Post-coup unrest in Egypt (2013–2014)
Post-coup unrest in Egypt | |||
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Part of the 14 August massacre of pro-Morsi sit-ins in Cairo. | |||
Date | 3 July 2013[1] (11 months and 5 days) | – 8 June 2014||
Location | |||
Caused by | Coup d'état; police and army actions against supporters of Mohamed Morsi | ||
Status | Quelled | ||
Parties | |||
Lead figures | |||
Abdel Fatah al-Sisi (Interim Vice President) (resigned)
(Minister of Defense, Commander-in-Chief)l Adly Mansour (Interim President, Chief Justice) Mohamed ElBaradei Mohammed Badie
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Casualties and losses | |||
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Total:[5] Killed ≈3,143 in various acts of political violence. |
Part of a series on the Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014) |
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Post-coup unrest in Egypt (2013–2014)
Supporters Opponents Family
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Protests against the
Background
Egypt in transition
Protests against President Hosni Mubarak in early 2011 led to his resignation and trial after the Egyptian military switched its allegiance to the demonstrators. Mubarak's downfall was only the second revolution in the Arab world of the revolutionary wave known as the Arab Spring.
Vice President
An Islamist-dominated parliament was elected in late 2011 and early 2012. The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces dissolved the body in June 2012, saying many of the elections were illegitimate.[18]
Morsi administration
Morsi reinstated parliament days after his election,[21] and lawmakers set to work drafting a constitution. The constitution was passed over the objections of opposition members who argued the process was faulty.[22] When put to a referendum in December 2012, the constitution was approved by a nearly 28-point margin, as supporters successfully argued that approval of the constitution was needed to ensure stability.[23]
However, Morsi's government faced popular protests after the president decreed in November 2012 that he had vast powers that could not be checked by the courts.[24] Protesters called for Morsi to withdraw his constitutional declaration or resign from office.[25] Within weeks, Morsi annulled the declaration, days before the constitution itself was approved by voters.[citation needed]
2012-13 Protests
Coup d'état
Protests against Morsi continued throughout the first half of 2013, whipping up in June 2013 briefly after the president appointed an Islamist accused of involvement in the Luxor massacre to head the Luxor Governorate[26] and culminating in mass demonstrations that began on 30 June. Protesters criticized Morsi for alleged mismanagement of the country and for the growing influence of the Muslim Brotherhood.[27] The Tamarod movement, which translates into English as "Rebel", claimed it had gathered 22 million signatures from Egyptians opposed to Morsi.[28] According to some sources, the protests were the largest in Egypt's history.[citation needed]
The
Formation of new government
Indications on 6 July 2013 that
Chronology
Prelude
3 July military coup
On 3 July, General
General al-Sisi said: "The president's speech last night failed to meet and conform with the demands [of the people, prompting the armed forces to consult] with some of the symbols of the national forces and the youths without excluding anyone. [They agreed on a road map] that includes initial steps that realize the building of a strong and coherent Egyptian society that does not exclude any of its sons and currents and that end the state of conflict and division."
The announcement of the removal of Morsi was met with cheers in Tahrir Square.
