Portugal
Portuguese Republic República Portuguesa (Portuguese) | |
---|---|
Anthem: A Portuguesa "The Portuguese" | |
Capital and largest city | Lisbon 38°46′N 9°9′W / 38.767°N 9.150°W |
Official languages | Portuguese |
Recognised regional languages | Mirandese[a] |
Nationality (2022)[3] |
|
Religion (2021)[4] |
|
Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa | |
António Costa | |
Legislature | Assembly of the Republic |
Establishment | |
868 | |
1095 | |
24 June 1128 | |
• Kingdom | 25 July 1139 |
5 October 1143 | |
1 December 1640 | |
23 September 1822 | |
• Republic | 5 October 1910 |
25 April 1974 | |
25 April 1976[b] | |
1 January 1986 | |
Atlantic/Azores) | |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+1 (WEST) UTC (Atlantic/Azores) |
Note: Continental Portugal and Madeira use WET/WEST; the Azores are 1 hour behind. | |
Calling code | +351 |
ISO 3166 code | PT |
Internet TLD | .pt |
Portugal,.
One of the oldest countries in Europe, its territory has been continuously settled and fought over since
During the 15th and 16th centuries Portugal led the Age of Discovery and established one of the longest-lived maritime and commercial empires, becoming one of the main economic and political powers of the time.[15] By the early 19th century, events such as the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, the country's occupation during the Napoleonic Wars, and the resulting independence of Brazil in 1822 led to a marked decay of Portugal's prior opulence.[16] This was followed by the civil war between liberal constitutionalists and conservative absolutists over royal succession from 1828 to 1834. The 1910 revolution deposed Portugal's monarchy, and established the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic, later superseded by the Estado Novo (New State) authoritarian regime. Democracy was restored after the Carnation Revolution (1974), ending the Portuguese Colonial War and eventually losing its remaining colonial possessions.
Portugal has had
Etymology
The word Portugal derives from the combined Roman-Celtic place name Portus Cale[18][19] (present-day's conurbation of Porto and Vila Nova de Gaia). Porto stems from the Latin for port, portus; Cale's meaning and origin is unclear. The mainstream explanation is an ethnonym derived from the Callaeci, also known as the Gallaeci peoples, who occupied the north-west of the Iberian Peninsula.[20] One theory proposes Cale is a derivation of the Celtic word for 'port'.[21] Another is that Cala was a Celtic goddess. Some French scholars believe it may have come from Portus Gallus,[22] the port of the Gauls.
Around 200 BC, the
History
Prehistory
The region has been inhabited by humans since circa 400,000 years ago, when
Early in the first millennium BC, several waves of Celts invaded Portugal from Central Europe and intermarried with the local populations to form several different ethnic groups. The Celtic presence is patent in archaeological and linguistic evidence. They dominated most of northern and central Portugal, while the south maintained its older character (believed non-Indo-European, likely related to Basque) until the Roman conquest.[26] In southern Portugal, some small, semi-permanent commercial coastal settlements were also founded by Phoenician-Carthaginians.
Roman Portugal
Romans first invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 219 BC. The Carthaginians, Rome's adversary in the Punic Wars, were expelled from their coastal colonies. During Julius Caesar's rule, almost the entire peninsula was annexed to Rome. The conquest took two hundred years and many died, including those sentenced to work in slave mines or sold as slaves to other parts of the empire. Roman occupation suffered a setback in 155 BC, when a rebellion began in the north. The Lusitanians and other native tribes, under the leadership of Viriathus,[27][28] wrested control of all of western Iberia. Rome sent legions to quell the rebellion but were unsuccessful. Roman leaders bribed Viriathus's allies to kill him in 139 BC; he was replaced by Tautalus.
In 27 BC, Lusitania gained the status of
.Germanic kingdoms
In 409, with the decline of the
Roman institutions disappeared in the wake of the
In 429, the Visigoths moved south to expel the Alans and Vandals and founded a kingdom with its capital in Toledo. From 470, conflict between the Suebi and Visigoths increased. In 585, the Visigothic King Liuvigild conquered Braga and annexed Gallaecia; the Iberian Peninsula was unified under a Visigothic Kingdom.[31] A new class emerged, unknown in Roman times: a nobility, which played a key social and political role during the Middle Ages. It was under the Visigoths that the Church began to play an important part within the state. As the Visigoths did not learn Latin from the local people, they had to rely on bishops to continue the Roman system of governance. The laws were made by councils of bishops, and the clergy emerged as a high-ranking class.
