Poseidon
Poseidon | |
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Member of the Twelve Olympians | |
Abode | Mount Olympus, or the sea |
Symbol | Trident, fish, dolphin, horse, bull |
Personal information | |
Parents | Cronus and Rhea |
Siblings | Hades, Demeter, Hestia, Hera, Zeus |
Consort | Amphitrite, various others |
Children | Theseus, Triton, Rhodos, Benthesikyme, Arion, Despoina, Polyphemus, Orion, Belus, Agenor, Neleus, Atlas, Pegasus, Chrysaor, Kymopoleia, Bellerophon, various others |
Equivalents | |
Roman equivalent | Neptune |
Part of a series on |
Ancient Greek religion |
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Poseidon (
Poseidon is famous for his contests with other deities for winning the patronage of the city. According to legend, Athena became the patron goddess of the city of Athens after a competition with Poseidon, though he remained on the Acropolis in the form of his surrogate, Erechtheus. After the fight, Poseidon sent a monstrous flood to the Attic plain to punish the Athenians for not choosing him.[9] In similar competitions with other deities in different cities, he causes devastating floods when he loses. Poseidon is a horrifying and avenging god and must be honoured even when he is not the patron deity of the city.[10]
Some scholars suggested that Poseidon was probably a Pelasgian god[11] or a god of the Minyans.[12] However it is possible that Poseidon, like Zeus was a common god of all Greeks from the beginning.[13]
Etymology
The earliest attested occurrence of the name, written in
The origins of the name "Poseidon" are unclear and the possible etymologies are contradictive between the scholars. One theory breaks it down into an element meaning "husband" or "lord" (Greek πόσις (posis), from
Another, theory interprets the second element as related to the (presumed) Doric word *δᾶϝον dâwon, "water", Proto-Indo-European *dah₂- "water" or *dʰenh₂- "to run, flow", Sanskrit दन् dā́-nu- "fluid, drop, dew" and names of rivers such as Danube (< *Danuvius) or Don. This would make *Posei-dawōn into the master of waters.[20][15]
Plato in his dialogue Cratylus gives two traditional etymologies: either the sea restrained Poseidon when walking as a "foot-bond" (ποσίδεσμον), or he "knew many things" (πολλά εἰδότος or πολλά εἰδῶν).[21]
Bronze Age Greece
Linear B (Mycenean Greek) inscriptions
If surviving Linear B clay tablets can be trusted, the names po-se-da-wo-ne and Po-se-da-o ("Poseidon")[14] occurs with greater frequency than does di-u-ja ("Zeus"). A feminine variant, po-se-de-ia, is also found, indicating a lost consort goddess, in effect the precursor of Amphitrite.
Poseidon was the chief god at Pylos. The title wa-na-ka appears in the inscriptions. Poseidon was identified with wanax from the Homeric era to classical Greece. (anax). The title didn't mean only king, but also protector. Wanax had chthonic aspects, and he was closely associated with Poseidon, who had the title "Lord of the Underworld". The chthonic nature of Poseidon is also indicated by his title E-ne-si-da-o-ne (Earth-shaker) in Mycenean Knossos and Pylos. Through Homer the epithet was also used in classical Greece. (ennosigaios, ennosidas).[24]
Po-tini-ja (potnia: lady or mistress) was the chief goddess at Pylos and she was closely associated with Poseidon. She was the Mycenean goddess of nature and Poseidon—Wanax is one from the gods who may be considered her "male paredros". The earth shaker received offerings in the cave of the goddess of childbirth Eileithyia at Amnisos in Crete. Poseidon is allied with Potnia and the divine child.[25]
Wa-na-ssa (
E-ri-nu (
It is possible that Demeter appears as Da-ma-te in a Linear B inscription (PN EN 609), however the interpretation is still under dispute.[30][31] Si-to Po-tini-ja is probably related with Demeter as goddess of grain.[32]
Tablets from Pylos record sacrificial goods destined for "the Two ladies and the Lord" (or "to the Two Queens and the King": wa-na-soi, wa-na-ka-te). Wa-na-ssoi may be related with Demeter and Persephone, or their precursors, goddesses who were not associated with Poseidon in later periods.[33][27]
Mycenean cult
During the
Arcadian myths
In the Arcadian myths, Poseidon is related to Demeter and Despoina (another name of Kore- Persephone) and he was worshipped with the surname Hippios in many Arcadian cities.[10] At Thelpusa and Phigalia there were sister worships which are very important for the study of primitive religions. In these cults Demeter and Poseidon were chthonic divinities of the underworld.[29]
Near
At Phigalia Demeter had a sanctuary in a cavern and she was given the surname Melaina (black). The goddess was related to the black undeworld. In a similar myth Poseidon appears as horse and Demeter gives birth to a daughter whose name was not allowed to be told to the unitiated (At Lycosura her daughter was called Despoina). Demeter angry with Poseidon put on a black dressing and shut herself in the cavern. When the fruits of the earth were perished, Zeus sent the Moirai to Demeter who listened to them and led aside her wrath. In this cult we have traces of a very old cult of Demeter and Poseidon as deities of the underworld.[29]
In another Arcadian myth when Rhea had given birth to Poseidon, she told Cronus that she had given birth to a horse, and gave him a foal to swallow instead of the child.[10][38] In the Homeric Hymn Demeter puts a dark mourning robe around her shoulders as a sign of her sorrow.[29] Demeter's mare-form was worshipped into historical times. The xoanon of Melaina at Phigalia shows how the local cult interpreted her, as goddess of nature. A Medusa type with a horse's head with snaky hair, holding a dove and a dolphin, probably representing her power over air and water.[39]
Boeotian myths
The myth of Poseidon appearing as a horse and mating with Demeter was not localized in Arcadia. At
In the
Praxidicai were female deities of judicial punishment worshipped in the region of Haliartos in the historical times. Ttheir origin is probably the same with Erinys. Their images depicted only the heads of the goddesses probably a representation of the earth goddess emerging from the ground.[29] Praxidice is and epithet of Persephone in the Orphic Hymn. Persephone is sometimes depicted with her head emerging from the ground.[42][43]
Origins
During the
In the primitive
In the Boeotian myth Poseidon is the water-god and Erinys is a goddess of the underworld.[40]
She is probably the personification of a revenging earth spirit
According to some theories Poseidon was a
It is possible that the Greeks did not bring with them other gods except
In any case, the early importance of Poseidon can still be glimpsed in Homer's Odyssey, where Poseidon rather than Zeus is the major mover of events. In Homer, Poseidon is the master of the sea.[55] He is described as a majestic scary and avenging monarch of the sea.[46]
Worship of Poseidon
- I begin to sing about Poseidon, the great god,
- mover of the earth and fruitless sea
- god of the deep who is also lord of Helicon [57] and wide Aegae.
- A two-fold office the gods allotted you,
- O Shaker of the Earth, to be a tamer of horses
- and a saviour of ships!
- Hail, Poseidon, Holder of the Earth, dark-haired lord!
- O blessed one, be kindly in heart
- and help those who voyage in ships!
