image 8 Cover, first printing (1929) Drama dari Krakatau ([ˈdrama daˈri kraˈkatau]; Drama of Krakatoa) is a 1929 vernacular Malay novel written by Kwee Tek Hoay. Inspired by Edward Bulwer-Lytton's 1834 novel The Last Days of Pompeii and the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, the sixteen-chapter book centres on two families in 1920s Batam that are unknowingly tied together by siblings who were separated in 1883. The brother becomes a political figure, while the sister marries a Baduy priest-king. Ultimately, these families are reunited by the wedding of their children, after which the priest sacrifices himself to calm a stirring Krakatoa. First published as a serial in Kwee's magazine Panorama between 7 April and 22 December 1928, Drama dari Krakatau was written over a period of two months after the author was asked to prepare a "sensational" story for a film. Before the final instalment had been published, the novel had already been adapted for the stage. Although Kwee was known as a realist and researched the volcano before writing, Drama dari Krakatau is replete with mysticism. Thematic analyses have focused on the depiction of indigenous cultures by Kwee (himself ethnic Chinese), as well as geography and nationalism. As with other works of Chinese Malay literature, the book is not considered part of the Indonesian literary canon. (Full article...)

    realist and researched the volcano before writing, Drama dari Krakatau is replete with mysticism. Thematic analyses have focused on the depiction of indigenous cultures by Kwee (himself ethnic Chinese), as well as geography and nationalism. As with other works of Chinese Malay literature, the book is not considered part of the Indonesian literary canon. (Full article...
    )
  • Image 9 Union Films was a film production company located in Batavia, Dutch East Indies (now Jakarta, Indonesia). Established by ethnic Chinese businessmen Ang Hock Liem and Tjoa Ma Tjoen in 1940, it produced seven black-and-white films before it was dissolved in 1942; all are thought to be lost. The company's films were directed by four men, mostly ethnic Chinese, and launched the careers of actors such as Rendra Karno and Djoewariah. Established during the revival of the Indies film industry, Union released its first film, Kedok Ketawa, in July 1940. This was followed by a series of films penned by Saeroen which were increasingly oriented towards the Indies' growing intelligentsia and attempted to distance themselves from the theatrical conventions which were common in the contemporary film industry. This continued after Saeroen left for Star Film in 1941, with Union's final two productions emphasising realism. Following the Japanese occupation of the Indies in March 1942, Union was dissolved, though its films continued to be screened into the mid 1940s. (Full article...)

    Union Films was a film production company located in Batavia, Dutch East Indies (now Jakarta, Indonesia). Established by ethnic Chinese businessmen Ang Hock Liem and Tjoa Ma Tjoen in 1940, it produced seven black-and-white films before it was dissolved in 1942; all are thought to be lost. The company's films were directed by four men, mostly ethnic Chinese, and launched the careers of actors such as Rendra Karno and Djoewariah.

    Established during the revival of the Indies film industry, Union released its first film, Kedok Ketawa, in July 1940. This was followed by a series of films penned by Saeroen which were increasingly oriented towards the Indies' growing intelligentsia and attempted to distance themselves from the theatrical conventions which were common in the contemporary film industry. This continued after Saeroen left for Star Film in 1941, with Union's final two productions emphasising realism. Following the Japanese occupation of the Indies in March 1942, Union was dissolved, though its films continued to be screened into the mid 1940s. (Full article...)
  • Image 10 Boenga Roos dari Tjikembang ([buˈŋa ˈrus daˈri tʃiˈkəmbaŋ]; translated to English as The Rose of Cikembang) is a 1927 vernacular Malay-language novel written by Kwee Tek Hoay. The seventeen-chapter book follows a plantation manager, Aij Tjeng, who must leave his beloved njai (concubine) Marsiti so that he can be married. Eighteen years later, after Aij Tjeng's daughter Lily dies, her fiancé Bian Koen discovers that Marsiti had a daughter with Aij Tjeng, Roosminah, who greatly resembles Lily. In the end Bian Koen and Roosminah are married. Inspired by the lyrics to the song "If Those Lips Could Only Speak" and William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, Boenga Roos dari Tjikembang was initially written as an outline for the stage drama troupe Union Dalia. Kwee intermixed several languages other than Malay, particularly Dutch, Sundanese, and English; he included two quotes from English poems and another from an English song. The novel has been interpreted variously as a promotion of theosophy, a treatise on the Buddhist concept of reincarnation, a call for education, an ode to njais, and a condemnation of how such women are treated. (Full article...)