The Freedom and Justice Party's Gamal Heshmat said: "There is absolutely no direction towards violence. The Brotherhood are not raised on violence. Their cause is a peaceful one, defending their rights, which is stronger than a "military coup". The army has perpetrated a "shameful coup". We are still in the street, we still don't know if all of the armed forces will accept what Sisi has done."[54] A party spokesman said that what started as a military coup was "turning into something much more."[55] The National Salvation Front, an alliance of multiple political parties, stated on 4 July that "what Egypt is witnessing now is not a military coup by any standards. It was a necessary decision that the Armed Forces' leadership took to protect democracy, maintain the country's unity and integrity, restore stability and get back on track towards achieving the goals of the January 25 Revolution."[56]
4 July
Violence continued with over 100 people wounded and at least two deaths, believed to be that of children.[58] The Muslim Brotherhood's spokesman called for "strictly peaceful" protests to defy (according to his description) the military coup.[59]
5 July: "Friday of Rejection"
Palestinian officials in Gaza also said that the Egyptian Armed Forces had shut the
Leaders from the protest movement
6 July
7 July
Negotiations continued over the prime ministerial appointment, with reports suggesting the Al-Nour Party had objected to ElBaradei's appointment and representatives of the Tamarod movement continuing to push for it. Meanwhile, a message from Mohammed Badie appeared on the Muslim Brotherhood's Facebook page accusing coup leaders of "flagrant violations against the Egyptian people", those opposed to the rule of Morsi mobilized for another day of rallying in Tahrir Square.[69] Huge demonstrations against the military coup, also occurred in manned makeshift roadblocks in Cairo and the Nasr City suburb in Cairo.[70]
July 2013
8 July
According to the Forensic Medical Authority, at least 61 protesters were killed and more than 435 injured, in what was deemed a massacre by the
The Nour Party announced it would not participate in the political transition due to the "massacre", and former Muslim Brotherhood member, moderate Islamist, and 2012 presidential candidate Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh called for Mansour to resign. Meanwhile, Mansour issued a proposed timetable for elections to occur within six months.[79]
Following reports that many
9 July
10 July
11 July
The United States formally placed financial aid to Egypt under review.[86]
The Muslim Brotherhood vowed to continue its resistance to the military's ouster of Morsi. In a statement it disavowed itself from an assassination attempt against a senior army commander in the Sinai Peninsula on 10 July and said it adheres to peaceful measures. The statement also read: "We will continue our peaceful resistance to the bloody military coup against constitutional legitimacy. We trust that the peaceful and popular will of the people shall triumph over force and oppression."[87]
Public prosecutor Hisham Barakat issued a temporary freeze on the assets of senior leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood,
12–23 July
On 13 July, Egyptian prosecutors announced a criminal investigation of Morsi for "spying, inciting violence and ruining the economy".
The Muslim Brotherhood continued its call for more protests after Friday prayers.[93] The protests were held in Cairo and Alexandria with two formations of fighter jets flying over both cities after noon prayers ended as well as military helicopters that flew low over roof tops in the city. Amongst the tens of thousands of protesters present, they chanted "Islamic, Islamic" in calling for an Islamic state.[94]
On 22 July, protests in Cairo led to two deaths at a pro-Morsi rally as unknown gunmen opened fire on demonstrators. A bomb also killed a conscript and injured 15 at a police station in Mansoura.[95] Morsi's family also accused the military of kidnapping him.[96]
The United States called on Egypt's army to free deposed President
24 July
A bomb exploded at a police station in the Egyptian city of Mansoura, the capital of the Dakahlia Governorate, killing at least one person and injuring 17.[101]
During a speech at a military parade,
The reactions to Al-Sisi's announcement ranged from open support by the Egyptian presidency
26 July
In response to
In Sphinx Square in
In a separate development, Egyptian state media announced that deposed President Morsi was being investigated for conspiring with the Palestinian group Hamas in relation to a prison breakout in 2011.[119]
27 July
At least 82 were killed early in the morning after security forces opened fire on pro-Morsi demonstrators on a road near the
Interior Minister
Two days later, the United States White House released a statement that read it "strongly condemns the bloodshed and violence" in Cairo and Alexandria, while calling on the military-backed interim government to respect the rights of demonstrators.[125]
30–31 July
On 30 July, a member of the Palestinian movement Hamas' named Salah al-Bardaweel said that it had documentary proof that the interim government was colluding with its Palestinian rivals, Fatah and the Palestinian National Authority, in pushing forward a malicious agenda to tarnish the group, while it also denied involvement in the Egypt protests following the coup.[126] Fatah termed the documents as "fabrications" in rejecting the allegations.[127]
The next day, the interim cabinet warned that it would use any measures to deal with the pro-Morsi protesters' sit-in in dispersing them.[128]
August 2013
On 11 August, efforts by the international community to end the standoff and find a peaceful resolution to the crisis failed. Egypt's prime minister warned just ahead of the Muslim Eid al-Fitr holiday that ends Sunday that the government's decision to clear the sit-ins was "irreversible."[129]
On 12 August, supporters of toppled president Mohamed Morsi increased the pressure on Egypt's interim leadership by defiantly flooding into two protest camps Monday, prompting police to postpone moving against the 6-week-old sit-ins to "avoid bloodshed" and delayed taking any action.[130] The Interior Ministry has depicted the encampments as a public danger, saying 11 bodies bearing signs of torture were found near both sites. Amnesty International has also reported that anti-Morsi protesters have been captured, beaten, subjected to electric shocks or stabbed. At least eight bodies have arrived at a morgue in Cairo bearing signs of torture, the human rights group said.[130]
13–14 August
On 13 August, Egyptian interim President Adly Mansour appointed 18 new provincial governors, many of them former military officers, removing all Muslim Brotherhood members who had been in office, triggering a wave of criticism from groups and activists who decried the appointments of mainly former security officials to the posts.[131] According to The Economist a number of those newly appointed governors "had glaring records of hostility to the 2011 revolution."[132]
Shortly after dawn on 14 August, Egyptian police raided two large encampments by supporters of ousted president Mohamed Morsi in Cairo to forcibly disperse them, after six weeks of unauthorized sit-in, sparking deadly clashes that drew global condemnation from world states.