Islamic period
Today's continental Portugal, along with most of modern Spain, was invaded from the South and became part of al-Andalus between 726 and 1249, following the Umayyad Caliphate conquest of the Iberian Peninsula. This rule lasted decades in the North, up to five centuries in the South.[33]
After defeating the
The governors of the taifas proclaimed themselves
Invasions from the North also occurred in this period, with
Reconquista
The
At the end of the 9th century, the region of Portugal between the rivers Minho and Douro, was reconquered from the Moors by nobleman and knight Vímara Peres on the orders of King Alfonso III of Asturias.[42] Finding many towns deserted, he decided to repopulate and rebuild them.[43]
Vímara Peres elevated the region to the status of County, naming it the County of Portugal after its major port city – Portus Cale or modern Porto. One of the first cities he founded is Vimaranes, known today as Guimarães – "birthplace of the Portuguese nation" or the "cradle city".[43]
After annexing the County of Portugal into one of the counties that made up the Kingdom of Asturias, King Alfonso III of Asturias knighted Vímara Peres, in 868, as the First Count of Portus Cale (Portugal). The region became known as Portucale, Portugale, and simultaneously Portugália.[43] With the forced abdication of Alfonso III in 910, the Kingdom of Asturias split into three separate kingdoms; they were reunited in 924 under the crown of León.
In 1093
Independence
In the
After a conflict with the kingdom of Castile, Denis of Portugal signed the Treaty of Alcañices in 1297 with Ferdinand IV of Castile. This treaty established the border between the kingdoms of Portugal and Leon. The reigns of Denis, Afonso IV, and Peter I mostly saw peace with the other kingdoms of Iberia.
In 1348-49 Portugal, as with the rest of Europe, was devastated by the Black Death.[44] In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with England, the oldest standing alliance in the world.
Age of Discoveries
In 1383 John I of Castile, Beatrice of Portugal, and Ferdinand I of Portugal claimed the throne of Portugal. John of Aviz, later John I of Portugal, defeated the Castilians in the Battle of Aljubarrota, and the House of Aviz became the ruling house. The new ruling dynasty led Portugal to the limelight of European politics and culture. They created and sponsored literature, such as a history of Portugal, by Fernão Lopes.[45][46][47]
Portugal spearheaded European exploration of the world and the Age of Discovery under the sponsorship of Prince Henry the Navigator. Portugal explored the Atlantic, encountering the Azores, Madeira, and Portuguese Cape Verde, which led to the first colonization movements. The Portuguese explored the Indian Ocean, established trade routes in most of southern Asia, and sent the first direct European maritime trade and diplomatic missions to China (Jorge Álvares) and Japan (Nanban trade). In 1415, Portugal acquired its first colonies by conquering Ceuta, in North Africa. Throughout the 15th century, Portuguese explorers sailed the coast of Africa, establishing trading posts for commodities, ranging from gold to slavery. Portugal discovered the Portuguese India Armadas via the Cape of Good Hope.
The
In 1500
Between 1519 and 1522 Ferdinand Magellan organized a Spanish expedition to the East Indies which resulted in the first circumnavigation of the globe. The Treaty of Zaragoza, signed in 1529 between Portugal and Spain, divided the Pacific Ocean between Spain and Portugal.[55]
Iberian Union and Restoration
Portugal voluntarily entered a dynastic union (1580–1640) because the last two kings of the House of Aviz died without heirs, resulting in the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580. Philip II of Spain claimed the throne and was accepted as Philip I of Portugal. Portugal did not lose its formal independence, forming a union of kingdoms. But the joining of the two crowns deprived Portugal of an independent foreign policy, and led to its involvement in the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Netherlands.
War led to a deterioration of relations with
In 1640
Pombaline era and Enlightenment
In 1738
Impressed by British economic success witnessed as Ambassador, he successfully implemented similar economic policies in Portugal.
In 1761, during the reign of King José I, he banned the import of black slaves into mainland Portugal and India, not for humanitarian reasons, which were foreign to his nature, but because they were a necessary work force in Brazil. At the same time, he encouraged the trade of black slaves ("the pieces", in the terms of that time) to that colony, and with the support and direct involvement of the Marquis of Pombal, two companies were founded - the Companhia do Grão-Pará e Maranhão and the Companhia Geral de Pernambuco e Paraíba - whose main activity was precisely the trafficking of slaves, mostly Africans, to Brazilian lands.[57][58]
He reorganized the army and navy and ended legal discrimination against different Christian sects.[citation needed] He created companies and guilds to regulate commercial activity and one of the first appellation systems by demarcating the region for production of Port to ensure the wine's quality. This was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe. He imposed strict law upon all classes of Portuguese society, along with a widespread review of the tax system. These reforms gained him enemies in the upper classes.
