Portsmouth
Portsmouth | |
---|---|
Nickname: Pompey | |
Motto: Heaven's Light Our Guide | |
Coordinates: 50°48′21″N 01°05′14″W / 50.80583°N 1.08722°W | |
Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
Country | England |
Region | South East England |
Ceremonial county | Hampshire |
Government | |
• Type | Unitary authority, city |
• Governing body | Portsmouth City Council |
• Leadership | Leader & Cabinet |
• Council control | No overall control since 2018 (LD minority administration) |
• Members of Parliament | Penny Mordaunt (C) Stephen Morgan (L) |
Area | |
• City and unitary authority | 15.54 sq mi (40.25 km2) |
Population (2011, 2021) | |
• City and unitary authority | 208,100[1][a] |
• Urban | 238,137[3][c] |
• Metro | 855,679 (South Hampshire)[2][b] |
Ethnicity (2021) | |
• Ethnic groups | |
Religion (2021) | |
• Religion | List
|
Hampshire and Isle of Wight | |
Ambulance | South Central |
Fire | Hampshire and Isle of Wight |
Website | portsmouth |
Portsmouth (
Portsmouth's history can be traced to Roman times and has been a significant Royal Navy dockyard and base for centuries. Portsmouth was founded c. 1180 by Anglo-Norman merchant Jean de Gisors in the south-west area of Portsea Island, a location now known as Old Portsmouth.[6] Around this time, de Gisors ordered the construction of a chapel dedicated to St Thomas Becket.[7] This became a parish church by the 14th century. Portsmouth was established as a town with a royal charter on 2 May 1194.[8][9] The city is home to the first drydock ever built. It was constructed by Henry VII in 1496.[10]
Portsmouth has the world's oldest
In the 20th century, Portsmouth achieved
The former
The city has several mainline railway stations that connect to
Portsmouth is the birthplace of notable people such as author Charles Dickens, engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel, former Prime Minister James Callaghan, actor Peter Sellers and author-journalist Christopher Hitchens.
History
Early history
The Romans built Portus Adurni (now called Portchester Castle), a fort, at nearby Portchester in the late third century.[14] The city's Old English Anglo-Saxon name, "Portesmuða", is derived from port (a haven) and muða (the mouth of a large river or estuary).[15] In the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a warrior named Port and his two sons killed a noble Briton in Portsmouth in 501.[16] Winston Churchill, in A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, wrote that Port was a pirate who founded Portsmouth in 501.[17][18]
England's southern coast was vulnerable to
Norman to Tudor
Although Portsmouth was not mentioned in the 1086 Domesday Book, Bocheland (Buckland), Copenore (Copnor), and Frodentone (Fratton) were.[8] According to some sources, it was founded in 1180 by the Anglo-Norman merchant Jean de Gisors.[24]
King Henry II died in 1189; his son, Richard I (who had spent most of his life in France), arrived in Portsmouth en route to his coronation in London.[25] When Richard returned from captivity in Austria in May 1194, he summoned an army and a fleet of 100 ships to the port.[26] Richard gave Portsmouth market-town status with a royal charter on 2 May, authorising an annual fifteen-day free-market fair, weekly markets and a local court to deal with minor matters, and exempted its inhabitants from an £18 annual tax.[8][9] The 1194 royal charter's 800th anniversary was celebrated in 1994 with ceremonies at the city museum.[citation needed]
Henry V gathered his forces in Portsmouth for an invasion of France in 1415, it was while staying at Portchester Castle that the Southampton plot was uncovered. This campaign would culminate with victory at the battle of Agincourt.[37] He also built Portsmouth's first permanent fortifications. In 1416, a number of French ships blockaded the town (which housed ships which were set to invade Normandy); Henry gathered a fleet at Southampton, and invaded the Norman coast in August that year.[38] Recognising the town's growing importance, he ordered a wooden Round Tower to be built at the mouth of the harbour; it was completed in 1426.[39] Henry VII rebuilt the fortifications with stone, assisted Robert Brygandine and Sir Reginald Bray in the construction of the world's first dry dock,[40] and raised the Square Tower in 1494.[39] He made Portsmouth a Royal Dockyard, England's only dockyard considered "national".[41] Although King Alfred may have used Portsmouth to build ships as early as the ninth century, the first warship recorded as constructed in the town was the Sweepstake (built in 1497).[42]
From Southsea Castle, Henry witnessed his flagship Mary Rose sink in action against the French fleet in the 1545 Battle of the Solent with the loss of about 500 lives.[47] Some historians believe that the Mary Rose turned too quickly and submerged her open gun ports; according to others, it sank due to poor design.[48] Portsmouth's fortifications were improved by successive monarchs. The town experienced an outbreak of plague in 1563, which killed about 300 of its 2,000 inhabitants.[24]
Stuart to Georgian
In 1623,
Most residents (including the mayor) supported the parliamentarians during the English Civil War, although military governor Colonel Goring supported the royalists.[24] The town, a base of the parliamentarian navy, was blockaded from the sea. Parliamentarian troops were sent to besiege it, and the guns of Southsea Castle were fired at the town's royalist garrison. Parliamentarians in Gosport joined the assault, damaging St Thomas's Church.[24][53] On 5 September 1642, the remaining royalists in the garrison at the Square Tower were forced to surrender after Goring threatened to blow it up; he and his garrison were allowed safe passage out of the city.[53][54]