- (Homeric Hymn to Poseidon)[58]
The worship of Poseidon was extended all over Greece and southern Italy, but he was specially honoured in Peloponnese which is called "the residence of Poseidon" and in the Ionic cities.[11] The significance of his cult is indicated by the names of cities like Poteidaia in the Chalkidiki peninsula and Poseidonia (Paestum), a Greek colony in Italy.[2] Poseidion is a frequent Greek placename along coastlines and the name of a Greek colony at the Syrian coast.[59]
In
Poseidon was a major civic god of several cities: in Athens, he was second only to Athena in importance, while in Corinth and many cities of Ionia and Magna Graecia he was the chief god of the polis.[2] Many fests of Poseidon included athletic competitions and horseracing. In
Poseidon was considered a symbol of unity. The
The "master of the sea" creates clouds and storms, but he is also the protector of the sailors. He has the ability to calm the sea for a good voyage and save those who are in danger.[11] He was worshipped with the surname "savior" as the protector of the seafarers and the fishermen.[56] He is the "earthshaker", however he is also the protector against the earthquakes. In some cults he was worshipped as the "bringer of safety" or "protector of the house and the foundations". [13]
The god was considered the creator of the first horse, and it was believed that he taught men the art of taming horses. He was depicted on horseback, or riding in a chariot drawn by two or four horses.[11] He had a lot of temples in Arcadia, with the surname Hippios (of the horse) and he was also transformed into a horse to seduce Demeter .[13]
Being the god of waters, Poseidon is related to the primeval water which encircles the earth (Oceanus),[11] who is the father of all rivers and springs. He can create springs with the strike of his trident.[2] He was worshipped as "ruler of the springs" and "leader of the nymphs" [64] In Thessaly it was believed that he drained the area cutting the rocks of Tempe with his trident.[2][65] In Greek folklore the horse can also create springs .[10]
As god of the sea Poseidon was also god of fishing and especially of sea-fishing. Tuna was offered to him by the fishermen during the festal meal for the protection of the nets .[2] Tuna and later dolphin was his attribute. He was worshipped in many islands and cities by the coast. At Corcyra a roaring bull near the sea-shore quaranteed a good fishing.[66] The devastating storm of Poseidon is related to fishermen and they poured drink offerings to Poseidon -savior into the sea.[56] The god of inland waters is very close to vegetation and Poseidon was worshipped in many cities as god of vegetation. Haloa in Athens was a fest of vegetation. The Protrygaia, a wine-fest seem to belong to Dionysus and Poseidon.[66]
In several cities Poseidon was worshipped in relation to the genealogy and the phratry.[2] At Tinos he was worshipped as a healer-god, probably a forerunner of the famous Evangelistria.[66]
The bull is related to Poseidon mainly in Ionia. The sacrifice of a bull offered to Poseidon is mentioned by Homer in an Ionic festival. (Panionia) [67][66] The sacrifices offered to Poseidon consisted of black and white bulls which were killed or thrown into the sea. Boars and rams were also used and in Argolis horses were thrown into a well as a sacrifice to him.[68][11]
In his benign aspect, Poseidon was seen as creating new islands and offering calm seas. When offended or ignored, he supposedly struck the ground with his trident and caused chaotic springs, earthquakes, drownings and shipwrecks. Sailors prayed to Poseidon for a safe voyage, sometimes drowning horses as a sacrifice; in this way, according to a fragmentary papyrus, Alexander the Great paused at the Syrian seashore before the climactic battle of Issus, and resorted to prayers, "invoking Poseidon the sea-god, for whom he ordered a four-horse chariot to be cast into the waves".[69]
According to
Xenophon's Anabasis describes a group of Spartan soldiers in 400–399 BC singing to Poseidon a paean—a kind of hymn normally sung for Apollo. Like Dionysus, who inflamed the maenads, Poseidon also caused certain forms of mental disturbance. A Hippocratic text of ca 400 BC, On the Sacred Disease[71] says that he was blamed for certain types of epilepsy.
Poseidon is still worshipped today in modern
Epithets and attributes
Poseidon had a variety of roles, duties and attributes. He is a separate deity from the oldest Greek god of the sea Pontus. In Athens his name is superimposed οn the name of the non-Greek god Erechtheus Ἑρεχθεύς (Poseidon Erechtheus).[74][75] In the
Some of the epithets (or adjectives) applied to him like Enosigaios (Ἐνοσίγαιος), Enosichthon (Ἐνοσίχθων) (Homer) and Ennosidas (Ἐννοσίδας) (Pindar), mean "earth shaker".[83] These epithets indicate his chthonic nature, and have an older evidence of use, as it is identified in Linear B, as 𐀁𐀚𐀯𐀅𐀃𐀚, E-ne-si-da-o-ne.[84] Other epithets that relate him with the earthquakes are Gaieochos (Γαιήοχος) [85] and Seisichthon (Σεισίχθων) [86] The god who causes the earthquakes is also the protector against them, and he had the epithets Themeliouchos (Θεμελιούχος) "upholding the foundations",
Homer uses for Poseidon the title Kyanochaites (Κυανοχαίτης), "dark-haired, dark blue of the sea".[92][93] Epithets like Pelagios (Πελάγιος) "of the open sea",[94][95] Aegeus (Αἰγαίος), "of the high sea" [96] in the town of Aegae in Euboea, where he had a magnificent temple upon a hill,[97][98][99] Pontomedon (Ποντομέδων),[100]" lord of the sea" (Pindar, Aeschylus) and Kymothales (Κυμοθαλής), "abounding with waves",[101] indicate that Poseidon was regarded as holding sway over the sea.[102] Other epithets that relate him with the sea are, Porthmios (Πόρθμιος), "of strait, narrow sea" at Karpathos,[103] Epactaeus (Ἐπακταῖος) "god worshipped on the coast", in Samos.,[104] Alidoupos, (Ἀλίδουπος) "sea resounding".[105] The master of the sea who can cause devastating storms is also the protector of seafarers and he was given the epithet sōtēr (Σωτήρ), "savior".[56]
His symbol is the trident and he has the epithet Eutriaina (Εὐτρίαινα), "with goodly trident" (
Poseidon had a close association with horses. He is known under the epithet Hippios (Ἳππειος), "of a horse or horses"
At Lycosura he is related with the cult of Despoina.[114] The modern sanctuary near Mantineia was built by Emperor Hadrian.[115] In Athens on the hill of horses there was the altar of Poseidon Hippios and Athena Hippia. The temple of Poseidon was destroyed by Antigonus when he attacked Attica.[116] He is usually the tamer of horses (Damaios,Δαμαίος at Corinth),[117] and the tender of horses Hippokourios Ἱπποκούριος) at Sparta, where he had a sanctuary near the sanctuary of Artemis Aiginea.[118][119] In some myths he is the father of horses, either by spilling his seed upon a rock or by mating with a creature who then gave birth to the first horse.[2] In Thessaly he had the title Petraios Πετραἵος, "of the rocks".[120] He hit a rock and the first horse "Skyphios" appeared.[121] He was closely related with the springs, and with the strike of his trident, he created springs. He had the epithets Krenouchos (Κρηνούχος), "ruling over springs",[122] and nymphagetes (Νυμφαγέτης) "leader of the nymphs" [123] On the Acropolis of Athens he created the saltspring Sea of Erechtheus (Ἐρεχθηίς θάλασσα).[124] Many springs like Hippocrene and Aganippe in Helikon are related with the word horse (hippos). (also Glukippe, Hyperippe). He is the father of Pegasus, whose name is derived from πηγή, (pēgē) "spring".[125]
Epithets like Genesios Γενέσιος at Lerna[126][127] Genethlios (Γενέθλιος) "of the race or family" [128] Phratrios (Φράτριος) "of the brotherhood",[129] and Patrigenios (Πατριγένειος) [130] indicate his relation with the genealogy trees and the brotherhood.