    Buddhist concept of reincarnation, a call for education, an ode to njais, and a condemnation of how such women are treated. (Full article...
    )
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  • Image 1 Since 1 January 2023, there have been 342 regular municipalities (Dutch: gemeenten) and three special municipalities (bijzondere gemeenten) in the Netherlands. The latter is the status of three of the six island territories that make up the Dutch Caribbean. Municipalities are the second-level administrative division, or public bodies (openbare lichamen), in the Netherlands and are subdivisions of their respective provinces. Their duties are delegated to them by the central government and they are ruled by a municipal council that is elected every four years. Municipal mergers have reduced the total number of municipalities by two-thirds since the first official boundaries were created in the mid 19th century. Municipalities themselves are informally subdivided into districts and neighbourhoods for administrative and statistical purposes. These municipalities come in a wide range of sizes, Westervoort is the smallest with a land area of 7.01 km2 (2.71 sq mi) and Súdwest-Fryslân the largest with a land area of 522.7 km2 (201.8 sq mi). Schiermonnikoog is both the least populated, with 982 people, and the least densely populated municipality at 23/km2 (60/sq mi). Amsterdam has the highest population with 918,117 residents as of January 2023, whereas The Hague is the most densely populated with a density of 6,827/km2 (17,680/sq mi). (Full article...)
    Since 1 January 2023, there have been 342 regular municipalities (
    Full article...
    )
  • Image 2 The Battle of Camperdown, painted by Philip de Loutherbourg in 1799. The Battle of Camperdown was an important naval action of the French Revolutionary Wars, fought off Camperduin on the North Holland coast on 11 October 1797 between a British fleet under Admiral Adam Duncan and a Dutch fleet under Vice-Admiral Jan de Winter. The French Republic had overrun the Dutch Republic two years earlier, reforming it into the Batavian Republic. In early 1797, the Batavian Navy was ordered to sail to Brest and unite with the French Atlantic Fleet in preparation for an invasion of Ireland. Shortly afterwards, the British fleets were paralysed by the Spithead and Nore mutinies, in which the sailors refused to take their ships to sea until they were awarded better pay and conditions. For two months[citation needed], the English Channel was undefended, but the Dutch failed to take the opportunity to sail from their harbour in the Texel: their preparations were not complete, and a small squadron of loyal British ships under Duncan convinced de Winter that the British fleet was at sea by sending nonsensical signals to fictitious ships over the horizon. By October 1797, the plan to attack Ireland had been abandoned and the British North Sea Fleet was again at full strength. During a brief period replenishing supplies at Yarmouth, news reached Duncan on 10 October that the Dutch had sailed on a raiding cruise[citation needed] and he returned to the Dutch coast, intercepting de Winter's fleet on its way back to the Texel. The Dutch formed a line of battle in shallow coastal waters to meet Duncan's attack, which was conducted in a confused mass, the British fleet separating into two groups that struck the vanguard and rear of the Dutch fleet, overwhelming each in turn and capturing eleven ships, including de Winter's flagship Vrijheid. On the return journey, three of the captured ships were lost, and none of the surviving Dutch prizes was ever suitable for active service again[citation needed]. Both sides suffered heavy casualties during the battle as each fleet had been trained to aim at the hulls of their opponents, maximising the damage to personnel. (Full article...)
    vanguard and rear of the Dutch fleet, overwhelming each in turn and capturing eleven ships, including de Winter's flagship Vrijheid. On the return journey, three of the captured ships were lost, and none of the surviving Dutch prizes was ever suitable for active service again[citation needed]. Both sides suffered heavy casualties during the battle as each fleet had been trained to aim at the hulls of their opponents, maximising the damage to personnel. (Full article...