Under the Commonwealth of England, Robert Blake used the harbour as his base during the First Anglo-Dutch War in 1652 and the Anglo-Spanish War. He died within sight of the town, returning from Cádiz.[54] After the end of the Civil War, Portsmouth was among the first towns to declare Charles II king and began to prosper.[55] The first ship built in over 100 years, HMS Portsmouth, was launched in 1650; twelve ships were built between 1650 and 1660. After the Restoration, Charles II married Catherine of Braganza at the Royal Garrison Church on 14 May 1662.[56][57] Catherine was reputed to have introduced the cultural practice of tea drinking to England at this event.[58]
During the late 17th century, Portsmouth continued to grow; a new wharf was constructed in 1663 for military use, and a mast pond was dug in 1665. In 1684, a list of ships docked in Portsmouth was evidence of its increasing national importance.[59] Between 1667 and 1685, the town's fortifications were rebuilt; new walls were constructed with bastions and two moats were dug, making Portsmouth one of the world's most heavily fortified places.[24]
In 1759, General James Wolfe sailed to capture Quebec; the expedition, although successful, cost him his life. His body was brought back to Portsmouth in November, and received high naval and military honours.[60] Two years later, on 30 May 1775, Captain James Cook arrived on HMS Endeavour after circumnavigating the globe.[8][61] The 11-ship First Fleet left on 13 May 1787 to establish the first European colony in Australia, the beginning of prisoner transportation;[62][63] Captain William Bligh of HMS Bounty also sailed from the harbour that year.[8][64] After the 28 April 1789 mutiny on the Bounty, HMS Pandora was dispatched from Portsmouth to bring the mutineers back for trial. The court-martial opened on 12 September 1792 aboard HMS Duke in Portsmouth Harbour; of the ten remaining men, three were sentenced to death.[65][66] In 1789, a chapel was erected in Prince George's Street and was dedicated to St John by the Bishop of Winchester. Around this time, a bill was passed in the House of Commons on the creation of a canal to link Portsmouth to Chichester; however, the project was abandoned.[67]
The city's nickname, Pompey, is thought to have derived from the log entry of
Portsmouth's coat of arms is attested in the early 19th century as "azure a crescent or, surmounted by an estoile of eight points of the last."[71][page needed] Its design is apparently based on 18th-century mayoral seals.[72] A connection of the coat of arms with the Great Seal of Richard I (which had a separate star and crescent) dates to the 20th century.[73]
Industrial Revolution to Edwardian
Marc Isambard Brunel established the world's first mass-production line at Portsmouth Block Mills, making pulley blocks for rigging on the navy's ships.[74] The first machines were installed in January 1803, and the final set (for large blocks) in March 1805. In 1808, the mills produced 130,000 blocks.[75] By the turn of the 19th century, Portsmouth was the largest industrial site in the world; it had a workforce of 8,000, and an annual budget of £570,000.[76]
In 1805,
In April 1811, the Portsea Island Company constructed the first piped-water supply[80] to upper- and middle-class houses.[24] It supplied water to about 4,500 of Portsmouth's 14,000 houses, generating an income of £5,000 a year.[80] HMS Victory's active career ended in 1812, when she was moored in Portsmouth Harbour and used as a depot ship. The town of Gosport contributed £75 a year to the ship's maintenance.[81] In 1818, John Pounds began teaching working-class children in the country's first ragged school.[82][83] The Portsea Improvement Commissioners installed gas street lighting throughout Portsmouth in 1820,[8] followed by Old Portsmouth three years later.[24]
During the 19th century, Portsmouth expanded across Portsea Island. Buckland was merged into the town by the 1860s, and Fratton and Stamshaw were incorporated by the next decade. Between 1865 and 1870, the council built sewers after more than 800 people died in a cholera epidemic; according to a by-law, any house within 100 feet (30 m) of a sewer had to be connected to it.[8] By 1871 the population had risen to 100,000,[24] and the national census listed Portsmouth's population as 113,569.[8] A working-class suburb was constructed in the 1870s, when about 1,820 houses were built, and it became Somerstown.[8] Despite public-health improvements, 514 people died in an 1872 smallpox epidemic.[8] On 21 December of that year, the Challenger expedition embarked on a 68,890-nautical-mile (127,580 km) circumnavigation of the globe for scientific research.[84][85]
When the
In 1906 HMS Dreadnought was launched from Portsmouth Dockyard. The ship revolutionised naval warfare and began an arms race with Germany. The ship's entry into service in 1906 represented such an advance in naval technology that her name came to be associated with an entire generation of battleships.
1913 terrorist attack
A major
The attack was notable enough to be reported on in the press in the
First and Second World Wars
On 1 October 1916, Portsmouth was bombed by a Zeppelin airship.[93] Although the Oberste Heeresleitung (German Supreme Army Command) said that the town was "lavishly bombarded with good results", there were no reports of bombs dropped in the area.[94] According to another source, the bombs were mistakenly dropped into the harbour rather than the dockyard.[93] About 1,200 ships were refitted in the dockyard during the war, making it one of the empire's most strategic ports at the time.[87]
Portsmouth's boundaries were extended onto the mainland of
During the
We are bruised but we are not daunted, and we are still as determined as ever to stand side by side with other cities who have felt the blast of the enemy, and we shall, with them, persevere with an unflagging spirit towards a conclusive and decisive victory.
