Post-Ebola virus syndrome
Post-Ebola virus syndrome | |
---|---|
Other names | Post Ebola syndrome |
Infectious disease | |
Symptoms | Chest pain, fatigue, hearing loss[1] |
Causes | EVD |
Diagnostic method | Neurological observation[2] |
Post-Ebola virus syndrome (or post-Ebola syndrome) is a
Signs and symptoms
Articles related to the |
Western African Ebola virus epidemic |
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Overview |
Nations with widespread cases |
Other affected nations |
Other outbreaks |
Researchers have been aware of a group of symptoms that frequently followed
Post Ebola syndrome may manifest asMechanism
Although, there is some progress that may potentially help Ebola survivors, adequate funding and further research is required to help provide more answers about post-Ebola syndrome.[11]
Studies from previous outbreaks reveal that the virus is able to survive for months after recovery in some parts of the body such as the eyes and testes, where the immune system cannot reach. It is not known if the neurologic symptoms seen in survivors are a direct result of the virus or, instead, triggered by the immune system's response to the infection. It is known that Ebola can trigger a massive cytokine storm that can cause bleeding throughout the body, including the brain, which may explain various neurological symptoms that have been reported.[12]
Diagnosis
In terms of diagnosis, the individual may show sensitivity to light or eye redness when ocular problems are suspected. Neurologically the individual's coordination,
Management
Management depends on the symptoms displayed, for example, if the individual indicates muscular-skeletal pain then paracetamol may be administered. If the individual presents with ocular problems, then prednisone and cyclopentolate may be used for treatment, according to the WHO.[2]
Prognosis
Viral persistence and transmission
According to a review by Brainard, et al., Ebola virus was identified in almost 3 out of 4
At the start of 2021 an outbreak of EVD that caused 18 cases and 9 deaths in Guinea is thought to be due to a West Africa Ebola outbreak survivor. This individual apparently infected a woman more than 5 years after he himself had incurred the infection[17]
Research
Researchers from the
PREVAIL III (Partnership for Research on Ebola Vaccines in Liberia III), a study of survivors and their contacts, a collaboration between NIAID and Liberia, was planned in late 2014.[19] Early results described abdominal, chest, neurologic, musculoskeletal, and ocular[20] challenges faced by survivors.[16]
PREVAIL IV examined if a medication, GS-5734, could help men with persistent Ebola virus RNA in semen to eliminate it,[21] and thereby reduce the potential risk for sexual transmission.
PREVAIL VII examined if survivors of Ebola virus disease had evidence of Ebola virus RNA in aqueous humor and outcomes of cataract surgery relative to the local population.[22]
In 2018, over two years after the resolution of the Ebola outbreak in Eastern Sierra Leone, a study was conducted of Ebola survivors, with their families used as a control group. The study was published in 2021, Looking at the results, the researchers were able to find an underlying process leading to persistent symptoms in some but not all Ebola survivors. One hypothesis suggests "ongoing inflammation due to persistent infection vs autoimmune phenomena." The authors suggest that more study is needed to come to conclusions about why some survivors continue to experience post syndrome ailments.[23]
See also
- Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa
- List of Ebola outbreaks
- Long COVID – Long-term complication of COVID-19
References
- ^ PMID 26293407.
- ^ a b c d "Clinical care for survivors of Ebola virus disease" (PDF). WHO. World Health Organization. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
- ^ PMID 26983037.
- PMID 27352759.
- ^ Yasmin S. "Why Ebola Survivors Struggle with New Symptoms". Scientific American. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
- ^ Neporent L (2014-09-03). "'Post-Ebola Syndrome' Persists After Virus Is Cured, Doctor Says". ABC news. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
- ^ Farge E, Giahyue JH (2015-02-04). "Free from Ebola, survivors complain of new syndrome". Reuters. Dakar, Monrovia. Retrieved 12 May 2015.[dead link]
- ^ Grady D (2015-05-07). "After Nearly Claiming His Life, Ebola Lurked in a Doctor's Eye". The New York Times. The New York Times. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
- PMID 25950269.
- PMID 26672870.
- ^ "Ebola survivors: What happens next?". Foundation for Biomedical Research. Archived from the original on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
- PMID 25910637.
- PMID 26927697.
- ^ "Preliminary study finds that Ebola virus fragments can persist in the semen of some survivors for at least nine months". WHO. World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 7 December 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
- PMID 29670927.
- ^ PMID 30855742.
- . Retrieved 19 March 2021.
- ^
Jagadesh S, Sevalie S, Fatoma R, Sesay F, Sahr F, Faragher B, et al. (January 2018). "Disability Among Ebola Survivors and Their Close Contacts in Sierra Leone: A Retrospective Case-Controlled Cohort Study". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 66 (1): 131–133. PMID 29020205.
- PMID 27013310.
- PMID 33399856.
- ^ "PREVAIL treatment trial for men with persistent Ebola viral RNA in semen opens in Liberia". National Institutes of Health (NIH). 2016-07-05. Retrieved 2021-01-27.
- PMID 33520427.
- PMID 33822010.
Further reading
- Jagadesh S, Sevalie S, Fatoma R, Sesay F, Sahr F, Faragher B, et al. (January 2018). "Disability Among Ebola Survivors and Their Close Contacts in Sierra Leone: A Retrospective Case-Controlled Cohort Study". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 66 (1): 131–133. PMID 29020205.
- Carod-Artal FJ (March 2015). "[Illness due the Ebola virus: epidemiology and clinical manifestations within the context of an international public health emergency]". Revista de Neurología. 60 (6): 267–77. PMID 25760722.
- Lyons J (2015). Ebola: An Evolving Story. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-4675918.
- Blackley DJ, Wiley MR, Ladner JT, Fallah M, Lo T, Gilbert ML, et al. (April 2016). "Reduced evolutionary rate in reemerged Ebola virus transmission chains". Science Advances. 2 (4): e1600378. PMID 27386513.
- Scott JT, Sesay FR, Massaquoi TA, Idriss BR, Sahr F, Semple MG (April 2016). "Post-Ebola Syndrome, Sierra Leone". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 22 (4): 641–6. PMID 26983037.
- Massaquoi MB, Kennedy SB, Tegli JK, Bolay FK, Kateh FN (April 2016). "Fostering collaboration on post-Ebola clinical research in Liberia". The Lancet. Global Health. 4 (4): e239. PMID 27013310.
- Jacobs M, Rodger A, Bell DJ, Bhagani S, Cropley I, Filipe A, et al. (July 2016). "Late Ebola virus relapse causing meningoencephalitis: a case report". Lancet. 388 (10043): 498–503. PMID 27209148.
- Shantha JG, Crozier I, Varkey JB, Kraft CS, Lyon GM, Mehta AK, et al. (December 2016). "Long-term Management of Panuveitis and Iris Heterochromia in an Ebola Survivor". Ophthalmology. 123 (12): 2626–2628.e2. PMID 27594198. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
- Reznik SE, Gardner EL, Ashby CR (November 2016). "Cannabidiol: a potential treatment for post Ebola syndrome?". International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 52: 74–76. PMID 27686726. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
- Fischer WA, Brown J, Wohl DA, Loftis AJ, Tozay S, Reeves E, et al. (2017). "Ebola Virus Ribonucleic Acid Detection in Semen More Than Two Years After Resolution of Acute Ebola Virus Infection". Open Forum Infectious Diseases. 4 (3): ofx155. PMID 29670927.