Lisbon was struck by the 1755 Lisbon earthquake.[59]
Following the earthquake, Joseph I gave his Prime Minister more power, and Carvalho de Melo became an enlightened despot.
In 1758 Joseph I was wounded in an attempted assassination. The Marquis of Távora, several members of his family and even servants were tortured and executed in public with extreme brutality (even by the standards of the time), as alleged part of the Távora affair. [60][61][62]
The following year, the
Historians argue that Pombal's "enlightenment," while far-reaching, was primarily a mechanism for enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty and especially an apparatus for crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial exploitation and consolidating personal control, and profit.[63]
Crises of the 19th century
In 1807 Portugal refused Napoleon's demand to accede to the Continental System of embargo against the United Kingdom; a French invasion under General Junot followed, and Lisbon was captured in 1807. British intervention in the Peninsular War helped maintain Portuguese independence; the last French troops were expelled in 1812.[64]
After 1815 the Portuguese expanded their trading ports along the African coast, moving inland to take control of Angola and Mozambique. The slave trade was abolished in 1836. In Portuguese India, trade flourished in the colony of Goa, with its subsidiary colonies of Macau, near Hong Kong, and Timor, north of Australia. The Portuguese successfully introduced Catholicism and the Portuguese language into their colonies, while most settlers continued to head to Brazil.[65][66]
The 1890 British Ultimatum was an attempt to force the retreat of Portuguese military forces in the land between the Portuguese colonies of Mozambique and Angola. The area had been claimed by Portugal, which included it in its "Pink Map", but this clashed with British aspirations to create a railway between Cairo and Cape Town, thereby linking its colonies. This diplomatic clash led to waves of protest and prompted the downfall of the Portuguese government. The Ultimatum was considered by Portuguese historians and politicians at that time, to be the most outrageous action of the British against her oldest ally.[67]
First Republic and Estado Novo
On 5 October 1910, a coup d'état overthrew the near 800 year-old Monarchy and the Republic was proclaimed. During World War I, Portugal helped the Allies fight the Central Powers; however the war hurt its weak economy. Political instability and economic weaknesses were fertile ground for chaos and unrest during the First Portuguese Republic. These conditions led to the failed Monarchy of the North, 28 May 1926 coup d'état, and creation of the National Dictatorship (Ditadura Nacional). This in turn led to the right-wing dictatorship of the Estado Novo (New State), under António de Oliveira Salazar in 1933.
Portugal remained neutral in World War II. From the 1940s to 1960s, Portugal was a founding member of NATO, OECD, the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and joined the United Nations in 1955. New economic development projects and relocation of mainland Portuguese citizens, into the overseas provinces in Africa were initiated, with Angola and Mozambique, being the main targets of those initiatives. These actions were used to affirm Portugal's status as a transcontinental nation and not a colonial empire.
Pro-Indian residents of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, separated those territories from Portuguese rule in 1954.[68] In 1961, Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá's annexation by the Republic of Dahomey was the start of a process that led to the dissolution of the centuries-old Portuguese Empire. Another forcible retreat occurred in 1961 when Portugal refused to relinquish Goa. The Portuguese were involved in armed conflict in Portuguese India against the Indian Armed Forces. The operations resulted in the defeat and loss of the remaining Portuguese territories in the Indian subcontinent. The Portuguese regime refused to recognize Indian sovereignty over the annexed territories, which continued to be represented in the National Assembly until the coup of 1974.
Also in the early 1960s the independence movements in the Portuguese oversaw the provinces of Portuguese Angola, Portuguese Mozambique, and Portuguese Guinea in Africa, resulted in the Portuguese Colonial War lasting from 1961 till 1974). The war mobilized around 1.4 million men for military or for civilian support service,[69] and led to large casualties. Throughout the colonial war period Portugal dealt with increasing dissent, arms embargoes and other punitive sanctions imposed by the international community. The authoritarian and conservative Estado Novo regime, first governed by Salazar and from 1968 by Marcelo Caetano, tried to preserve the empire.[70]
Carnation Revolution and return to democracy
The government and army resisted the
The Group of Nine emerged victorious, preventing the establishment of a
Portugal continued to be governed by a National Salvation Junta until the Portuguese legislative election of 1976. It was won by the Portuguese Socialist Party and Mário Soares, its leader, became Prime Minister. Soares would be Prime Minister from 1976 to 1978 and 1983 to 1985. Soares tried to resume the economic growth and development record that had been achieved before the Carnation Revolution. He initiated the process of accession to the European Economic Community (EEC).