— Sir Denis Daley, January 1941[103]
Portsmouth Harbour was a vital military embarkation point for the 6 June 1944 D-Day landings. Southwick House, just north of the city, was the headquarters of Supreme Allied Commander Dwight D. Eisenhower.[104][105] A V-1 flying bomb hit Newcomen Road on 15 July 1944, killing 15 people.[24]
1945 to present
Much of the city's housing stock was damaged during the war. The wreckage was cleared in an attempt to improve housing quality after the war; before permanent accommodations could be built, Portsmouth City Council built prefabs for those who had lost their homes. More than 700 prefab houses were constructed between 1945 and 1947, some over bomb sites.[24] The first permanent houses were built away from the city centre, in new developments such as Paulsgrove and Leigh Park;[106][107] construction of council estates in Paulsgrove was completed in 1953. The first Leigh Park housing estates were completed in 1949, although construction in the area continued until 1974.[24] Builders still occasionally find unexploded bombs, such as on the site of the destroyed Hippodrome Theatre in 1984.[108] Despite efforts by the city council to build new housing, a 1955 survey indicated that 7,000 houses in Portsmouth were unfit for human habitation. A controversial decision was made to replace a section of the central city, including Landport, Somerstown and Buckland, with council housing during the 1960s and early 1970s. The success of the project and the quality of its housing are debatable.[24]
Portsmouth was affected by the decline of the British Empire in the second half of the 20th century. Shipbuilding jobs fell from 46 per cent of the workforce in 1951 to 14 per cent in 1966, drastically reducing manpower in the dockyard. The city council attempted to create new work; an industrial estate was built in Fratton in 1948, and others were built at Paulsgrove and Farlington during the 1950s and 1960s.[24] Although traditional industries such as brewing and corset manufacturing disappeared during this time, electrical engineering became a major employer. Despite the cutbacks in traditional sectors, Portsmouth remained attractive to industry. Zurich Insurance Group moved their UK headquarters to the city in 1968, and IBM relocated their European headquarters in 1979.[24] Portsmouth's population had dropped from about 200,000 to 177,142 by the end of the 1960s.[109] Defence Secretary John Nott decided in the early 1980s that of the four home dockyards, Portsmouth and Chatham would be closed. The city council won a concession, however, and the dockyard was downgraded instead to a naval base.[110]
In 1956 the Soviet cruiser Ordzhonikidze docked in Portsmouth harbour on a diplomatic mission that had taken head of state Nikita Khrushchev and Nikolai Bulganin to Britain. Naval intelligence was interested in the design of the ship and MI6 recruited diver Lionel Crabb to collect intelligence on the ship particularly its propulsion. After diving into the harbour Crabb was never seen again. This led to a diplomatic incident with the Soviet Union and scandal in British domestic politics.[citation needed]
On 2 April 1982, Argentine forces invaded two British territories in the South Atlantic: the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The British government's response was to dispatch a naval task force, and the aircraft carriers HMS Hermes and HMS Invincible sailed from Portsmouth for the South Atlantic on 5 April. The successful outcome of the war reaffirmed Portsmouth's significance as a naval port and its importance to the defence of British interests.[111] In January 1997, Her Majesty's Yacht Britannia embarked from the city on her final voyage to oversee the handover of Hong Kong; for many, this marked the end of the empire.[112][113] She was decommissioned on 11 December of that year at Portsmouth Naval Base in the presence of Elizabeth II, the Duke of Edinburgh, and twelve senior members of the royal family.[114][115]
Redevelopment of the naval shore establishment HMS Vernon began in 2001 as a complex of retail outlets, clubs, pubs, and a shopping centre known as Gunwharf Quays.[24] Construction of the 552-foot-tall (168 m) Spinnaker Tower, sponsored by the National Lottery, began at Gunwharf Quays in 2003.[116] The Tricorn Centre, called "the ugliest building in the UK" by the BBC, was demolished in late 2004 after years of debate over the expense of demolition and whether it was worth preserving as an example of 1960s brutalist architecture.[117][118][page needed] Designed by Owen Luder as part of a project to "revitalise" Portsmouth in the 1960s, it consisted of a shopping centre, market, nightclubs, and a multistorey car park.[119] Portsmouth celebrated the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Trafalgar in 2005, with Queen Elizabeth II present at a fleet review and a mock battle.[24] The naval base is home to two-thirds of Britain's surface fleet.[120] The city also hosted international commemorations for 50th and 75th Anniversaries of the D-Day landings, these were attended by international leaders and remaining veterans.
Geography
Portsmouth is 73.5 miles (118.3 km) by road from central London, 49.5 miles (79.7 km) west of
Old Portsmouth, the original town, is in the south-west part of the island and includes Portsmouth Point (nicknamed Spice Island).[129] The main channel entering Portsmouth Harbour, west of the island,[123][page needed] passes between Old Portsmouth and Gosport.[121] Portsmouth Harbour has a series of lakes, including Fountain Lake (near the commercial port), Portchester Lake (south central), Paulsgrove Lake (north), Brick Kiln Lake and Tipner (east), and Bombketch and Spider Lakes (west). Further northwest, around Portchester, are Wicor, Cams, and Great Cams Lakes.[121] The large tidal inlet of Langstone Harbour is east of the island. The Farlington Marshes, in the north off the coast of Farlington, is a 125 hectares (310 acres) grazing marsh and saline lagoon. One of the oldest local reserves in the county, built from reclaimed land in 1771, it provides a habitat for migratory wildfowl and waders.[130]