    )
  • Image 3 Film poster for Loetoeng Kasaroeng, the first locally produced film released in the Dutch East Indies A total of 112 fictional films are known to have been produced in the Dutch East Indies (modern-day Indonesia) between 1926 and the colony's dissolution in 1949. The earliest motion pictures, imported from abroad, were shown in late 1900, and by the early 1920s imported serials and fictional films were being shown, often with localised names. Dutch companies were also producing documentary films about the Indies to be shown in the Netherlands. The first reports of fictional film production in the Indies date from 1923, although the work in question was not completed. The first locally produced film, Loetoeng Kasaroeng, was directed by L. Heuveldorp and released on 31 December 1926. Between 1926 and 1933 numerous other local productions were released. Although Dutchmen like Heuveldorp and G. Krugers continued to be active in the industry, the majority of filmmakers and producers were ethnic Chinese. The Tan brothers (Khoen Yauw and Khoen Hian) and The Teng Chun were major producers during this period, while the Wong brothers (Nelson, Othniel, and Joshua) were among the more prominent directors. During the mid-1930s, production dropped as a result of the Great Depression. The release of Albert Balink's commercially and critically successful Terang Boelan (Full Moon) in 1937 led to renewed interest in filmmaking, and 1941 saw thirty locally produced films. This rate of production declined after the Japanese occupation beginning in early 1942, closing all but one film studio; this resulted in several films which had begun production in 1941 being released several years later. The majority of films produced during the occupation were short propaganda pieces. Following the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence in 1945 and during the ensuing revolution several films were made, by both pro-Dutch and pro-Indonesian backers; the Dutch formally recognised Indonesia's sovereignty on 27 December 1949, leaving the Dutch East Indies defunct. (Full article...)
    propaganda pieces. Following the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence in 1945 and during the ensuing revolution several films were made, by both pro-Dutch and pro-Indonesian backers; the Dutch formally recognised Indonesia's sovereignty on 27 December 1949, leaving the Dutch East Indies defunct. (Full article...
    )
  • Image 4 This page is a list of films that received the Golden Film since its introduction in 2001 by the Netherlands Film Festival and the Netherlands Film Fund. In 2001 and 2002, films from the Netherlands received the award once they had sold 75,000 tickets. From 2003 to date, the Golden Film is awarded to films from the Netherlands once they have sold 100,000 tickets. This page shows, for both audience criteria, which films received the Golden Film and how soon they received it after their releases. In the following tables, the 'year' column contains the years in which the films received the Golden Film, the '#' column contains the number of the Golden Film, the 'film title' column contains the titles of the receiving films, the 'film release' column contains the dates on which the films were first released in the cinemas, and the 'Golden Film' column contains the days when the Netherlands Film Festival and the Netherlands Film Fund announced that the receiving films reached the audience criterion of the Golden Film. (Full article...)
    This page is a list of films that received the Golden Film since its introduction in 2001 by the Netherlands Film Festival and the Netherlands Film Fund. In 2001 and 2002, films from the Netherlands received the award once they had sold 75,000 tickets. From 2003 to date, the Golden Film is awarded to films from the Netherlands once they have sold 100,000 tickets. This page shows, for both audience criteria, which films received the Golden Film and how soon they received it after their releases.

    In the following tables, the 'year' column contains the years in which the films received the Golden Film, the '#' column contains the number of the Golden Film, the 'film title' column contains the titles of the receiving films, the 'film release' column contains the dates on which the films were first released in the cinemas, and the 'Golden Film' column contains the days when the Netherlands Film Festival and the Netherlands Film Fund announced that the receiving films reached the audience criterion of the Golden Film. (Full article...)