After the transition to democracy, Portugal flipped between
In 1986 Portugal alongside Spain, joined the European Economic Community which later became the European Union (EU). Portugal's economy progressed considerably as a result of European Structural and Investment Funds
Portugal's last overseas territory,
Geography
Portugal occupies an area on the Iberian Peninsula (referred to as the continent by most Portuguese) and two archipelagos in the Atlantic Ocean: Madeira and the Azores. It lies between latitudes 30° and 42° N, and longitudes 32° and 6° W.
Continental Portugal is split by its main river, the Tagus, that flows from Spain and disgorges in the Tagus Estuary at Lisbon, before escaping into the Atlantic. The northern landscape is mountainous towards the interior with several plateaus indented by river valleys, whereas the south, including the Algarve and the Alentejo regions, is characterized by rolling plains.[73]
Portugal's highest peak is Mount Pico on Pico Island in the Azores. The archipelagos of Madeira and the Azores are scattered within the Atlantic Ocean: the Azores straddling the Mid-Atlantic Ridge on a tectonic triple junction, and Madeira along a range formed by in-plate hotspot geology. Geologically, these islands were formed by volcanic and seismic events. The last terrestrial volcanic eruption occurred in 1957–58 (Capelinhos) and minor earthquakes occur sporadically.
The exclusive economic zone, a sea zone over which the Portuguese have special rights in exploration and use of marine resources, covers an area of 1,727,408 km2 (666,956 sq mi). This is the 3rd largest exclusive economic zone of the European Union and the 20th largest in the world.[74]
Climate
Portugal is mainly characterized by a
Annual average rainfall in the mainland varies from just over 3,200 millimetres (126.0 in) on the Peneda-Gerês National Park to less than 500 millimetres (19.7 in) in southern parts of Alentejo. Mount Pico receives the largest annual rainfall (over 6,250 millimetres (246.1 in) per year), according to Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera.
In some areas, such as the Guadiana basin, annual diurnal average temperatures can be as high as 24.5 °C (76.1 °F), and summer's highest temperatures are routinely over 40 °C (104 °F). The record high of 47.4 °C (117.3 °F) was recorded in Amareleja.[77][78]
Snowfalls occur regularly in the winter in the interior North and Centre, particularly on the mountains. In winter, temperatures may drop below −10.0 °C (14.0 °F). In these places snow can fall any time from October to May. In the South snowfalls are rare but still occur in the highest elevations. While the official absolute minimum by IPMA is −16.0 °C (3.2 °F) in Penhas da Saúde and Miranda do Douro, lower temperatures have been recorded. Continental Portugal receives around 2,300-3,200 hours of sunshine annually, an average of 4–6 hours in winter and 10–12 hours in the summer, with higher values in the south-east, south-west, Algarve coast and lower in the north-west.
Portugal's central west and southwest coasts have an extreme ocean seasonal lag; sea temperatures are warmer in October than in July and are their coldest in March. The average sea surface temperature on the west coast of mainland Portugal varies from 14–16 °C (57.2–60.8 °F) in January−March to 19–21 °C (66.2–69.8 °F) in August−October while on the south coast it ranges from 16 °C (60.8 °F) in January−March and rises in the summer to about 22–23 °C (71.6–73.4 °F), occasionally reaching 26 °C (78.8 °F).[79] In the Azores, around 16 °C (60.8 °F) in February−April to 22–24 °C (71.6–75.2 °F) in July−September,[80] and in Madeira, around 18 °C (64.4 °F) in February−April to 23–24 °C (73.4–75.2 °F) in August−October.[81]
Azores and Madeira have a subtropical climate, although variations between islands exist. The Madeira and Azorean archipelagos have a narrower temperature range, with annual average temperatures exceeding 20 °C (68 °F) in some parts of the coast.
Biodiversity of Portugal
Portugal is located on the Mediterranean Basin, the third most diverse hotspot of flora in the world.[83]
It is home to six terrestrial ecoregions:
Geographical and climatic conditions facilitate the introduction of exotic species that later turn to be invasive and destructive to the native habitats. Around 20 percent of the total number of extant species in continental Portugal are exotic.[87] Portugal is the second country in Europe with the highest number of threatened animal and plant species.[88][89]
Portugal as a whole is an important stopover for migratory bird species.[90][91]
The large mammalian species of Portugal (deer, Iberian ibex, wild boar, red fox, Iberian wolf and Iberian lynx) were once widespread throughout the country, but intense hunting, habitat degradation and growing pressure from agriculture and livestock reduced population on a large scale in the 19th and early 20th century, others, such as the Portuguese ibex were even led to extinction. Today, these animals are re-expanding their native range.[92][93]
The Portuguese west coast is part of the four major Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems of the ocean. This seasonal upwelling system typically seen during the summer months brings cooler, nutrient rich water up to the sea surface promoting phytoplankton growth, zooplankton development and the subsequent rich diversity in pelagic fish and other marine invertebrates.[94] This makes Portugal one of the largest per capita fish-consumers in the world.[95] 73% of the freshwater fish occurring in the Iberian Peninsula are endemic, the largest out of any region in Europe.[96]
Some
Government
Portugal has been a
The
Portugal operates a multi-party system of competitive legislatures/local administrative governments at the national, regional and local levels. The Assembly of the Republic, Regional Assemblies and local municipalities and parishes, are dominated by two political parties, the
The Head of State is the
Foreign relations
A member state of the
Portugal was a full member of the Latin Union (1983) and the Organization of Ibero-American States (1949). It has a friendship alliance and dual citizenship treaty with its former colony, Brazil. Portugal and the United Kingdom share the world's oldest active military accord through their Anglo-Portuguese Alliance (Treaty of Windsor), signed in 1373.