South of Portsmouth are
The resort of Southsea is on the central southern shoreline of Portsea Island,[132] and Eastney is east.[133] Eastney Lake covered nearly 170 acres (69 hectares) in 1626.[134] North of Eastney is the residential Milton and an area of reclaimed land known as Milton Common (formerly Milton Lake),[121] a "flat scrubby land with a series of freshwater lakes".[135] Further north on the east coast is Baffins, with the Great Salterns recreation ground and golf course around Portsmouth College.[121]
The
Northern areas of the city include Stamshaw, Hilsea and Copnor, Cosham, Drayton, Farlington, Paulsgrove and Port Solent.[140] Other districts include North End and Fratton.[141][142] The west of the city contains council estates, such as Buckland, Landport, and Portsea, which replaced Victorian terraces destroyed by Second World War bombing.[24] After the war, the 2,000-acre (810 ha) Leigh Park estate was built to address the chronic housing shortage during post-war reconstruction.[106] Although the estate has been under the jurisdiction of Havant Borough Council since the early 2000s, Portsmouth City Council remains its landlord (the borough's largest landowner).[107]
The city's main station,
Climate
Portsmouth has a mild oceanic climate, with more sunshine than most of the British Isles.[148] Frosts are light and short-lived and snow is quite rare in winter, with temperatures rarely dropping below freezing.[126] The average maximum temperature in January is 10 °C (50 °F), and the average minimum is 5 °C (41 °F). The lowest recorded temperature is −8 °C (18 °F).[149] In summer, temperatures sometimes reach 30 °C (86 °F). The average maximum temperature in July is 22 °C (72 °F), and the average minimum is 15 °C (59 °F). The highest recorded temperature is 35 °C (95 °F).[149] The city gets about 645 millimetres (25.4 in) of rain annually, with a minimum of 1 mm (0.04 in) of rain reported 103 days per year.[150]
Climate data for Solent MRSC weather station, Lee-on-Solent, elevation: 9 metres (30 feet) (1991–2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.56 (47.41) |
8.74 (47.73) |
11.01 (51.82) |
13.94 (57.09) |
17.07 (62.73) |
19.59 (67.26) |
21.62 (70.92) |
21.6 (70.9) |
19.38 (66.88) |
15.73 (60.31) |
11.88 (53.38) |
9.17 (48.51) |
14.89 (58.80) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.77 (38.79) |
3.77 (38.79) |
4.75 (40.55) |
6.57 (43.83) |
9.54 (49.17) |
12.42 (54.36) |
14.49 (58.08) |
14.6 (58.3) |
12.43 (54.37) |
9.84 (49.71) |
6.56 (43.81) |
4.25 (39.65) |
8.58 (47.44) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 73.86 (2.91) |
52.32 (2.06) |
45.44 (1.79) |
41.45 (1.63) |
41.06 (1.62) |
48.25 (1.90) |
48.30 (1.90) |
55.74 (2.19) |
53.27 (2.10) |
83.40 (3.28) |
90.78 (3.57) |
89.61 (3.53) |
723.48 (28.48) |
Average precipitation days | 11.6 | 9.6 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 7.1 | 6.9 | 7.0 | 7.3 | 8.7 | 10.5 | 11.2 | 12.2 | 108.6 |
Source: Met Office[151] |
Climate data for Southsea, Portsmouth 1976–2005 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.6 (49.3) |
8.8 (47.8) |
10.6 (51.1) |
13.4 (56.1) |
16.8 (62.2) |
19.4 (66.9) |
21.8 (71.2) |
21.8 (71.2) |
19.3 (66.7) |
15.8 (60.4) |
12.0 (53.6) |
10.0 (50.0) |
14.9 (58.9) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 5.1 (41.2) |
4.3 (39.7) |
5.4 (41.7) |
6.4 (43.5) |
9.6 (49.3) |
12.3 (54.1) |
15.0 (59.0) |
15.0 (59.0) |
12.8 (55.0) |
10.9 (51.6) |
7.5 (45.5) |
5.9 (42.6) |
9.2 (48.5) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 65 (2.6) |
50 (2.0) |
52 (2.0) |
42 (1.7) |
28 (1.1) |
40 (1.6) |
32 (1.3) |
43 (1.7) |
62 (2.4) |
81 (3.2) |
72 (2.8) |
80 (3.1) |
647 (25.5) |
Average rainy days | 11.2 | 9.5 | 8.3 | 7.6 | 6.5 | 7.4 | 5.4 | 6.6 | 8.5 | 10.9 | 10.3 | 11.2 | 103.4 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 67.9 | 89.6 | 132.7 | 200.5 | 240.8 | 247.6 | 261.8 | 240.7 | 172.9 | 121.8 | 82.3 | 60.5 | 1,919.1 |
Percent possible sunshine | 26 | 31 | 36 | 49 | 51 | 51 | 54 | 54 | 46 | 38 | 31 | 25 | 41 |
Source 1: [150] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: BADC[152] |
Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
9.6 °C (49.3 °F) | 9.1 °C (48.4 °F) | 8.7 °C (47.7 °F) | 9.8 °C (49.6 °F) | 11.4 °C (52.5 °F) | 13.4 °C (56.1 °F) | 15.2 °C (59.4 °F) | 16.7 °C (62.1 °F) | 17.2 °C (63.0 °F) | 16.2 °C (61.2 °F) | 14.3 °C (57.7 °F) | 11.8 °C (53.2 °F) | 12.1 °C (53.8 °F) |
Demographics
Portsmouth is the second-most densely populated city in the
The city is predominantly white (85.3% of the population). However, Portsmouth's long association with the Royal Navy ensures some diversity.
Population growth in Portsmouth since 1310[167] | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | 1310 | 1560 | 1801 | 1851 | 1901 | 1951 | 1961 | 1971 | 1981 | 1991 | 2001 | 2011 | 2021 | ||||||||||
Population | 740 (est) | 1000 (est) | 32,160 | 72,096 | 188,133 | 233,545 | 215,077 | 197,431 | 175,382 | 177,142 | 186,700 | 205,400 | 208,100 |
Ethnicity
Ethnic Group | Year | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1981 estimations[168] | 1991[169] | 2001[170] | 2011[171] | 2021[172] | ||||||
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
White: Total | 165,149 | 97.5% | 170,210 | 97.3% | 176,882 | 94.7% | 181,182 | 88.4% | 177,277 | 85.3% |
White: British | – | – | – | – | 171,510 | 91.9% | 172,313 | 84% | 161,664 | 77.7% |
White: Irish | – | – | – | – | 1,339 | 1,071 | 1,066 | 0.5% | ||
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller
|
– | – | – | – | – | – | 85 | 118 | 0.1% | |
White: Roma | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 324 | 0.2% |
White: Other | – | – | – | – | 4,033 | 7,713 | 14,105 | 6.8% | ||
Asian or Asian British : Total
|
– | – | 2,879 | 1.6% | 6,162 | 3.3% | 12,474 | 6.1% | 14,370 | 6.9% |
Asian or Asian British: Indian | – | – | 702 | 1,320 | 2,911 | 3,104 | 1.5% | |||
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani | – | – | 68 | 215 | 539 | 6,03 | 0.3% | |||
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi | – | – | 1,046 | 2,522 | 3,649 | 4,742 | 2.3% | |||