Other epithets of Poseidon in local cults are Epoptes (Ἐπόπτης), "overseer, watcher" at Megalopolis,[131] Empylios (Ἑμπύλιος), "at the gate " at Thebes.,[132] Kronios (Κρόνιος)[133] (Pindar) and semnos (σεμνός), "august, holy" [134] (Sophocles).
Some of Poseidon's epithets are related to festivals and athletic games including racing. At
Festivals
Many festivals all over Greece, in the Ionic cities and in Italy were celebrated in honour of Poseidon.
- Palaimon.[139]
- Athens: Poseidon had a fest in the month Poseidaon. He was worshipped as the "master of the sea".[13]
- Athens: Haloa was a fest of vegetation. The wine- fest Protrygaia belonged to Dionysus and to Poseidon as a god of vegetation.[66]
- dodekapolis) celebrated the Panionia (of all the Ionians), a festival of Poseidon Helikonios.[60] Traditionally the first settlers landed in this place. The temple became the meeting place of the Ionian League).[61] Homer describes the sacrifice of a bull to Poseidon, during the festival.[66]
- Ephesus in Ionia. The relation of Poseidon with the bull is stronger in Ionia. The fest Tauria was celebrated in honour of Poseidon Taureios and the capbearers were called tauroi (bulls).[66]
- Amphictiony of Kalaureia. The festival was celebrated in honour of the god. The famous temple was the meeting place of the representatives of the members (Amphiktiones).[140]
- Sparta; Poseidon was worshipped with the surname Gaiaochos (carrying the earth or moving under the earth). There was the race Gaiaochoi and the temple was built beside an Hippodrome.[13]
- Panhellenic. It was the place of meeting of the Achaean League.The city was destroyed by a tsunami in 370 BC.[63]
- Epidauros: A fest in the month Poseidios was celebrated in honour of Poseidon. He was worshipped as the "master of the sea".[13]
- Helos : The fest Pohoidaia was celebrated in honour of Poseidon. The festival included athletic games and competitions.[13]
- Thuria: The fest Pohoidaia was celebrated in honour of Poseidon. It included athletic games and competitions.[13]
- Mantineia in Arcadia: Poseidon was worshipped with the surname Hippios (of the horse). The fest included the athletic games Hippokrateia. The temple was holy and the entrance into the cella was not allowed.[13]
- Pallandion in Arcadia : Poseidon had the epithet Hippios (of the horse) and the fest included the athletic games Hippokrateia.[13]
- Thronium: Thronium was the chief city of Ancient Locris and is mentioned by Homer in the Catalogue of Ships.[144] The name of a month in the city was Hippios.[145]
- Lesbos: A festival in the month Poseidios was celebrated in honour of Poseidon. He was worshipped as the "master of the sea".[13]
- Tinos: A great fest called Poseidonia was celebrated in honour of Poseidon. The temple included great banquet halls, indicating the large number of the participants.[146] Poseidon was worshipped as a healer-god.[66]
Temples of Poseidon
The
In the earlier temples the
- Isthmia near Corinth and it had a wooden peristyle. The building was completely destroyed in 470 BC and it seems that it was one of the pioneering buildings featuring Doric architecture.[148] The ground plan showed a temple that was of epic proportions for its time and of a layout that was almost entirely new,[155] however there was no evidence for the employment of the Doric style as it was suggested [156]
- Paestum, on the west coast of Italy near Naples. The Greek name of the city was Poseidonia. The Doric temple was built in early 6th century BC and it was believed that it was a temple of Poseidon. Traditionally this name is associated with the 5th century BC temple at Paestum, however recent excavations indicate that both temples were dedicated to Hera. The so called Basilica measured 24,5 X54,3 m at the stylobate and the number of pteron columns was 9x18.[157] The temple is wider than most Greek temples it had two doors. This may indicate a dual dedication of the temple.[158]
- A Doric temple the so called temple of Poseidon was built in the first half of the 5th century BC and is usually placed later than Parthenon. The temple measured 24,3 X 60,00 m at the stylobate.It was an hexastyle structure and the number of pteron columns was 6X14.[159] The temple was also used to worship Zeus and another deity, whose identity is unknown.
- Taranto, a city of Magna Graecia in Italy. Τhe temple of Poseidon was a perpiteral Doric temple, however its exact plan cannot be outlined. It was probably built in 6th century BC and it seems that the number of pteron columns was 6X13. The interval of the remaining columns is 3.72 m, indicating that the maximum dimensions of the temple at the stylobate could be 22,32X 47,46 m.