Territorial disputes
Olivenza: Under Portuguese sovereignty since 1297, the municipality of Olivença was ceded to Spain under the Treaty of Badajoz in 1801, after the War of the Oranges. Portugal claimed it back in 1815 under the Treaty of Vienna. However, since the 19th century, it has been continuously ruled by Spain which considers the territory theirs not only de facto but also de jure.[102]
Military
The armed forces have three branches:
The Army of 11,000 personnel comprises three brigades and other small units. An
In addition to the three branches of the armed forces, there is the National Republican Guard, a security force subject to military law and organization (gendarmerie) comprising 25,000 personnel. This force is under the authority of both the Defence and the Interior Ministry. It has provided detachments for participation in international operations in Iraq and East Timor.
The United States maintains a military presence with 770 troops in the
Law and justice
The Portuguese legal system is part of the civil law legal system. The main laws include the Constitution (1976), the
The supreme national courts are the
Drug
LGBT rights in Portugal have increased substantially in the 21st century. In 2003, Portugal added an anti-discrimination employment law on the basis of sexual orientation.[114] In 2004, sexual orientation was added to the Constitution as part of the protected from discrimination characteristics.[115] In 2010, Portugal became the sixth country in Europe and eighth in the world to legalize same-sex marriage at the national level.[116]
Euthanasia has been legalised after reviews in parliament. Nationals over 18 who are terminally ill and in extreme suffering, but who can still decide to, will have the legal right to request assisted dying. However, non-residents will not.[122] Despite the Parliamentary approval, Euthanasia legislation is yet to be regulated and a timeline for it is still unknown, meaning that Euthanasia is currently on hold.[123]
Law enforcement
Portugal's main police organizations are the
Portugal has 49 correctional facilities in total run by the Ministry of Justice. They include seventeen central prisons, four special prisons, twenty-seven regional prisons, and one 'Cadeia de Apoio' (Support Detention Centre).[124] As of 1 January 2023[update], their current prison population is about 12,257 inmates, which comes to about 0.12% of their entire population.[125] The incarceration rate has been on the rise since 2010, with a 15% increase over the past eight years.[126]
Administrative divisions
Administratively, Portugal is divided into 308
Continental Portugal is agglomerated into 18 districts, while the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are governed as
).The 18 districts of mainland Portugal are: Aveiro, Beja, Braga, Bragança, Castelo Branco, Coimbra, Évora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria, Lisbon, Portalegre, Porto, Santarém, Setúbal, Viana do Castelo, Vila Real and Viseu – each district takes the name of the district capital.