Asian or Asian British: Chinese | – | – | 725 | 0.4% | 1,607 | 2,611 | 2,116 | 1.0% | ||
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian | – | – | 338 | 498 | 2,764 | 3,805 | 1.8% | |||
Black or Black British: Total | – | – | 778 | 0.4% | 942 | 0.5% | 3,777 | 1.8% | 7,070 | 3.5% |
Black or Black British: Caribbean | – | – | 175 | 219 | 540 | 5,369 | 2.6% | |||
Black or Black British: African | – | – | 246 | 601 | 2,958 | 950 | 0.5% | |||
Black or Black British: Other Black | – | – | 357 | 122 | 279 | 751 | 0.4% | |||
Mixed or British Mixed: Total | – | – | – | – | 1,859 | 1% | 5,467 | 2.7% | 5,487 | 2.6% |
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean | – | – | – | – | 414 | 1,103 | 1,176 | 0.6% | ||
Mixed: White and Black African | – | – | – | – | 235 | 935 | 1,244 | 0.6% | ||
Mixed: White and Asian | – | – | – | – | 560 | 2,381 | 1,540 | 0.7% | ||
Mixed: Other Mixed | – | – | – | – | 650 | 1,048 | 1,527 | 0.7% | ||
Other: Total | – | – | 830 | 0.5% | 856 | 0.5% | 2,156 | 1.1% | 3,797 | 1.8% |
Other: Arab | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1,078 | 1,007 | 0.5% | |
Other: Any other ethnic group | – | – | 830 | 856 | 1,078 | 2,790 | 1.3% | |||
Non-White: Total | 4,203 | 2.5% | 4,487 | 2.7% | 9,819 | 5.3% | 23,874 | 11.6% | 30,724 | 14.3% |
Total | 169,352 | 100% | 174,697 | 100% | 186,701 | 100% | 205,056 | 100% | 208,001 | 100% |
Politics
The city is administered by Portsmouth City Council, a unitary authority which is responsible for local affairs. Portsmouth was granted its first market town charter in 1194.[173] In 1904, its boundaries were extended to all of Portsea Island and were later expanded onto the mainland of Great Britain between 1920 and 1932 by incorporating Paulsgrove, Wymering, Cosham, Drayton and Farlington into Portsmouth.[174] Portsmouth was granted city status on 21 April 1926.[174]
On 1 April 1974, it formed the second tier of local government (below Hampshire County Council);[175] Portsmouth and Southampton became administratively independent of Hampshire with the creation of the unitary authority on 1 April 1997.[176]
The city is divided into two parliamentary constituencies,
The two Parliamentary constituencies each contain 7 electoral wards, giving an overall total of 14 electoral wards. Portsmouth's inner city centre is located in the Portsmouth South constituency.Portsmouth City Council has 14 electoral wards, each ward returns three councillors, making 42 in total.[178] Each councillor serves a four-year term.[179] After the May 2018 local elections, the Liberal Democrats formed a minority administration, they have run the city since then. The leader of the council is the Liberal Democrat, Gerald Vernon-Jackson. The lord mayor usually has a one-year term.[180]
The council is based in the civic offices, which house the tax support, housing-benefits, resident-services, and municipal-functions departments.[181] They are in Guildhall Square, with the Portsmouth Guildhall and Portsmouth Central Library. The Guildhall, a symbol of Portsmouth, is a cultural venue. It was designed by Leeds-based architect William Hill, who began it in the neo-classical style in 1873 at a cost of £140,000.[103][182] It was opened to the public in 1890.[183]
Minister for Portsmouth
Between January 2014 and July 2016, Portsmouth uniquely had a dedicated government minister, the Minister for Portsmouth, a position created in response to the loss of 900 jobs from BAE Systems within HMNB Portsmouth. The minister was charged with bringing economic growth to the city.[184]
Economy
Ten per cent of Portsmouth's workforce is employed at
The city is host to
Development of Gunwharf Quays continued until 2007, when the 330-foot-tall (101 m) No. 1 Gunwharf Quays residential tower was completed.[200][201] The development of the former Brickwoods Brewery site included the construction of the 22-storey Admiralty Quarter Tower, the tallest in a complex of primarily low-rise residential buildings.[202] Number One Portsmouth, a proposed 25-storey 330 feet (101 m) tower opposite Portsmouth & Southsea station, was announced at the end of October 2008.[203] In August 2009, internal demolition of the existing building had begun.[204] A high-rise student dormitory, nicknamed "The Blade", has begun construction on the site of the swimming baths at the edge of Victoria Park. The 300-foot (91 m) tower will be Portsmouth's second-tallest structure, after the Spinnaker Tower.[205]
In April 2007, Portsmouth F.C. announced plans to move from Fratton Park to a new stadium on reclaimed land next to the Historic Dockyard. The £600 million mixed-use development, designed by
Portsmouth's two Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers,
Culture
Portsmouth has several theatres. The New Theatre Royal in Guildhall Walk, near the city centre, specialises in professional drama.[216] The restored Kings Theatre in Southsea features amateur musicals and national tours.[217] The Groundlings Theatre, built in 1784, is housed at the Old Beneficial School in Portsea.[218] New Prince's Theatre and Southsea's Kings Theatre were designed by Victorian architect Frank Matcham.[219]
The city has three musical venues: the Guildhall,[220] the Wedgewood Rooms (which includes Edge of the Wedge, a smaller venue),[221] and Portsmouth Pyramids Centre.[222] Portsmouth Guildhall is one of the largest venues in South East England, with a seating capacity of 2,500.[97][223][224] A concert series is presented at the Guildhall by the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra.[225] The Portsmouth Sinfonia approached classical music from a different angle during the 1970s, recruiting players with no musical training or who played an instrument new to them.[226][227] The Portsmouth Summer Show is held at King George's Fields. The 2016 show held during the last weekend of April, featured cover bands such as the Silver Beatles, the Bog Rolling Stones, and Fleetingwood Mac.[228]
A number of musical works are set in the city.
Portsmouth hosts yearly remembrances of the D-Day landings, attended by veterans from Allied and Commonwealth nations.