15–16 August
On 15 August, following the security forces raids on Cairo protest camps held by supporters of deposed president Mohamed Morsi, churches across Egypt came under frenzied attack Thursday as Morsi loyalists allegedly orchestrated nationwide assaults on Christian targets throughout the country. It's estimated that as many as 36 churches were "completely" devastated by fire across nine Egyptian governorates and many other churches were looted or stormed. Egypt's army chief Gen.
The unrest led the interim government to declare a month-long state of emergency, with a daily curfew between 7:00pm and 6:00am in Cairo and 12 other governorates.[144]
Several episodes of clashes are reported in Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities.[145] The interim Interior Minister authorized the police agents and the military to shoot on sight anyone who is involved in unrests. All touristic attractions and antiquities museums are closed all over the country, many suffering looting episodes.[146]
The army blocked all major streets and squares, among which, Tahrir Square. The early clashes caused many deaths, at least 80 in Cairo, 5 in
On 16 August Ammar Badie, the son of Mohammed Badie, was among the 173 killed in clashes that were part of a Muslim Brotherhood orchestrated "Day of Rage".[148]
17–18 August
On 17 August, security forces cleared a Cairo mosque after a standoff with anti-government protesters barricaded inside. The confrontation at the al-Fath mosque continued for most of Saturday—with exchanges of gunfire between security forces and protesters.[149]
On 18 August, a convoy carrying about 600 detainees to Abu Zaabal Prison near Cairo resulted in at least 35 deaths. The interior ministry said that the detainees tried to escape from the convoy and took an officer hostage. They then said that police fired tear gas back at them and the detainees died as a result of suffocation. However, the Muslim Brotherhood disputed the claim and said that its supporters were killed in cold blood and called for an international inquiry into the incident.[150]
25 Egyptian policemen died on 19 August in an attack in Egypt's Sinai Peninsula by militant Islamists.[151]
In all, nearly 1,000 people have been killed in clashes between security forces and supporters of ousted President Mohamed Morsi during 14–18 August.[151]
On 19 August, the government banned vigilante groups known as "people's committees" that are armed with clubs, sticks and guns and have appeared on Egyptian streets as of mid-August 2013.[152]
September 2013
5 September
On 5 September 2013, interior minister Mohamed Ibrahim Moustafa was the target of an assassination attempt; the attempt failed, though 21 people were injured and one person died.[153]
19 September
One police officer was killed in Giza in an Islamist dominated town, more than 50 Islamists were arrested on the crackdown.[154]
October 2013
On 6 October 2013, at least 57 were killed and 393 injured across the country when anti-coup protesters and security forces clashed amid celebrations of the 40th anniversary of the start of the 1973 Mideast war with Israel. Pitched battles were fought for hours in some Cairo neighborhoods, where 48 of the 57 fatalities occurred. Residents reported areas of the city looked like combat zones, with tires burning and thick black smoke rising over the streets.[155]
Violence continued on 7 October, as unidentified gunmen attacked an Army convoy west of
November 2013
On 15 November, two teenagers were killed in Friday clashes as the curfew was removed.[157][158]
On 19 November, revolutionaries clashed with military supporters in the second anniversary of the Mohamed Mahmoud massacre that killed 61 in three days. The clashes left two people dead, both men aged 20 and 25, the deaths were caused by
On 21 November, Islamist students from
On 22 November, Friday Clashes left three people killed, one child was killed as well, 15 others were injured nationwide. Friday is usually a day of clashes and protests. In Minya in Upper Egypt one was killed, 21-year-old Salah Adel died because of a gunshot wound in the chest. The Friday marked 100 days passed since the 14 August raids.[161]