Within the European Union NUTS system, Portugal is divided into seven regions: the
Region | Capital | Area | Population | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | North Region | Porto | 21,284 km2 (8,218 sq mi) | 3,586,586 | |
2 | Central Region | Coimbra | 28,200 km2 (10,888 sq mi) | 2,227,239 | |
3 | Lisbon Region | Lisbon | 3,001 km2 (1,159 sq mi) | 2,870,208 | |
4 | Alentejo Region | Évora | 31,603 km2 (12,202 sq mi) | 704,533 | |
5 | Algarve Region | Faro | 4,960 km2 (1,915 sq mi) | 467,343 | |
6 | Madeira Autonomous Region | Funchal | 801 km2 (309 sq mi) | 250,744 | |
7 | Azores Autonomous Region | Ponta Delgada | 2,333 km2 (901 sq mi) | 236,413 |
District | Area | Population | District | Area | Population | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Lisbon | 2,761 km2 (1,066 sq mi) | 2,275,385 | 10 | Guarda | 5,518 km2 (2,131 sq mi) | 142,974 | |
2 | Leiria | 3,517 km2 (1,358 sq mi) | 458,605 | 11 | Coimbra | 3,947 km2 (1,524 sq mi) | 408,551 | |
3 | Santarém | 6,747 km2 (2,605 sq mi) | 424,973 | 12 | Aveiro | 2,808 km2 (1,084 sq mi) | 700,787 | |
4 | Setúbal | 5,064 km2 (1,955 sq mi) | 874,806 | 13 | Viseu | 5,007 km2 (1,933 sq mi) | 351,292 | |
5 | Beja | 10,225 km2 (3,948 sq mi) | 144,401 | 14 | Bragança | 6,608 km2 (2,551 sq mi) | 122,804 | |
6 | Faro | 4,960 km2 (1,915 sq mi) | 467,343 | 15 | Vila Real | 4,328 km2 (1,671 sq mi) | 185,695 | |
7 | Évora | 7,393 km2 (2,854 sq mi) | 152,444 | 16 | Porto | 2,395 km2 (925 sq mi) | 1,785,405 | |
8 | Portalegre | 6,065 km2 (2,342 sq mi) | 104,923 | 17 | Braga | 2,673 km2 (1,032 sq mi) | 846,293 | |
9 | Castelo Branco | 6,675 km2 (2,577 sq mi) | 177,962 | 18 | Viana do Castelo | 2,255 km2 (871 sq mi) | 231,266 |
Economy
Portugal is a
By the end of 2022, GDP (PPP) was $44,963 per capita, according to the OECD.[143] In 2021, Portugal had the 4th lowest GDP per capita (PPP) of the eurozone out of 19 members, and the 8th lowest of the European Union out of 27 member-states.[144] In 2022, labour productivity had fallen to the fourth lowest among the 27 member-states of the European Union (EU) and was 35% lower than the EU average.[145] Within the EU, Portugal's economy ranks lower than most Western states.[146]
Portugal was an original member of the
Since the
In the 2010s, the Portuguese economy suffered its most severe recession since the 1970s, which resulted in the country receiving a 78-billion-euro bailout from the European Union and the International Monetary Fund in May 2011.[152] At the end of 2023, the share of debt as percentage of GDP fell below 100%, to 98.7%.[153]
The average salary is €1,046 per month, excluding self-employed individuals[154] and the minimum wage, which is regulated by law, is €820 per month (paid 14 times per annum) as of 2024.[155] The Global Competitiveness Report for 2019, published by the World Economic Forum, placed Portugal 34th. The Numbeo quality of life index placed Portugal 20th in the world in 2023.[130]
Companies listed on
The OECD economic reports since 2018 show recovery.[156][157][158] Rents and house prices have skyrocketed in Portugal, particularly Lisbon, where rents jumped 37% in 2022. The 8% inflation rate in the same year exacerbated the problem.[159] According to the IMF, Portugal's economic recovery from the COVID pandemic in 2022 was substantially better than the EU average. Although modest, economic growth continued in 2023 while inflation continued decreasing to 5%.[160][161]
In 2024 the annual inflation level is forecast at 2.3% accompanied by a small economic growth.[162]
Agriculture in Portugal is based on small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units. However, the sector also includes larger scale
Tourism
Travel and tourism is an extremely important part of Portugal's economy. It has been necessary for the country to focus upon its niche attractions, such as health, nature and rural tourism, to stay ahead of its competitors.[167]
Portugal is among the top 20 most-visited countries, receiving an average of 20,000,000 foreign tourists each year.[168] In 2014, Portugal was elected The Best European Country by USA Today.[169] In 2017, Portugal was elected both Europe's Leading Destination[170] and in 2018 and 2019, World's Leading Destination[171]
Tourist hotspots in Portugal are: Lisbon, Cascais, Fatima, Algarve, Madeira, Porto and Coimbra. Lisbon attracts the sixteenth-most tourists among European cities[172] (with seven million tourists occupying the city's hotels in 2006).[173]
Science and technology
Scientific and technological research activities are mainly conducted within a network of
Among the largest non-state-run research institutions are the
Transport
Portugal has a 68,732 km (42,708 mi) road network, of which almost 3,000 km (1,864 mi) are part of system of 44 motorways. On many highways, a toll needs to be paid (see
The most important airports are in
A national railway system that extends throughout the country and into Spain, is supported and administered by Comboios de Portugal (CP). Rail transport of passengers and goods is derived using the 2,791 km (1,734 mi) of railway lines currently in service, of which 1,430 km (889 mi) are electrified and about 900 km (559 mi) allow train speeds greater than 120 km/h (75 mph). The railway network is managed by Infraestruturas de Portugal while the transport of passengers and goods are the responsibility of CP, both public companies. In 2006, the CP carried 133,000,000 passengers and 9,750,000 tonnes (9,600,000 long tons; 10,700,000 short tons) of goods.