  • Image 5 Twenty-two people are recorded as having produced fictional films in the Dutch East Indies between 1926, when L. Heuveldorp released Loetoeng Kasaroeng, the colony's first domestically produced film, and 1949, when the Dutch formally recognised Indonesia's sovereignty after a four-year revolution, leaving the Dutch East Indies defunct. Altogether, they are credited for 93 of all known films produced in the Indies, and four of them remained active after independence. All were men; the first female film producer in Indonesia, Ratna Asmara, produced her first film in 1953. The colony's first producer, Heuveldorp, was of European descent. He was followed in 1928 by the ethnic Chinese businessmen Tjan Tjoen Lian and Liem Goan Lian, who began work on Lily van Java but soon pulled out, to be replaced by David Wong. By 1930 Chinese producers had dominated the industry. The most active of these, The Teng Chun, made his debut in 1931 with Boenga Roos dari Tjikembang; he would go on to produce another 27 films before independence. No native Indonesian film producers are recorded from this period, although several productions were credited only to companies. (Full article...)
    Twenty-two people are recorded as having
    native Indonesian film producers are recorded from this period, although several productions were credited only to companies. (Full article...
    )
  • Image 6 The Amsterdam Tournament (Dutch: Amsterdam Toernooi) was a pre-season association football competition, held in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The competition was hosted by Eredivisie club Ajax at the Amsterdam Arena. It was inaugurated in 1975 as the Amsterdam 700 Tournament to celebrate 700 years of history in the city. It was held annually each summer until 1992, when the last edition of the original tournament was played. It returned in 1999 with the backing of the International Event Partnership (IEP). Four teams participate in the competition, played in a league format since 1986. Since its return, the tournament has used an unusual point scoring system. As with most league competitions, three points are awarded for a win, one for a draw and zero for a loss. An additional point, however, is awarded for each goal scored. The system is designed to reward teams that adopt a more attacking style of play. Each entrant plays two matches, with the winner being the club that finishes at the top of the table. The original competition was held at Amsterdam's Olympic Stadium, where Ajax played its international games until 1996. The Amsterdam Arena, now named the Johan Cruyff Arena, has played host to the event since the return until 2009. (Full article...)
    The
    Amsterdam Arena. It was inaugurated in 1975 as the Amsterdam 700 Tournament to celebrate 700 years of history in the city. It was held annually each summer until 1992, when the last edition of the original tournament was played. It returned in 1999 with the backing of the International Event Partnership (IEP). Four teams participate in the competition, played in a league format since 1986.

    Since its return, the tournament has used an unusual point scoring system. As with most league competitions, three points are awarded for a win, one for a draw and zero for a loss. An additional point, however, is awarded for each goal scored. The system is designed to reward teams that adopt a more attacking style of play. Each entrant plays two matches, with the winner being the club that finishes at the top of the table. The original competition was held at Amsterdam's Olympic Stadium, where Ajax played its international games until 1996. The Amsterdam Arena, now named the Johan Cruyff Arena, has played host to the event since the return until 2009. (Full article...
    )
  • Image 7 The Wong brothers (one pictured) were the first ethnic Chinese directors in the Indies. Twenty-nine people are recorded as having directed fictional films in the Dutch East Indies between 1926, when L. Heuveldorp released Loetoeng Kasaroeng, the colony's first domestically produced film, and 1949, when the Dutch formally recognised Indonesia's sovereignty after a four-year revolution, leaving the Dutch East Indies defunct. Thirteen directors active in the Indies continued to direct films after 1950, including Usmar Ismail: his 1950 film Darah dan Doa (The Long March) is generally considered the first truly Indonesian film. The colony's first directors, Heuveldorp and G. Kruger, were of European or mixed descent. They were followed by ethnic Chinese soon after, when Nelson Wong made his debut in 1928 with Lily van Java; other Chinese directors included Lie Tek Swie (1929), Wong's brothers Joshua and Othniel (1930), and The Teng Chun (1931). Ethnic Chinese directors dominated the colony's cinema for the remainder of its existence. The first native director, Bachtiar Effendi, made his debut in 1932 with the talkie Njai Dasima; another native director would not appear until Andjar Asmara and Rd Ariffien made their debuts in 1940. (Full article...)