- Sounion in Attica. The first temple of Poseidon (formerly called temple of Athena) was built in 490 BC and it was destroyed by the Persians before completion. It measured 13,12 X30,34 m at the stylobate and the number of pteron columns was 6X13. There is a slight difference between the front and back intercolumniations and those of the flanks. There was probably a double row of inner columns. (close wall, engaged). The cella with porches and adyta measured c.9.00 X21,20m [160]
- The second temple was built in 425 BC and it was modelled on its predecessor. It measured 13.48 X 31.15 m at the stylobate and the number of pteron columns was 6X13. An Ionic frieze carried across pteron and continued round interior of each end of pteron.[161] The cella with porches and adyta measured c.9.00 X21,20m.[160] The temple probably contained, at one end facing the entrance, a colossal, bronze statue of Poseidon.[162]
- Kalaureia, an island close to the coast of Troezen in the Peloponnese, part of the modern island-pair Poros. Early roof tiles from c.650 BC suggest the existence of a precursor to the Late Archaic temple of Poseidon. This Doric temple was probably built in the middle of the 6th century BC, constructed mainly of poros stone. It measured 14,50 X27,00 m at the stylobate and the number of the pteron columns was 6X12. Both front and back intercolumniations were wider than those on the flanks. The building was surrounded by a low wall with the main entrance on the east side.[163]
- Hermione in Argolis.The most remarkable temple in the time of Pausanias was the temple of Poseidon.[164] The temple was built in the Late archaic-Early classical period, in late 6th century BC. It was completely destroyed and its foundations at the peninsula of Bisti (Poseidio) indicate that the temple measured approximately 15,00 X30,00 m at the stylobate.[165]
- Tainaron .The sacred sanctuary of Poseidon was built in a cave at the Tainaron peninsula. The path to the interior, carved into the rock, was preparing him who wanted to get into the psychopompeion. It also functioned as a necromancy and oneiromancy temple. The temple was also established as a place for persecuted who fled there for protection.[142]
- Tinos, an island of Cyclades. The temple of Poseidon and Amphitrite was built near a beach of the island, in the 4th century BC (Hellenistic period). It was a peripteral Doric temple, which was reconstructed in the 3rd century BC. The temple was made of local marble and had some representations of the god's symbols, such as dolphins and the trident.[166]
Mythology
Birth
In the standard version, Poseidon was born to the Titans Cronus and Rhea, the fifth child out of six, born after Hestia, Demeter, Hera and Hades in that order.[167] Because Poseidon's father was afraid that one of his children would overthrow him like he had done to his own father, Cronus devoured each infant as soon as they were born. Poseidon was the last one to suffer this fate before Rhea decided to deceive Cronus and whisk the sixth child, Zeus, away to safety, after offering Cronus a rock wrapped in a blanket to eat.[168] Once Zeus was grown, he gave his father a powerful emetic that made him gorge up the children he had eaten. The five children emerged from their father's belly in reverse order, making Poseidon both the second youngest child and the second oldest at the same time. Armed with a trident forged for him by the Cyclopes, Poseidon with his siblings and other divine allies defeated the Titans and became rulers in their place.[169] According to Homer and Apollodorus, Zeus, Poseidon and the third brother Hades then divided the world between them by drawing lots; Zeus got the sky, Poseidon the sea, and Hades the Underworld.[170]
In a rarer - and later- version, Poseidon avoided being devoured by his father as his mother Rhea saved him in the same manner she did Zeus, by offering Cronus a foal instead, claiming she had given birth to a horse instead of a god, while she had actually laid the child in a flock.[171] Rhea entrusted her infant to a spring nymph. When Cronus demanded the child, the nymph Arne[172] denied having him, and her spring thereafter was called Arne (which bears resemblance to the Greek word for 'deny').[173]
In another tale, Rhea gave Poseidon to the
In Homer's Odyssey, Poseidon has a home in Aegae.[177]
City patronage
Foundation of Athens
Athena became the patron goddess of the city of
The Athenians or their king,
It was also said that Poseidon in his anger over his defeat sent one of his sons, Halirrhothius, to cut down Athena's tree gift. But as Halirrhothius swung his axe, he missed his aim and it fell in himself, killing him instantly. Poseidon in fury accused Ares of murder, and the matter was eventually settled on the Areopagus ("hill of Ares") in favour of Ares, which was thereafter named after the event.[179][180] In other versions, Halirrhothius raped Alcippe, Ares's daughter, so Ares slew him. Poseidon was enraged over the murder of his son, and Ares was thus held in hold, which eventually acquitted him.[181]
The contest of Athena and Poseidon was the subject of the reliefs on the western pediment of the Parthenon, the first sight that greeted the arriving visitor.
This myth is construed by Robert Graves and others as reflecting a clash between the inhabitants during Mycenaean times and newer immigrants. Athens at its height was a significant sea power, at one point defeating the Persian fleet at Salamis Island in a sea battle.
Others
The Corinthians had a similar story to the foundations of Athens, about their own city Corinth. According to the myth, Helios and Poseidon clashed, both desiring to make the city their own. Their dispute was brought to one of the Hecatoncheires, Briareos, an elder god, who was thus tasked to settle the fight between the two gods. Briareus decided to award the Acrocorinth to Helios, while to Poseidon he gave the isthmus of Corinth.[182] In this tale, Helios and Poseidon are supposed to represent fire versus water.[183] Helios, as the sun god, received the area that is closest to the sky, while Poseidon, who is the sea god, got the isthmus by the sea.[184]
At another time, Poseidon came to an agreement with another goddess,
Walls of Troy
Poseidon and Apollo, having offended Zeus by their rebellion in Hera's scheme, were temporarily stripped of their divine authority and sent to serve King
Theseus
Poseidon fathered the hero Theseus with the Troezenian princess Aethra. Theseus was also said to be the son of Aegeus, the king of Athens, who slept with Aethra on the very same night. Thus Theseus's origins included both the human and the divine element.[190][191]
Meanwhile in Crete, Zeus's son Minos asked for Poseidon's help in order to certify his claim on the throne of Crete. Poseidon offered Minos a splendid white bull, with the understanding that he was to sacrifice the bull to Poseidon later. The Cretans were so impressed with the bull and the divine sign itself that Minos was declared king of Crete.[192][193] But wishing to keep the beautiful animal for himself, Minos instead sacrificed an ordinary bull to the sea-god instead of the agreed upon one.[193]
Poseidon, enraged, caused Minos's wife,
Once Theseus was grown up and recognized by his father Aegeus in Athens, he decided to end the bloody tax Athens had to pay to Crete once and for all, and volunteered to set sail to Crete along with the other Athenian youths who had been chosen to be devoured by the Minotaur.[194]
Once he arrived in Crete, Minos insulted Theseus and insisted he was no son of Poseidon; to demonstrate so, he threw his own ring in to the sea, and commanded Theseus to retrieve it, expecting he would not be able to do so.[195] Theseus immediately dove in after it.
Dolphins then came as guides and escorted him to the halls of Poseidon and Amphitrite's palace, where he was warmly welcomed.[196] He received the ring, and in addition a purple wedding cloak and a crown from Amphitrite, to prove his words. Theseus then emerged from the sea and gave the ring to Minos.[197] Theseus killed the Minotaur, and in time succeeded his father Aegeus as king of Athens. By an Amazon he had a son, Hippolytus, while his wife Phaedra (Minos' daughter) gave him two sons.
At some point, Poseidon promised three favours to Theseus, and he called upon Poseidon to fulfill one of those when Phaedra falsely accused Hippolytus of forcing himself on her.[198] Theseus, not knowing the truth, asked his father to destroy Hippolytus; Poseidon granted his son's wish, and as Hippolytus was driving by the sea, Poseidon sent a terrifying sea monster to spook the man's horses, which then dragged him to his death.[198][199]
Consort, lovers, victims and children
Poseidon was said to have had many lovers of both sexes. His consort was
A mortal woman named
Not all of Poseidon's children were human. His other children include
Poseidon also took the young
Other male lovers included Pelops and Patroclus.[208]
Rape and assault victims
A mortal woman named
In an archaic myth, Poseidon once pursued
Ovid however says that Medusa was originally a very beautiful maiden whom Poseidon raped inside the temple of Athena. Athena, furious over the sacrilege, changed the beautiful girl into a monster.[213] Elsewhere in the Metamorphoses, Ovid says that Poseidon seduced Medusa in the form of a bird.[214]
One day, Poseidon spotted
Another time Poseidon once fell in love with a Phocian woman, Corone, the daughter of Coronaeus as she was walking along the shore. He attempted to court her, but she rejected him, and ran away. Poseidon then chased her down with the aim to rape her. Athena, witnessing all that, took pity in the girl and changed her into a crow.[216]
When Zeus fell in love and pursued the goddess Asteria, she transformed into a quail and flung herself into the sea to escape being raped by him. Poseidon then, equally rapacious, picked up the chase where Zeus had left it and chased Asteria with the aim to force himself on her, so Asteria had to transform for a second time to save herself, this time into a small rocky island named Delos.[217]
List of offspring and their mothers
Genealogy
Poseidon's family tree [348] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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In literature and art
In Greek art, Poseidon rides a chariot that was pulled by a hippocampus or by horses that could ride on the sea. He was associated with dolphins and three-pronged fish spears (tridents). He lived in a palace on the ocean floor, made of coral and gems.