The major seaports are located in
In Portugal, Lisbon tram services have been supplied by the Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa (Carris), for over a century. In Porto, a tram network, of which only a tourist line on the shores of the Douro remains, began construction on 12 September 1895 (a first for the Iberian Peninsula). All major cities and towns have their own local urban transport network, as well as taxi services.
Energy
Portugal has considerable resources of wind and hydropower. In 2006, the world's then largest
Portugal's national energy transmission company, Redes Energéticas Nacionais (REN), uses modelling to predict weather, especially wind patterns. Before the solar/wind revolution, Portugal had generated electricity from hydropower plants on its rivers for decades. New programmes combine wind and water: wind-driven turbines pump water uphill at night; then water flows downhill by day, generating electricity, when consumer demand is highest. Portugal's distribution system is now two-way. It draws electricity small generators, like rooftop solar panels.
Demographics
Statistics Portugal (
Despite good economic development, the Portuguese have been the shortest in Europe since around 1890. This emerging height gap started in the 1840s and increased. A driving factor was modest real wage growth, given late industrialization and economic growth compared to the European core. Another determinant was delayed human capital formation.[187]
Portugal has to deal with low fertility levels: the country has experienced a
The structure of Portuguese society shows social inequality, which in 2019 placed the country 24th in the Social Justice Index, in the EU.
According to a National Statistics Institute (INE) study, conducted shortly after the 2021 census, between 2022 and 2023, 6,4 million people aged between 18 and 74 years old identified themselves as White (84%), almost 170,000 as Black (2%), 57,000 as Asian (<1%), 47,500 as Romani (<1%) and more than 262,000 identify as Mixed-race (3%).[198] The same study found that 1,4 million people, (13% of the population), have immigration background, in which 947,500 are first generation immigrants, concentrated mainly in the Lisbon metropolitan area and the Algarve.
Urbanization
Based on commuting patterns, OECD and Eurostat define eight
Rank | Name | Region
|
Pop. | Rank | Name | Region
|
Pop. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lisbon Sintra |
1 | Lisbon | Lisboa |
548,703 | 11 | Oeiras | Lisboa |
172,742 | Vila Nova de Gaia Porto |
2 | Sintra | Lisboa |
388,767 | 12 | Seixal | Lisboa |
169,797 | ||
3 | Vila Nova de Gaia | Norte |
307,563 | 13 | Gondomar | Norte |
166,900 | ||
4 | Porto | Norte |
240,592 | 14 | Guimarães | Norte |
156,277 | ||
5 | Cascais | Lisboa |
213,928 | 15 | Odivelas | Lisboa |
150,366 | ||
6 | Loures | Lisboa |
203,724 | 16 | Coimbra | Centro |
142,252 | ||
7 | Braga | Norte |
197,594 | 17 | Santa Maria da Feira | Norte |
138,344 | ||
8 | Almada | Lisboa |
178,254 | 18 | Vila Franca de Xira | Lisboa |
137,994 | ||
9 | Matosinhos | Norte |
176,617 | 19 | Vila Nova de Famalicão | Norte |
134,883 | ||
10 | Amadora | Lisboa |
174,511 | 20 | Leiria | Centro |
130,605 |
Immigration
As of 2022, Portugal has 10,467,366 inhabitants, of whom about 781,915 are legal resident foreigners.[205][206] Resident foreigners now make up approximately 7.47% of the population. These figures do not include people of foreign descent, as it is illegal to collect data based on ethnicity in Portugal. For instance, more than 300,000 people who have acquired Portuguese citizenship between 2008 and 2021 aren't taken into account in immigration figures as they are Portuguese citizens.[207] In 2021 alone, almost 25,000 residents of foreign origin acquired Portuguese citizenship, of which 12,666 were female and 11,850 were male.[208]
Portugal, long a country of emigration (the vast majority of
Since the 1990s, along with a boom in
Numbers of
In addition, a number of
Religion
Roman Catholicism, which has a long history in Portugal, remains the dominant religion. Portugal has no official religion, though in the past, the Catholic Church in Portugal was the state religion.[215][216]
According to the 2021 Census, 80.2% of the Portuguese population was
Portugal is a
Languages
Portuguese is the official language of Portugal.
According to the International English Proficiency Index, Portugal has a high proficiency level in English, higher than those of other Romance-speaking European countries like Spain, Italy or France.[221]
Education
The educational system is divided into preschool (for those under age six), basic education (nine years, in three stages, compulsory), secondary education (three years, compulsory since 2010), and higher education (subdivided in university and polytechnic education). Universities are usually organized into faculties. Institutes and schools are also common designations for autonomous subdivisions of Portuguese higher education institutions.