    G. Kruger, were of European or mixed descent. They were followed by ethnic Chinese soon after, when Nelson Wong made his debut in 1928 with Lily van Java; other Chinese directors included Lie Tek Swie (1929), Wong's brothers Joshua and Othniel (1930), and The Teng Chun (1931). Ethnic Chinese directors dominated the colony's cinema for the remainder of its existence. The first native director, Bachtiar Effendi, made his debut in 1932 with the talkie Njai Dasima; another native director would not appear until Andjar Asmara and Rd Ariffien made their debuts in 1940. (Full article...
    )
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Nico Rienks
Nicolaas "Nico" Hessel Rienks (born 1 February 1962) is a former rower from the Netherlands and two-time Olympic gold medallist.

Rienks won the gold medal in the men's double sculls at the 1988 Summer Olympics, alongside Ronald Florijn. At the 1996 Summer Olympics, he repeated his gold medal performance winning the eight with coxswain event with the Holland Acht (Holland Eight). He also competed at the 1984 and 2000 Olympics but finished outside the podium.

With Henk-Jan Zwolle he won the gold medal in the double sculls competition at the 1991 World Rowing Championships. He also won three silver medals at the world championships in 1989 (double sculls), 1994 and 1995 (eights).

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  1. Mary II of England
    (20 September 2004)
  2. William III of England (5 October 2004)
  3. Anne Frank (10 February 2005)
  4. Battle of Ramillies (11 September 2007)
  5. The Garden of Earthly Delights (28 May 2008)
  6. Tulip mania (18 August 2008)
  7. Design 1047 battlecruiser (14 April 2009)
  8. Battle of Morotai (12 December 2009)
  9. Dutch 1913 battleship proposal (27 March 2010)
  10. Pig-faced women (4 September 2010)
  11. The Human Centipede (First Sequence) (5 October 2011)
  12. Murder of Joanna Yeates (1 April 2012)
  13. 1740 Batavia massacre (6 May 2012)
  14. Crucifixion and Last Judgement diptych (8 November 2012)
  15. Terang Boelan (4 December 2012)
  16. Sair Tjerita Siti Akbari (6 April 2013)
  17. Gagak Item (26 May 2013)
  18. Lie Kim Hok (1 July 2013)
  19. Sorga Ka Toedjoe (23 July 2013)
  20. Djaoeh Dimata (3 August 2013)
  21. Boenga Roos dari Tjikembang (novel) (15 August 2013)
  22. Amir Hamzah (5 October 2013)
  23. Si Tjonat (27 October 2013)
  24. Fakih Usman (20 November 2013)
  25. Roekiah (12 January 2014)
  26. Early Netherlandish painting (20 January 2014)
  27. Asmara Moerni (9 February 2014)
  28. Drama dari Krakatau (27 February 2014)
  29. Tjioeng Wanara (1 April 2014)
  30. D. Djajakusuma (14 May 2014)
  31. Union Films (6 June 2014)
  32. Soeara Berbisa (25 June 2014)
  33. Harta Berdarah (9 July 2014)
  34. Si Ronda (15 July 2014)
  35. Battle of Öland (8 August 2014)
  36. Kedok Ketawa (15 August 2014)
  37. Oriental Film (21 September 2014)
  38. Pah Wongso Pendekar Boediman (27 November 2014)
  39. Air Mata Iboe (18 April 2015)
  40. Jacobus Anthonie Meessen (13 May 2015)
  41. Joehana (3 September 2015)
  42. Panggilan Darah (16 January 2016)
  43. Jacob van Ruisdael (5 February 2016)
  44. Huguenot-Walloon half dollar (14 April 2016)
  45. Vincent van Gogh (15 September 2016)

Featured lists

See also: Category:FL-Class Netherlands articles
  1. List of films that received the Golden Film (18 November 2007)
  2. Order of battle at the Battle of Camperdown (24 April 2010)
  3. Amsterdam Tournament (23 September 2010)
  4. List of films of the Dutch East Indies (21 October 2012)
  5. List of film directors of the Dutch East Indies (17 November 2012)
  6. List of film producers of the Dutch East Indies (15 February 2013)
  7. List of municipalities of the Netherlands
    (24 June 2013)
Featured pictures

Pictures with a Netherlands-related subject or made by an author from the Netherlands.