In the Iliad, Poseidon favors the Greeks, and on several occasion takes an active part in the battle against the Trojan forces. However, in Book XX he rescues Aeneas after the Trojan prince is laid low by Achilles.
In the Odyssey, Poseidon is notable for his hatred of Odysseus who blinded the god's son, the Cyclops Polyphemus. The enmity of Poseidon prevents Odysseus's return home to Ithaca for many years. Odysseus is even told, notwithstanding his ultimate safe return, that to placate the wrath of Poseidon will require one more voyage on his part.
In the Aeneid, Neptune is still resentful of the wandering Trojans, but is not as vindictive as Juno, and in Book I he rescues the Trojan fleet from the goddess's attempts to wreck it, although his primary motivation for doing this is his annoyance at Juno's having intruded into his domain.
A hymn to Poseidon included among the
In modern culture
Due to his status as a Greek god, Poseidon has made multiple appearances in modern and popular culture.
Books
Poseidon has appeared in modern literature, most notably in the Percy Jackson & the Olympians series, in which he plays a role as the titular character's father. Poseidon appears in Gareth Hinds' 2010 version of The Odyssey.[355]
Webcomics
Poseidon appeared in Rachel Smythe's 2018 comic Lore Olympus.[356][357]
Films and television
Poseidon has been very popular especially in god-related films. Poseidon appeared in the 1963 film Jason and the Argonauts.[358]
Poseidon appears in
Video games
Poseidon has made multiple appearances in video games, such as in God of War 3 by Sony. In the game, Poseidon appears as a boss for the player to defeat.[362] He also appears in Smite as a playable character.[363] In the video game Hades, he is a character who will grant "boons".[364]
Narrations
List of all pre-modern retellings of myths relating to Poseidon:
- Homer, Odyssey, 11.567 (7th century BC)
- Pindar, Olympian Odes, 1 (476 BC)
- Euripides, Orestes, 12–16 (408 BC)
- Bibliotheca Epitome 2: 1–9 (140 BC)
- Ovid, Metamorphoses, VI: 213, 458 (AD 8);
- Hyginus, Fables, 82: Tantalus; 83: Pelops (1st century AD)
- Pausanias, Description of Greece, 2.22.3 (AD 160 – 176)
- Pindar, Olympian Ode, I (476 BC)
- Sophocles, (1) Electra, 504 (430 – 415 BC) & (2) Oenomaus, Fr. 433 (408 BC)
- Euripides, Orestes, 1024–1062 (408 BC)
- Bibliotheca Epitome 2, 1–9 (140 BC)
- Diodorus Siculus, Histories, 4.73 (1st century BC)
- Hyginus, Fables, 84: Oinomaus; Poetic Astronomy, ii (1st century AD)
- Pausanias, Description of Greece, 5.1.3 – 7; 5.13.1; 6.21.9; 8.14.10 – 11 (c. AD 160 – 176)
- Philostratus the ElderImagines, I.30: Pelops (AD 170 – 245)
- Philostratus the Younger, Imagines, 9: Pelops (c. 200 – 245)
- First Vatican Mythographer, 22: Myrtilus; Atreus et Thyestes
- Second Vatican Mythographer, 146: Oenomaus
Gallery
Paintings
-
Poseidon holding a trident. Corinthian plaque, 550-525 BC. From Penteskouphia.
-
Poseidon on an Attic kalyx krater (detail), first half of the 5th century BC.
-
Triumph of Poseidon and )
-
Poseidon and Athena battle for control of Athens by Benvenuto Tisi(1512)
Statues
-
Poseidon statue in Gothenburg, Sweden.
-
TheNeptunbrunnen fountain in Berlin
-
Poseidon sculpture in Copenhagen, Denmark
See also
- Amphitrite
- Despoina
- Demeter
- Erechtheus
- Family tree of the Greek gods
- Ionian League
- Panionium – Ionian festival to Poseidon
- Trident of Poseidon
- Linear B
Notes
- ISBN 978-3-12-539683-8
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Burkert 1985, pp. 136–139.
- ^ Seneca quaest. Nat. VI 6 :Nilsson Vol I p.450
- ^ Nilsson Vol I p.450
- ^ Hesiod, Theogony 456.
- ^ ISBN 9780140442618.
- ^ a b Timaeus 24e–25a, R. G. Bury translation (Loeb Classical Library).
- ^ a b Also it has been interpreted that Plato or someone before him in the chain of the oral or written tradition of the report accidentally changed the very similar Greek words for "bigger than" ("meson") and "between" ("mezon") – Luce, J.V. (1969). The End of Atlantis – New Light on an Old Legend. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 224.
- ^ a b Burkert 1983, pp. 149, 157.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Hard, "Greek mythology", p.100-103 Hard p.100-103
- ^ a b c d e f g Smith Poseidon
- ^ a b c Farnell Cults IV S.1ff
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t NiLsson, Geschichte, 446-448
- ^ a b Minoan.Deaditerranean po-se-da-o
- ^ a b Nilsson,Geschichte Vol I, 444-445
- A Greek-English Lexicon. Archived from the originalon 9 October 2012.
- ^ Pierre Chantraine Dictionnaire etymologique de la langue grecque Paris 1974–1980 4th s.v.; Lorenzo Rocci Vocabolario Greco-Italiano Milano, Roma, Napoli 1943 (1970) s.v.
- Beekes. Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, p. 324
- ^ Adams, John Paul, Mycenean divinities – List of handouts for California State University Classics 315. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
- ^ Michael Janda, pp. 256–258.
- ^ Plato, Cratylus, 402d–402e
- ^ Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, p. 324.
- ISBN 0-8028-2491-9
- ^ a b c d e Dietrich 2004, pp. 180–185.
- ^ Dietrich 2004, pp. 175–180, 220.
- ^ a b A.B. Stallmith in GRBS 18(2008) p.117,119, "The name of Demeter Thesmophoros".p.116
- ^ a b Mylonas, "Mycenean age", p.159: "Wa-na-ssoi, wa-na-ka-te, (to the two queens and the king). Wanax is best suited to Poseidon, the special divinity of Pylos. The identity of the two divinities addressed as wanassoi, is uncertain"
- ^ Chadwick, p. 98.
- ^ a b c d e f g Farnell Cults III, 50-55
- ISBN 978-1-107-50341-0.
- ^ Dietrich, p. 172 n. 218.
- ^ a b c Mylonas, "Mycenean age", p. 159-161.