The annual Portsmouth International Kite Festival, organised by the city council and the Kite Society of Great Britain, celebrated its 25th anniversary in 2016.[240]
Victorious Festival, the biggest metropolitan music festival in the UK takes place on Southsea Seafront in Portsmouth. It has been an annual event at this location since 2014. It's a large family-friendly music festival and has featured headliners including Stereophonics, Noel Gallager's High Flying Birds, The Prodigy, and other prominent household names.[241]
Portsmouth is frequently used as a filming location for television and film productions, especially the Historic Dockyard. Productions include
In 2005, Portsmouth featured in the first series of ITV's Britain's Toughest Towns.[244] As this documentary also indicated, Portsmouth has issues with gangs and anti-social behaviour.[245][246][247][248][249]
Literature
Portsmouth is the hometown of Fanny Price, the main character of
Victorian novelist and historian
Crime novels set in Portsmouth and the surrounding area include Graham Hurley's D.I. Faraday/D.C. Winter novels[259] and C. J. Sansom's Tudor crime novel, Heartstone; the latter refers to the warship Mary Rose and describes Tudor life in the town.[260] Portsmouth Fairy Tales for Grown Ups, a collection of short stories, was published in 2014.[261][262] The collection, set around Portsmouth, includes stories by crime novelists William Sutton and Diana Bretherick.[263][264]
Education
The
After the cancellation of the national building programme for schools, redevelopment halted.[273] Two schools in the city were judged "inadequate", and 29 of its 63 schools were considered "no longer good enough" by Ofsted in 2009.[274] Before it was taken over by Ark Schools and became Ark Charter Academy, St Luke's Church of England secondary school was one of England's worst schools in GCSE achievement. It was criticised by officials for its behavioural standards, with students reportedly throwing chairs at teachers.[275] Since it became an academy in 2009, the school has improved; 69 per cent of its students achieved five GCSEs with grades of A* to C, including English and mathematics.[276] The academy's intake policy is for a standard comprehensive school, drawing from the community rather than by religion.[277]
Landmarks
Many of Portsmouth's former defences are now museums or event venues. Several Victorian-era forts on Portsdown Hill are tourist attractions;
Most of the city's landmarks and tourist attractions are related to its naval history. They include the D-Day Story in Southsea, which contains the 83-metre-long (272 ft) Overlord Embroidery.[293][294] Portsmouth is home to several well-known ships; Horatio Nelson's flagship HMS Victory, the world's oldest naval ship still in commission, is in the dry dock of Portsmouth Historic Dockyard. The Victory was placed in a permanent dry dock in 1922 when the Society for Nautical Research led a national appeal to restore her,[81] and 22 million people have visited the ship.[295] The remains of Henry VIII's flagship, Mary Rose, was rediscovered on the seabed in 1971.[48] She was raised and brought to a purpose-built structure in Portsmouth Historic Dockyard in 1982.[296] Britain's first iron-hulled warship, HMS Warrior, was restored and moved to Portsmouth in June 1987 after serving as an oil fuel pier at Pembroke Dock in Pembrokeshire for fifty years.[297][page needed][298][299] The National Museum of the Royal Navy, in the dockyard, is sponsored by a charity which promotes research into the Royal Dockyard's history and archaeology.[300] The dockyard hosts the Victorian Festival of Christmas, featuring Father Christmas in a traditional green robe, each November.[301][302]
Portsmouth's long association with the armed forces is demonstrated by a large number of war memorials, including several at the Royal Marines Museum
This memorial was erected by the people of Portsmouth in proud and loving memory of those who in the glorious morning of their days for England's sake lost all but England's praise. May light perpetual shine upon them.[307]
The city has three cemeteries: Kingston, Milton Road, and Highland Road. Kingston Cemetery, opened in 1856, is in east Fratton. At 52 acres (21 ha), it is Portsmouth's largest cemetery and has about 400 burials a year.[308] In February 2014, a ceremony celebrating the 180th anniversary of Portsmouth's Polish community was held at the cemetery.[309] The approximately 25-acre (10 ha) Milton Road Cemetery, founded on 8 April 1912, has about 200 burials per year. There is a crematorium in Portchester.[308]
Gunwharf Quays
The naval shore establishment HMS Vernon contained the Royal Navy's arsenal; weapons and ammunition which would be taken from ships at its 'Gun Wharf' as they entered the harbour, and resupplied when they headed back to sea. The 1919 Southsea and Portsmouth Official Guide described the establishment as "the finest collections of weapons outside the Tower of London, containing more than 25,000 rifles".[310] During the early nineteenth century, the 'Gunwharf' supplied the fleet with a "grand arsenal" of cannons, mortars, bombs, and ordnance. Although gunpowder was not provided due to safety concerns, it could be obtained at Priddy's Hard (near Gosport).[311] An armoury sold small arms to soldiers, and the stone frigate also had blacksmith and carpenter shops for armourers. It was run by three officers: a viz (storekeeper), a clerk, and a foreman. By 1817, Gunwharf reportedly employed 5,000 men and housed the world's largest naval arsenal.[312]
HMS Vernon was closed on 1 April 1996[313] and was redeveloped by Portsmouth City Council as Gunwharf Quays,[196] a mixed residential and retail site with outlet stores, restaurants, pubs, cafés and a cinema.[314] Construction of the Spinnaker Tower began in 2001, and was completed in the summer of 2005. The project exceeded its budget and cost £36 million, of which Portsmouth City Council contributed £11 million.[315][316][317] The 560-foot (170 m) tower is visible at a distance of 23 miles (37 km) in clear weather, and its viewing platforms overlook the Solent (towards the Isle of Wight), the harbour and Southsea Castle.[318][319] The tower weighs over 33,000 tonnes (32,000 long tons; 36,000 short tons).[320][319]and has the largest glass floor in Europe.
Southsea
Southsea is a
Clarence Pier, opened in 1861 by the Prince and Princess of Wales, was named after Portsmouth military governor Lord Frederick FitzClarence and was described as "one of the largest amusement parks on the south coast".[323] South Parade Pier was built in 1878, and is among the United Kingdom's 55 remaining private piers.[324][325] Originally a terminal for ferries travelling to the Isle of Wight, it was soon redeveloped as an entertainment centre. The pier was rebuilt after fires in 1904, 1967 and 1974 (during the filming of Tommy).[324][132] Plans were announced in 2015 for a Solent Eye at Clarence Pier: a £750,000, 24-gondola Ferris wheel similar to the London Eye.[326]
Southsea is dominated by Southsea Common, a 480-acre (190 ha) grassland created by draining the marshland next to the vapour baths in 1820. The common met the demands of the early-19th-century military for a clear
Southsea is often mistaken as a town separate from Portsmouth, mainly due to the confusing Portsmouth & Southsea railway station name.[citation needed] The resort of Southsea previously had its own dedicated light railway line; the Southsea Railway and its own terminus, East Southsea railway station. The Southsea Railway and station were closed in 1914, with the station's name merged into that of Portsmouth's main railway station name in 1925.
Religion
Portsmouth has two cathedrals: the
The Royal Garrison Church was founded in 1212 by Peter des Roches, Bishop of Winchester. After centuries of decay, it became an ammunition store in 1540. The 1662 marriage of Charles II and Catherine of Braganza was celebrated in the church, and large receptions were held there after the defeat of Napoleon at the 1813 Battle of Leipzig. In 1941, a firebomb fell on its roof and destroyed the nave.[56] Although the church's chancel was saved by servicemen shortly after the raid, replacing the roof was deemed impossible due to the large amounts of salt solution absorbed by the stonework.[338]
The Cathedral of St John the Evangelist was built in 1882 to accommodate Portsmouth's increasing Roman Catholic population, and replaced a chapel built in 1796 to the west. Before 1791, Roman Catholic chapels in towns with borough status were prohibited. The chapel opened after the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1791 was passed, and was replaced by the cathedral.[339] It was constructed in phases; the nave was completed in 1882; the crossing in 1886, and the chancel by 1893. During the blitz, the cathedral was badly damaged when Luftwaffe bombing destroyed Bishop's House next door; it was restored in 1970, 1982, and 2001.[339] The Roman Catholic Diocese of Portsmouth was founded in 1882 by Pope Leo XIII.[f] Smaller places of worship in the city include St Jude's Church in Southsea,[341] St Mary's Church in Portsea,[342] St Ann's Chapel in the naval base[343] and the Portsmouth and Southsea Synagogue, one of Britain's oldest.[344] Other places of worship include the Immanuel Baptist Church, Southsea; Trinity Methodist Church, Highland Road; Buckland United Reformed Church; The Oasis Centre Elim Penteostal Church; Jubilee Pentecostal Church, Somers Road; Kings Church Assemblies of God (St Peter's Somers Road); Family Church; Christ Central Church, John Pounds Centre; The Jami Mosque, Bradford Junction; The Sikh Gurudwara, Margate Road.