The total adult literacy rate in Portugal was 99.8% in 2021.[222] According to the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2018, Portugal scored around the OECD average in reading, mathematics and science. Although, with a sharp downwards trend.[223][224] In reading and mathematics, mean performance in 2018 was close to the level observed in 2009 to 2015; in science, mean performance in 2018 was below that of 2015, and returned close to the level observed in 2009 and 2012, near below average.[225][226][227]
About 47.6% of college-age citizens (20 years old) attend one of Portugal's higher education institutions[228][229][230] (compared with 50% in the United States and 35% in the OECD on average). In addition to being a destination for international students, Portugal is also among the top places of origin for international students. All higher education students, both domestic and international, totalled 380,937 in 2005.
Portuguese universities have existed since 1290. The
The
Most student costs are supported with public money. Portugal has entered into cooperation agreements with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and other US institutions to further develop and increase the effectiveness of Portuguese higher education and research.[232]
Health
In 2023, Portugal ranked as 40th best healthcare system in the world,[233] which was significantly lower than the previous 12th place in the 2000 World Health Organization ranking of best public health systems in the world. The health system is characterized by three coexisting systems: the National Health Service (Serviço Nacional de Saúde, SNS), special social health insurance schemes for certain professions (health subsystems) and voluntary private health insurance. The SNS provides universal coverage. In addition, about 47% of the population is covered by the health subsystems, 35% by private insurance schemes and another 12% by mutual funds.[234][235]
The Ministry of Health is responsible for developing health policy as well as managing the SNS. Five regional health administrations are in charge of implementing the national health policy objectives, developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery. Decentralization efforts have aimed at shifting financial and management responsibility to the regional level. In practice, the autonomy of regional health administrations over budget setting and spending has been limited to primary care. The SNS is predominantly funded through general taxation. Employer (including the state) and employee contributions represent the main funding sources of the health subsystems. In addition, direct payments by the patient and voluntary health insurance premiums account for a large proportion of funding.
Similarly to other 'Eur-A countries', (Western Europe), most Portuguese die from
Portugal's
Culture
Portugal has developed a specific culture while being influenced by various civilizations that have crossed the European continent and Mediterranean, or were introduced when it played an active role during the
These include the
Architecture
Traditional architecture is distinctive and include the Manueline, also known as Portuguese late Gothic a sumptuous, composite Portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century, followed by Pombaline style of the 18th century.
A 20th-century interpretation of traditional architecture,
Cuisine
Portuguese cuisine is diverse. The Portuguese consume a lot of dry
Typical Portuguese meat recipes made out of the customary beef, pork, chicken, goat, lamb or duck meat, include
Portuguese wines have enjoyed recognition since the Romans, who associated Portugal with their god
.Visual art
Portugal has a
The 20th century saw the arrival of
Prominent international figures in visual arts today include painters
.Literature
Portuguese literature, one of the earliest Western literatures, developed through text as well as song. Until 1350, the
Adventurer and poet
Music
The Music of Portugal encompasses a wide variety of genres. The traditional one is the Portuguese folk music which has deep roots in local customs, utilising instruments such as
In addition to
Portugal has several summer music festivals, such as
The student festivals of
Sport
The
Other than football, many Portuguese sports clubs, including the "big three", compete in other sports events with a varying level of success and popularity, these include
In water, Portugal has three major sports:
See also
Notes
- ^ Mirandese, spoken in the region of Terra de Miranda, was officially recognized in 1999 (Lei n.° 7/99 de 29 de Janeiro),[1] awarding it an official right-of-use.[2] Portuguese Sign Language is also recognized.
- ^ Portuguese Constitution adopted in 1976 with several subsequent minor revisions, between 1982 and 2005.
- ^ European Union (EU) since 1993
- ^ The Escudo before 2002
- ^ Portuguese pronunciation: [puɾtuˈɣal] ⓘ
- ^ Portuguese: República Portuguesa [ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ]
In recognized minority languages of Portugal:- Mirandese: República Pertuesa
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External links
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- Geographic data related to Portugal at OpenStreetMap
- National English language newspaper
- National Wine Website
- News about Portugal from the Portuguese American Journal
- Portugal at UCB Libraries GovPubs
- Portugal profile from the BBC News
- Portugal. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
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- Portuguese Pamphlets Collection from the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress
- Wikimedia Atlas of Portugal
- Government
- Official Parliament website
- Official Portuguese Government website (in English and Portuguese)
- Trade
- Travel