- ^ "In Greek popular religion, the chthonic Potniai (Wanassoi) and the Erinyes are closely related to the Eleusinian Demeter":Dietrich, p.179-180 The origins of Greek religion 189-190
- ^ a b c Dietrich 2004, pp. 175–180.
- ^ a b c d e Nilsson, "Geschicte", p.449,450
- ^ a b c Bowra,"The Greek experience", p.67-121
- ^ a b c Nilsson, "Geschichte" Vol I, 450 and 450A4: J.Grimm, "Deutsche Mythology": Horse and springs, horse as a water-spirit
- ^ Pausanias 8.8.2
- ISBN 0-510-03271-0
- ^ a b c d e Farnell CultsIII,53 Farnell CultsIII, 53
- ^ a b Nilsson "Geschichte", Vol I, p.100-101
- ^ Burkert, "Greek religion", p.42
- ^ Nilsson, "Geschichte" Vol I, p.472: "Anodos of Pherephata", Tables 39,1 and 39,2
- ^ Dietrich 2004, pp. 175–185.
- ^ Dietrich 2004, p. 167.
- ^ a b Hard,"Greek mythology", p. 99 p.99
- ^ a b F.Schachermeyer: Poseidon und die Entstehung des Griechischen Gotter glaubens :Nilsson p 444
- ^ Chadwick, p. 98
- ^ Jeffery, "The city states", p.72:"The proud title dikaios (the Just) in Thessaly was borne by a good brood-mare of Pharsalus, whose foals all resembled their sires."
- ^ "gaiaochos ennosigaios": holder of the earth earthshaker: Smith Poseidon
- ^ Iliad 13.43: "Poseidawn gaiaochos ennosigaios " (carrying the earth, earthshaker) Iliad 13.43
- ^ Nilsson ,"Geschicte", Vol I, p.450 : a)Thales: Plutarch, plac.phil. p. 896 C, b)Anaximenes-Aristotle:Aristotle, Meteorogica 27 p. 365 . All Inform. by Seneca quest. nat. VI 6;10;20
- ^ Pindar, Pyth, II v,7:Nilsson, "Geschichte", Vol I, p.492.
- ^ Pausanias 5.7.3
- ^ "Poseidon – God of the Sea". www.crystalinks.com. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
- ^ a b c d "In 480 BC a great storm at Magnesia and then at Artemision heavily damaged the Persian fleet. After the war the Greeks gave to Poseidon the epithet soter (savior). The agalma found near Artemision was probably a thank offering dedicated to Poseidon-Soter (saviοr)" : Burkert, "Greek religion" p.137
- ^ Helikonios, (Ελικώνιος): The word may mean, "god of the eddying waves" :Nilsson, Geschichte. p.447 A6
- ^ The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White. Homeric Hymns. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914.Homeric Hymn to Poseidon
- ^ Diodorus 19.79.1
- ^ a b "The form is the same with Helikon. Traditionally the adjective derives from the town Helike of Achaea . However it is possible that it derives from "helix" (twisted, spiral) and Poseidon would be the "god of the eddying waves"":Nilsson, "Geschichte, p.447 A6
- ^ a b Jeffery, The city states, p.208
- ^ a b Iliad 2.506
- ^ ISSN 0031-0387.
- ^ Nilsson, "Geschichte" p.450 A4.
- ^ πετραῖος
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Nilsson, Geschichte, 449-452
- ^ Iliad 20.404
- ^ Pausanias 8.7.2
- Nereids
- ^ Pausanias 2.33.2
- ^ "(Hippocrates), On the Sacred Disease, Francis Adams, tr". Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2007.
- ^ Brunwasser, Matthew (20 June 2013). "The Greeks Who Worship Ancient Gods". BBC. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
- ^ Souli, Sarah (4 January 2018). "Greece's Old Gods Are Ready for Your Sacrifice". The Outline. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
- ^ Walter Burkert (Peter Bing, tr.) Homo Necans 1983, p. 149 gives references for this observation
- ^ "Ἑρεχθεύς".
- ^ Iliad 13.21 Nilsson Vol I p.446
- ^ "Iliad 10.751".
- ^ "Εὐρυκρείων".
- ^ Iliad 20.404.
- ^ "Ἑλικώνιος".
- ^ "Seven against Thebes 131".
- ^ "εὐρυμέδων".
- ^ Diedrich p. 185 n. 305
- ^ Adams, John Paul. "Mycenaean Divinities". List of Handouts for Classics 315. Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2006.
- ^ "Γαιήοχος".
- ^ σεισίχθων
- ^ "θεμελιούχος".
- ^ "ἀσφάλειος".
- ^ "Suda, tau, 206".
- ^ "δωματίτης".
- ^ Pausanias, doc=Paus.+3.14.7&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160:book=:chapter=&highlight=Poseidon3.14.7 3.14.7
- ^ Κυανοχαίτης
- ^ "Iliad 20.144".
- ^ πελάγιος
- ^ Nilsson Vol I p.449
- ^ "Aἰγαίος".
- ^ Strabo, ix. p. 405
- Servius erroneously derives the name from the Aegean Sea
- ^ Schmitz, Leonhard (1867). "Aegaeus". In Smith, William (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 1. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company. p. 24.
- ^ ποντομέδων
- ^ "κυμοθαλής".
- ISBN 978-0-192-57379-7
- ^ "πόρθμιος".
- ^ Leonhard Schmitz (1870). "Epactaeus". In Smith, William (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.
- ^ "Ἀλίδουπος".
- ^ "εὐτρίαινα".
- ^ a b Nilsson Vol I p.451,452
- ^ φύκιος
- ^ "Τεμενίτης".
- ^ φυτάλμιος
- ^ πτόρθιος.
- ^ "ἲππειος".
- ^ Nilsson Vol I p.448
- ^ Pausanias 8.37.9–10
- ^ "Pausanias 8.10.3".
- ^ "Pausanias 1.30.4".
- ^ "Δαμαῖος".
- ^ "Pausanias 3.14.2".
- ^ "Ἱπποκούριος".
- ^ "Πετραῖος".
- ^ Nilsson Vol I p. 447
- ^ "κρηνούχος".
- ^ " Oceanus is the primeval water, the origin of all springs and rivers" : Nilsson Vol I p.450
- ^ "Apollodorus 3.14.1".
- ^ Nilsson Vol I p.450-451
- ^ γενέσιος
- ^ "Pausanias 2.38.4".
- ^ γενέθλιος
- ^ "φράτριος".
- ^ Nilsson Vol I p.452
- ^ "ἐπόπτης".
- ^ "ἐμπύλιος".
- ^ "Κρόνιος".
- ^ "σεμνός".
- ^ Pausanias 3.21.8.
- ^ a b Nilsson Vol I p.446- 448
- ^ contest at Sparta : Γαάοχοι
- ^ ταύρειος
- ^ Jeffery, The city states, p.152
- ^ Thomas Kelly, "The Calaurian Amphictiony" American Journal of Archaeology 70.2 (April 1966:113–121).
- ^ Ταιναρον
- ^ a b Temple of Poseidon Tainaron
- ^ Iliad 2.575
- ^ Iliad 2.533
- ^ ιππειος
- ^ Strabo 10.5.11
- ^ N.Spivey (1997), Greek art, Phaidon Press Limited, p. 61.