Artwork
  • 12 April 2006
    12 April 2006
  • 3 August 2008
    3 August 2008
  • 5 December 2008
    5 December 2008
  • 2 February 2009
    2 February 2009
  • 2 February 2009
    2 February 2009
  • 6 February 2009
    6 February 2009
  • 28 April 2009
    28 April 2009
  • 21 May 2010
    21 May 2010
  • 8 January 2012‎
    8 January 2012‎
  • 6 February 2012‎
    6 February 2012‎
  • 16 March 2012‎
    16 March 2012‎
  • 19 April 2012‎
    19 April 2012‎
  • 10 January 2013
    10 January 2013
  • 19 January 2013
    19 January 2013
  • 27 January 2013
    27 January 2013
  • 9 September 2013
    9 September 2013
  • 20 September 2013
    20 September 2013
  • 7 December 2013
    7 December 2013
  • 8 December 2013
    8 December 2013
  • 4 February 2014
    4 February 2014
  • 17 February 2014
    17 February 2014
  • 27 April 2014
    27 April 2014
  • 3 May 2014
    3 May 2014
  • 5 May 2014
    5 May 2014
  • 3 June 2014
    3 June 2014
  • 8 July 2014
    8 July 2014
  • 19 July 2014
    19 July 2014
  • 19 July 2014
    19 July 2014
  • 23 July 2014
    23 July 2014
  • 18 September 2014
    18 September 2014
  • 18 September 2014
    18 September 2014
  • 18 September 2014
    18 September 2014
  • 18 September 2014
    18 September 2014
  • 3 November 2014
    3 November 2014
  • 5 November 2014
    5 November 2014
  • 9 November 2014
    9 November 2014
  • 15 November 2014
    15 November 2014
  • 29 November 2014
    29 November 2014
  • 5 December 2014
    5 December 2014
  • 22 December 2014‎
    22 December 2014‎
  • 11 January 2015
    11 January 2015
  • 14 January 2015
    14 January 2015
  • 14 January 2015
    14 January 2015
  • 15 January 2015
    15 January 2015
  • 16 January 2015
    16 January 2015
  • 19 January 2015
    19 January 2015
  • 23 January 2015
    23 January 2015
  • 24 January 2015
    24 January 2015
  • 24 January 2015
    24 January 2015
  • 24 January 2015
    24 January 2015
  • 24 January 2015
    24 January 2015
  • 24 January 2015
    24 January 2015
  • 24 January 2015
    24 January 2015
  • 24 January 2015
    24 January 2015
  • 24 January 2015
    24 January 2015
  • 24 January 2015
    24 January 2015
  • 24 January 2015
    24 January 2015
  • 24 January 2015
    24 January 2015
  • 24 January 2015
    24 January 2015
  • 24 January 2015
    24 January 2015
  • 24 January 2015
    24 January 2015
  • 24 January 2015
    24 January 2015
  • 25 January 2015
    25 January 2015
  • 30 January 2015
    30 January 2015
  • 8 February 2015
    8 February 2015
  • 17 February 2015
    17 February 2015
  • 19 February 2015
    19 February 2015
  • 20 February 2015
    20 February 2015
  • 20 February 2015
    20 February 2015
  • 21 February 2015
    21 February 2015
  • 21 February 2015
    21 February 2015
  • 22 February 2015
    22 February 2015
  • 24 February 2015
    24 February 2015
  • 25 February 2015
    25 February 2015
  • 26 February 2015
    26 February 2015
  • 27 February 2015
    27 February 2015
  • 28 February 2015
    28 February 2015
  • 1 March 2015
    1 March 2015
  • 2 March 2015
    2 March 2015
  • 3 March 2015
    3 March 2015
  • 8 March 2015
    8 March 2015
  • 10 March 2015
    10 March 2015
  • 12 March 2015
    12 March 2015
  • 17 March 2015
    17 March 2015