Sport
Portsmouth began hosting first-class cricket at the United Services Recreation Ground in 1882,[358] and Hampshire County Cricket Club matches were played there from 1895 to 2000. In 2000, Hampshire moved their home matches to the new Rose Bowl cricket ground in West End.[359] Portsmouth is home to four hockey clubs: City of Portsmouth Hockey Club, based at the university's Langstone Campus;[360] Portsmouth & Southsea Hockey Club and Portsmouth Sharks Hockey Club, based at the Admiral Lord Nelson School;[361] and United Services Portsmouth Hockey Club, based on Burnaby Road.[362] Great Salterns Golf Club, established in 1926,[363] is an 18-hole parkland course with two holes played across a lake;[364] there are coastal courses at Hayling and the Gosport and Stokes Bay Golf Club.[121] Boxing was a popular sport between 1910 and 1960, and a monument commemorating the city's boxing heritage was built in 2017.[365]
Transport
Roads
In March 2008, Portsmouth City Council became the first local authority in the UK to implement city-wide 20 miles per hour speed limit zones.[366][367]
Ferries
On 18 May 2006,
Buses
Local bus services are provided by Stagecoach South and First Hampshire & Dorset to the city and its surrounding towns. Hovertravel and Stagecoach operate a Hoverbus service from the city centre to Southsea Hovercraft Terminal and the Hard Interchange, near the seafront.[384] National Express service from Portsmouth operates primarily from the Hard Interchange to Victoria Coach Station, Cornwall, Bradford, Birkenhead and Bristol.[385]
Railways
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Portsmouth has four railway stations on Portsea Island: Hilsea, Fratton, Portsmouth & Southsea[386] and Portsmouth Harbour,[387] with a fifth station at Cosham in the northern mainland suburb of Cosham, Portsmouth. Portsmouth previously had additional stations at Southsea, Farlington and Paulsgrove, but these were closed at various periods of the twentieth century.
The city of Portsmouth is on two direct
Closed stations
Southsea once had its own branch line, the Southsea Railway, which opened in 1885 between Southsea railway station and Fratton; it was closed in 1914 due to competition from tram services.[391]
Air
Portsmouth Airport, with a grass runway, was in operation from 1932 to 1973. After it closed, housing (Anchorage Park) and industry were built on the site.[396][397] The nearest airport is Southampton Airport in the Borough of Eastleigh, 19.8 miles (31.9 km) away.[121] It has a South Western Railway rail connection, requiring a change at Southampton Central or Eastleigh.[398] Heathrow and Gatwick are 65 miles (105 km) and 75 miles (121 km) away, respectively. Gatwick is linked by Southern train service to London Victoria station and Heathrow is linked by coach to Woking, which is on both rail lines to London Waterloo and the London Underground.[399] Heathrow is linked to Portsmouth by National Express coaches.[400]
Former canal
The Portsmouth and Arundel Canal ran between the towns and was built in 1823 by the Portsmouth & Arundel Navigation Company. Never financially successful, and found to be contaminating Portsea Island fresh water wells,[401] it was abandoned in 1855 and the company was wound up in 1888.[402] The canal was part of a larger scheme for a secure inland canal route from London to Portsmouth, allowing boats to avoid the English Channel. It had three sections: a pair of ship canals (one on Portsea Island and one to Chichester) and a barge canal from Ford on the River Arun to Hunston, where it joined the canal's Chichester section.[403]
The route through Portsea Island began from a basin formerly located on Arundel Street and cut through Landport, Fratton and Milton, ending at the eastern end of Locksway Road in Milton (where a set of lock gates accessed Langstone and Chichester Harbours. After the island route was closed, the drained canal-bed sections through Landport and Fratton were reused for the Portsmouth Direct line, or filled-in to surface level to form a new main road route to Milton, named Goldsmith Avenue.