- ^ a b Gebhard, Elizabeth R. and Hemans, Frederick P. University of Chicago Excavations at Isthmia, 1989: I. Hesperia, Volume 61, Number 1 (January 1992), pp. 1–77, page 25.
- ^ N.Spivey, p.111-112
- ^ Robertson (1945), Greek and Roman architecture, pp. 66,324
- ^ Robertson, p.73
- Thermon: one column in the porch, five columns on the facade. "Basilica" (Paestum): three columns on the potch, nine columns in the pteron facade :Robertson, p.73
- ^ Paestum, second temple of Hera: two columns in the porch. Sounion: two columns in the porch.
- ^ a b Robertson, p.75
- ^ Salmon, J. B. 1984. Wealthy Corinth: A History of the City to 338 BC. Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 61.
- ^ Gebhard, Elizabeth on ‘The Evolution of a Pan-Hellenic Sanctuary: From Archaeology towards History at Isthmia.’ pp. 154–177 in: Marinatos, Nanno (ed.) and Hägg, Robin (ed.). 1993. Greek Sanctuaries: New Approaches. London: Routledge, page 160.
- ^ Robertson pp.75-76,325
- ^ ""The early temple of Hera, known as the 'Basilica'"". Archived from the original on 7 March 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
- ^ Robertson, pp. 136,327
- ^ a b Robertson, p. 327
- ^ Robertson, pp. 115,328
- ^ W. Burkert, Greek Religion (1987).
- ^ "KalaureiaKalaureia, Poros (1894 and 1997– ongoing) - Kalaureia, Poros (1894 and 1997– ongoing)". Swedish Institute at Athens. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Pausanias 2.34.10
- ^ Swedish Institute p.446
- ^ Temple of Poseidon Tinos
- ^ Hesiod, Theogony 453-455; Hard, p. 67.
- ^ a b Hard 2004, p. 68.
- ^ Grimal 1987, s.v. Cronus.
- ^ Homer, Iliad 15.184-93 Archived 11 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine)
- )
- ^ Tzetzes ad Lycophron 644
- ^ Kerenyi 1951, p. 182.
- ^ Diodorus Siculus, 5.55
- ^ a b Grimal 1987, pp. 387-388.
- ^ a b Kerenyi 1951, pp. 183-184.
- ^ Homer, Odyssey 5.380
- ^ Burkert 1983, pp. 143–149.
- 1005
- ^ Wunder 1855, p. note on verse 703.
- ^ Apollodorus, 3.14.2
- ^ Fowler 1988, p. 98 n. 5; Pausanias, 2.1.6 & 2.4.6
- ^ Dio Chrysostom, Discourses 37.11–12
- ^ Grummond and Ridgway, p. 69, "Helios' higher position would correspond to the sun's location in the sky versus Poseidon's lower venue in the sea, opposite Demeter on land."
- ^ Strabo, Geographica 8.6.14
- ^ O'Brien 1993, p. 144.
- ^ Grimal 1987, p. 40.
- Fabulae 169.
- ISBN 978-0-19-065098-8.
- ^ Grimal 1987, p. 446.
- ^ Walker 1995, p. 85.
- ^ a b Grimal 1987, p. 291.
- ^ a b c Hard 2004, p. 67.
- ^ Rose 1974, p. 82.
- ^ Ogden 2017, p. 41.
- ^ Williams & Clare 2022, pp. 160-161.
- ^ Williams & Clare 2022, p. 162.
- ^ a b Williams & Clare 2022, p. 139.
- ^ Walker 1995, p. 114.
- Hyginus, Astronomica 2.17.1
- ^ Oppian, Halieutica 1.38
- ^ Hesiod, Theogony 930–933
- ^ Hard, p. 344
- ^ Apollonius Rhodius, 2.1 ff. & 2.94 ff. with scholia
- ^ Great Books of the Western World, Plato's Dialogues. Biographical Note
- ^ Diogenes Laertius Plato 1
- ^ "Aelian : On Animals, 14". www.attalus.org. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
- Photius, 190
- ^ Smith, s.v. Tyro
- ^ Pausanias, 8.25.5
- ^ Pausanias, 8.25.7
- ^ Theogony 270–281 (Most, pp. 24, 25), where Poseidon is referred to as the "dark-haired one".
- ^ Ovid, Metamorphoses 4.794–803
- ^ Ovid, Metamorphoses 6.134
- ^ Ovid, Metamorphoses 12.195-199; Apollodorus, Epitome.1.22
- ^ Ovid, Metamorphoses 2.569-88
- ISBN 9781782203049.
- ^ Hesiod, Theogony 930–933
- ^ Apollodorus, 3.15.4
- ^ Pindar, Olympian Odes 7.14
- ^ Apollodorus, 2.5.11
- 3.420
- ^ Hesiod, Ehoiai fr. 40a as cited in Oxyrhynchus Papyri 1358 fr. 2
- ^ Pausanias, 8.25.7 & 8.42.1
- ^ Apollodorus, 3.6.8; Pausanias, 8.25.5 & 8.25.7
- ^ Herodorus, fr. 62 Fowler (Fowler 2000, p. 253), apud schol. Pindar, Olympian Odes 7.24–5; Fowler 2013, p. 591
- ISBN 0-674-01130-9; p. 42
- ^ Apollodorus, 2.4.2
- ^ Suida, s.v. Ergiske
- ^ Apollodorus, 3.10.3.
- ^ a b Apollodorus, 3.10.1.
- ^ Pausanias, 2.30.7
- ^ Pausanias, 9.22.5
- ^ a b c d e f g Hyginus, Fabulae 157
- ^ Scholia on Pindar, Olympian Ode 10.83 quoted in Hesiod, Ehoiai fr. 64
- ^ Apollodorus, 3.14.2
- ^ Hyginus, Fabulae 188
- ^ Tzetzes on Lycophron, 875
- ^ also said to be the daughter of Ergeus
- ^ Pausanias, 2.12.4
- ^ Apollodorus, 3.12.6
- ^ Pausanias, 10.6.13
- ^ Apollodorus, 3.15.4
- ^ Diodorus Siculus, 4.72.3
- ^ Diodorus Siculus, 5.55
- ^ Plutarch, Quaestiones Graecae 19
- ^ a b Apollodorus, 2.5.9
- ^ Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v. Aspledon
- ^ Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v. Astakos, with a reference to Arrian
- ^ Pausanias, 2.2.2
- Hyginus, Fabulae 175
- ^ Scholia on Homer, Iliad 2.517
- ^ Scholia on Theocritus, Idylls 7.76
- ^ Diodorus Siculus, 4.72.1–5
- ^ Probus on Virgil's Georgics 2.197
- ^ Homer, Odyssey 1.70–73
- ^ a b Pausanias, 7.4.8
- ^ Hyginus, Fabulae 14
- Tzetzes on Lycophron, 1206
- ^ Hyginus, Fabulae 187
- ^ Scholia on Homer, Iliad 2.499
- .