  • 21 March 2015
    21 March 2015
  • 27 March 2015
    27 March 2015
  • 1 April 2015
    1 April 2015
  • 7 April 2015
    7 April 2015
  • 13 April 2015
    13 April 2015
  • 15 April 2015
    15 April 2015
  • 16 April 2015
    16 April 2015
  • 1 May 2015
    1 May 2015
  • 26 May 2015
    26 May 2015
  • 20 September 2015
    20 September 2015
  • 21 September 2015
    21 September 2015
  • 24 September 2015
    24 September 2015
  • 9 October 2015
    9 October 2015
  • 15 October 2015
    15 October 2015
  • 21 December 2015
    21 December 2015
  • 1 January 2016
    1 January 2016
  • 11 March 2016‎
    11 March 2016‎
Culture, entertainment, and lifestyle
  • 8 November 2012‎
    8 November 2012‎
  • 21 September 2014
    21 September 2014
  • 30 October 2014
    30 October 2014
  • 8 December 2014
    8 December 2014
  • 8 December 2014
    8 December 2014
  • 8 December 2014
    8 December 2014
  • 8 December 2014
    8 December 2014
  • 8 December 2014
    8 December 2014
  • 8 December 2014
    8 December 2014
  • 8 December 2014
    8 December 2014
  • 5 July 2015
    5 July 2015
Diagrams, drawings, and maps
  • 7 March 2007
    7 March 2007
  • 9 July 2009
    9 July 2009
  • 22 July 2009
    22 July 2009
  • 29 January 2011
    29 January 2011
  • 28 April 2011
    28 April 2011
Engineering and technology
  • 6 March 2014
    6 March 2014
Food and drink
  • 21 January 2008
    21 January 2008
History
  • 19 October 2008
    19 October 2008
  • 9 May 2009
    9 May 2009
  • 1 April 2014
    1 April 2014
  • 8 October 2014
    8 October 2014
  • 28 October 2014
    28 October 2014
  • 17 April 2015
    17 April 2015
People
  • 16 January 2008
    16 January 2008
  • 20 January 2009
    20 January 2009
  • 28 June 2010
    28 June 2010
  • 13 September 2010
    13 September 2010
  • 20 February 2012‎
    20 February 2012‎
  • 13 January 2013
    13 January 2013
  • 20 July 2013
    20 July 2013
  • 22 January 2014
    22 January 2014
  • 19 September 2014
    19 September 2014
  • 12 October 2014
    12 October 2014
  • 5 November 2014
    5 November 2014
  • 21 December 2014‎
    21 December 2014‎
  • 24 December 2014‎
    24 December 2014‎
  • 14 January 2015
    14 January 2015
  • 26 January 2015
    26 January 2015
  • 3 February 2015
    3 February 2015
  • 13 February 2015
    13 February 2015
  • 9 March 2015
    9 March 2015
  • 20 April 2015
    20 April 2015
  • 23 May 2015
    23 May 2015
  • 7 July 2015
    7 July 2015
  • 6 November 2015
    6 November 2015
  • 4 December 2015
    4 December 2015
  • 1 April 2016
    1 April 2016
Places
  • 24 October 2006
    24 October 2006
  • 13 March 2008
    13 March 2008
  • 3 September 2008
    3 September 2008
  • 10 January 2009
    10 January 2009
  • 21 January 2009
    21 January 2009
  • 6 February 2009
    6 February 2009
  • 19 February 2009
    19 February 2009
  • 4 August 2009
    4 August 2009
  • 1 October 2009
    1 October 2009
  • 22 October 2009
    22 October 2009
  • 13 January 2010
    13 January 2010
  • 18 September 2010
    18 September 2010
  • 9 April 2011
    9 April 2011
  • 20 May 2014
    20 May 2014
  • 29 June 2014
    29 June 2014
  • 16 April 2015
    16 April 2015
Vehicles
  • 4 October 2010
    4 October 2010
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