The brick-lined canal walls are clearly visible between the Fratton and Portsmouth & Southsea railway stations. The canal lock entrance at Locksway Road in Milton is east of the Thatched House pub.[404]
Future plans
This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: This never happened, section now undue and probably needs to be removed.(September 2020) |
A new public transport structure was once under discussion, including monorails and light rail. Although a light-rail link to Gosport was authorised in 2002 (with completion expected to be in 2005), the project was in jeopardy as the Department for Transport refused to fund it in November 2005.[405] In April 2011, The News reported a scheme to replace conventional rail lines to Southampton via Fareham, Bursledon and Sholing with light rail.[406][407]
Media
Portsmouth, Southampton and their adjacent towns are served primarily by programming from the Rowridge and Chillerton Down transmitters on the Isle of Wight,[408][page needed] although the transmitter at Midhurst can substitute for Rowridge. Portsmouth was one of the first cities in the UK to have a local TV station (MyTV), although the Isle of Wight began local television broadcasting in 1998.[409] In November 2014, That's Solent was introduced as part of a nationwide roll-out of local Freeview channels in south-central England.[410] The stations broadcast from Rowridge.[411]
Portsmouth's daily newspaper is The News, founded in 1873 and previously known as the Portsmouth Evening News. The Journal, a free weekly newspaper, is published by News publisher Johnston Press.[418][419]
Notable residents
Portsmouth has been home to a number of famed authors; Charles Dickens, whose works include A Christmas Carol, Great Expectations, Oliver Twist and A Tale of Two Cities, was born there.[420] Arthur Conan Doyle, author of the Sherlock Holmes stories, practised medicine in the city and played in goal for the amateur Portsmouth Association Football Club.[421] Rudyard Kipling (poet and author of The Jungle Book)[422] and H. G. Wells, author of The War of the Worlds and The Time Machine, lived in Portsmouth during the 1880s.[423] Novelist and historian Walter Besant, author of By Celia's Arbour, A Tale of Portsmouth Town, was born in Portsmouth.[424][425] Historian Frances Yates, known for her work on Renaissance esotericism, was born in the city. Francis Austen, brother of Jane Austen, briefly lived in the area after graduating from Portsmouth Naval Academy.[426] Contemporary literary figures include social critic, journalist and author Christopher Hitchens, who was born in Portsmouth.[427] Nevil Shute moved to the city in 1934 when he relocated his aircraft company, and his former home is in Southsea.[428] Fantasy author Neil Gaiman grew up in Purbrook and Southsea.[257][429]
Industrial Revolution engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel was born in Portsmouth.[430][431] His father, Marc Isambard Brunel, worked for the Royal Navy and developed the world's first production line to mass-produce pulley blocks for ship rigging.[74] James Callaghan, British prime minister from 1976 to 1979, was born and raised in Portsmouth.[432][433] Son of a Protestant Northern Irish petty officer in the Royal Navy, Callaghan was the only person to hold all four Great Offices of State: foreign secretary, home secretary, chancellor and prime minister.[434] John Pounds, the founder of ragged schools (which provided free education to working-class children), lived in Portsmouth and founded England's first ragged school there.[435]
Comedian and actor Peter Sellers was born in Southsea,[436] and Arnold Schwarzenegger briefly lived and trained in Portsmouth.[437] Other actors who were born or lived in the city include EastEnders actresses Emma Barton and Lorraine Stanley,[438] comedienne and singer Audrey Jeans,[439] and Bollywood actress Geeta Basra.[440] Cryptozoologist Jonathan Downes was born in Portsmouth, and lived there for a time.[441] Ant Middleton, former SBS, current television presenter and author was born in Portsmouth. Helen Duncan, the last person to be imprisoned under the 1735 Witchcraft Act, was arrested in Portsmouth.[442]
Notable sportspeople include Commonwealth Games gold medalist Michael East,[443] Olympic medallist in cycling Rob Hayles,[444] former British light-heavyweight boxing champion Tony Oakey,[445] Olympic medallist Alan Pascoe as well as professional footballer Mason Mount.[446] Single-handed yachtsman Alec Rose,[447] 2003 World Aquatics Championships gold medallist Katy Sexton,[448] and Olympic medallist Roger Black were also born in the city.[449] Jamshid bin Abdullah of Zanzibar, the last constitutional monarch of the island state, lives in exile in Portsmouth with his wife and six children.[450]
International relations
Twin towns - sister cities
- Caen, Normandy, France
- Duisburg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
- Haifa, Haifa District, Israel
- Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Lakewood, Jefferson County, Colorado, United States
- Maizuru, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan
- Portsmouth, Virginia, United States
- Portsmouth, Rockingham County, New Hampshire, United States
- Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sylhet, Bangladesh
- Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
Freedom of the City
According to the Portsmouth City Council website, the following individuals and military units have received the Freedom of the City in Portsmouth:[453]
Individuals
- Baron Macnaghten (1895)
- Field Marshal Lord Roberts of Kandahar (1898)
- Sir John Baker (1901)
- Lieutenant General Sir Frederick Fitzwygram (1901)
- Sir William Pink (1905)
- Sir T. Scott Foster (1906)
- Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (1921)
- F. G. Foster (1924)
- David Lloyd George (1924)
- Prince of Wales (1926)
- Major General J. E. B. Seely(1927)
- Sir William Joynson-Hicks (1927)
- Frank J. Privett (1928)
- Sir Harold R. Pink (1928)
- Sir William James(1942)
- Field Marshal Lord Montgomery of Alamein (1946)
- Sir Winston Churchill (1950)[454]
- Albert Johnson (1966)
- J. P. D. Lacey (1966)
- Sir Alec Rose (1968)[455]
- Admiral of the Fleet Lord Mountbatten of Burma (1976)
- Prince of Wales (1979)
- Lord Callaghan of Cardiff (1991)
- Princess of Wales (1992)
- Lord Judd of Portsea (1995)
- Lady Margaret Daley (1996)
- Josef Krings (1997)
- Ian G. Gibson (2002)
- Milan Mandarić (2003)
- Sir Alfred Blake (2003)
- Brian Kidd (2003), former Head of Parks and Gardens in Portsmouth[456]
- Harry Redknapp (2008)
- Syd Rapson (2016)
Military units
- Royal Hampshire Regiment (1950)
- Royal Marines (1959)
- Portsmouth Command of the Royal Navy (1965)
- Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment (1992)
- HMS King Alfred, RNR (2003)
- HMS Endurance, RN (2007)
Organisations and groups
- Essential Workers of Portsmouth: 16 March 2021 (service will be held in May 2021).[457]
- Royal Naval Association: 8 December 2021.
- Royal Marines Association (Portsmouth Branch): 8 December 2021.
- Association of Wrens and Women of the Royal Naval Services: 8 December 2021.[458]
- Pompey in the Community: 29 March 2022.[459]
- Life House: 15 December 2022.[460]
- The Southern Co-operative Limited: 10 July 2023.[461]
See also
- List of tallest buildings and structures in Portsmouth
- List of twin towns and sister cities in the United Kingdom
- Portsmouth power station
Notes
- ^ 2021 census
- ^ 2011 census
- ^ 2011 census
- ^ These were part of a network of fortifications intended to guard military bases on the British coastline from an inland attack. They were built in the 19th century by order of Lord Palmerston.[79]
- ^ Portsmouth is one of 34 British towns and cities with a Catholic cathedral.[163][164]
- ^ Vatican policy in England at the time was to found sees in locations other than those used for Anglican cathedrals.[340]
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General references
- Churchill, Winston Spencer (1968). History of the English Speaking People: Birth of Britain, 55 B.C. to 1485. Dodd Mead. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-396-03841-2.
External links
- Portsmouth at Curlie
- Travel & Tourism in Portsmouth at Curlie