- ^ Plutarch, Parallela minora 38
- ^ Apollodorus, 2.5.11.
- ^ Apollodorus, 3.10.3.
- ^ Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica 4.67.3–4
- ^ a b Hyginus, Fabulae 186
- ^ Pausanias, 9.29.1
- ^ Pausanias, 7.4.1
- ^ Apollodorus, 2.7.1.
- ^ Pausanias, 2.5.7
- ^ Scholia on Pindar, Olympian Ode 2.147
- ^ Tzetzes on Lycophron, 232
- ^ a b Murray, John (1833). A Classical Manual, being a Mythological, Historical and Geographical Commentary on Pope's Homer, and Dryden's Aeneid of Virgil with a Copious Index. Albemarle Street, London. p. 78.
- ^ Apollodorus, 1.7.4
- ^ a b Strabo, Geographica 12.8.18
- ^ Tzetzes on Lycophron, 838
- ^ Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica s.v. Byzantion
- ^ Pausanias, 9.36.4
- ^ Scholia on Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 3.1094
- ^ Nonnus, Dionysiaca 13.328 ff.
- ^ Plato, Critias 113d-144c
- ^ Eustathius on Homer, p. 1714
- ^ a b Tzetzes, Chiliades 2.43
- ^ Hyginus, Fabulae 14; Pindar, Pythian Ode 4.45
- ^ John Lempière, Argonautae
- ^ Apollodorus, 1.4.3.
- ^ Scholia on Homer, Odyssey 11.326 = Hesiod, fr. 62 (Loeb edition, 1914)
- Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 1.230-3b
- Pythian Odes4.122
- ^ Pausanias, 5.1.8
- ^ Conon, Narrations 14
- ^ Hesiod, Ehoiai fr. 7
- ^ Apollodorus, 1.9.3
- ^ Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v. Almopia
- ^ Pseudo-Eratosthenes, Catasterismi 19; Hyginus, Poeticon astronomicon 2.20
- ^ Apollodorus, 2.4.5
- ^ Homer, Odyssey 11.305–8
- ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 1.2
- ^ Tripp, Edward. The Meridian Handbook of Classical Mythology. Meridian, 1970, p. 522.
- ^ Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Antiquitates Romanae 1.17.3
- ^ Pausanias, 2.30.5
- ^ a b Apollodorus, 2.1.4.
- ^ Pausanias, 1.44.3
- ^ Tzetzes on Lycophron, 208
- ^ Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v. Dyrrhakhion
- ^ Apollodorus, 2.7.2
- ^ Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v. Mytilene
- ^ Conon, Narrations 10
- ^ Homer, Odyssey 7.56–57
- ^ Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v. Torōnē
- ^ Tzetzes on Lycophron, 923
- ^ Diodorus Siculus, 5.53.1
- ^ Apollodorus, 4.68.3
- ^ Pausanias, 1.14.3
- ^ a b Apollodorus, Bibliotheca, 2.5.10.
- ^ eponym of Dicaea, a city in Thrace as cited in Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v. Dikaia
- ^ Conon, Narrations 17
- ^ Scholia on Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 1.216
- ^ Pausanias, 9.29.5
- ^ eponym of a river in Thessaly as cited in Scholia on Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 1.596
- ^ Scholia on Statius, Thebaid 1.34
- ^ a b Pseudo-Plutarch, De fluviis 21.1
- ^ Apollodorus, 2.88
- ^ Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v. Kalaureia
- ^ Aelian, Varia Historia 1.24
- ^ Fabulae, 38.
- ^ Pausanias, 2.1.3
- ^ Hesiod, Theogony 817–819
- ^ Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 1.185 & 2.896
- ^ Apollodorus, 2.5.10
- ^ Antoninus Liberalis, 22 Archived 2 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v. Gerēn
- ^ Pausanias, 10.12.1
- ^ Eustathius ad Homer, Odyssey p. 1649
- ^ Virgil, Aeneid 7.691
- ^ Pausanias, 9.26.5
- ^ Pseudo-Plutarch, De fluviis 11.1
- ^ Apollodorus, 1.9.21
- ^ Suda, s.v. Phorbanteion
- ^ Scholia on Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 1.179
- ^ Apollodorus, 3.1.1
- Olympian Odes14.5
- ^ Hyginus, Fabulae 161
- ^ Tzetzes ad Lycophron, 347
- ^ Nonnus, Dionysiaca 14.36 ff
- ^ This chart is based upon Hesiod's Theogony, unless otherwise noted.
- ^ According to Homer, Iliad 1.570–579, 14.338, Odyssey 8.312, Hephaestus was apparently the son of Hera and Zeus, see Gantz, p. 74.
- ^ According to Hesiod, Theogony 927–929 Archived 5 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Hephaestus was produced by Hera alone, with no father, see Gantz, p. 74.
- ^ According to Hesiod, Theogony 886–890 Archived 5 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine, of Zeus' children by his seven wives, Athena was the first to be conceived, but the last to be born; Zeus impregnated Metis then swallowed her, later Zeus himself gave birth to Athena "from his head", see Gantz, pp. 51–52, 83–84.
- ^ According to Hesiod, Theogony 183–200 Archived 5 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Aphrodite was born from Uranus' severed genitals, see Gantz, pp. 99–100.
- ^ According to Homer, Aphrodite was the daughter of Zeus (Iliad 3.374, 20.105 Archived 2 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine; Odyssey 8.308 Archived 2 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine, 320) and Dione (Iliad 5.370–71), see Gantz, pp. 99–100.
- ^ The ancient palace-city that was replaced by Vergina
- ^ "The Odyssey – Gareth Hinds Illustration". Retrieved 1 February 2023.
- ^ "Lore Olympus - Episode 2". www.webtoons.com. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
- ISBN 978-0593160299.
- ^ Chaffey, Don (19 June 1963), Jason and the Argonauts (Action, Adventure, Family), Todd Armstrong, Nancy Kovack, Gary Raymond, Charles H. Schneer Productions, retrieved 18 September 2023
- ^ Columbus, Chris (12 February 2010), Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief (Adventure, Family, Fantasy), Fox 2000 Pictures, 1492 Pictures, Sunswept Entertainment, retrieved 10 September 2022
- ^ Freudenthal, Thor (7 August 2013), Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters (Adventure, Family, Fantasy), Fox 2000 Pictures, TSG Entertainment, Sunswept Entertainment, retrieved 10 September 2022
- ^ Andreeva, Nellie (19 December 2014). "Ernie Hudson To Play Poseidon On 'Once Upon a Time'". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ^ "God Of War: 15 Gods Kratos Took Down & How He Did It". TheGamer. 10 April 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
- ^ "SMITE – Poseidon". www.smitegame.com. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
- ^ Plante, Corey (17 October 2020). "1 single boon in 'Hades' transforms Excalibur into the ultimate weapon". Inverse. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
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External links
- Media related to Poseidon at Wikimedia Commons
- Theoi.com: Poseidon
- GML Poseidon
- Gods found in Mycenaean Greece; a table drawn up from Michael Ventris and John Chadwick, Documents in Mycenaean Greek second edition (Cambridge 1973)
- The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (images of Poseidon)