On 28 November, clashes between Islamist students and police left one student killed by a gunshot wound to the neck, the protest was organized without following the protest law, another student was injured and in critical condition.[162]
December 2013
On 13 December, two people were killed on Friday clashes, 14 others were injured and 54 were arrested, the numbers were lower due to low temperature.[163]
On 16 December, a taxi driver was lynched to death by an Islamist mob, the taxi driver went through the crowd and accidentally ran over a female protester, the 24-year-old Mohamed Othman had his taxi torched after his death, and Islamists spraypainted 'killer' on his cab.[164]
On 24 December, a
On 27 December, Friday clashes left 5 people dead, and 265 arrested, the protest were sparked when the Muslim Brotherhood was officially banned, police apparently fired bullets.[166]
January 2014
On 3 January 2014, six months after Morsi's ouster, 13 people were killed in clashes between Islamists, their opponents, and the police.
On 10 January, 4 people were killed in Friday clashes, as soldiers opened fire in Suez and killed 3 people from Youth Against Coup group, 1 other was killed in Alexandria.
On 14 January, 11 people were killed in clashes on the 2014 Egyptian constitutional referendum, the clashes were between supporters and opponents of the constitution.[167]
On 16 January, 1 student named Omar was killed in clashes between students and police officers, more than 10 others were injured and 23 were arrested, the university president's son was injured.[168]
On 24 January, four bomb blasts hit Cairo; the blasts killed 6 and also blew up the Cairo police headquarters and a nearby Islamic museum;[169] Ansar Bait al-Maqdis took responsibility for all four of the blasts;[170] though a group called Egypt's Soldiers took responsibility for the blast near the metro station.[171] 15 others were killed in clashes; a total of 21 were killed that day.[172]
On 25 January, 64 people were killed on the third anniversary of the
On 31 January, 1 person was killed and 35 were injured in Friday clashes.[174]
February 2014
On 7 February, 3 people were killed in Friday clashes including a teenager, 4 security personnel were injured in Friday clashes.[175]
On 14 February, 2 people were killed in Friday clashes with Morsi-loyalists, including a 12-year-old boy. [176]
On 16 February, 4 people, 3 South Koreans and a bus driver, were killed after a terrorist bomb exploded on a tourist bus on the border crossing with Israel at Taba. The perpetrators are believed to be Ansar Bait al-Maqdis which are allied with Morsi-loyalists.
March 2014
On 19 March, five people were killed in a day where the Anti-Coup Alliance called for protests, protests were held beside universities; a 14 year old was also killed in the clashes.
On 21 March, Friday clashes left two killed by birdshot wounds.
On 24 March, a court in Minya, south of the capital, Cairo, convicted 529[177] (some sources say 528[178]) persons accused with many charges including murdering a policeman and attacks on people and property and sentenced all convicted to death. They are convicted for killing of a police officer and attacking on people and property. A spokesman of Muslim Brotherhood questioned the unprecedented speedy trial and said the verdict came from a Kangaroo court. The spokesman also pointed that the sentences showed a comeback of dictatorship to Egypt. The interim government launched a severe crackdown on Muslim Brotherhood following the 2013 coup. All the sentenced persons are supporters of Muslim Brotherhood and ousted Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi.[178] After a compulsory review by the Grand Mufti, on 28 April the court changed the sentences to life imprisonment for all but 37 of them, but sentenced to death another 683 people.[179][180]
April 2014
On 9 April, Egyptian security forces attacked a large number of student protesters across the country.[citation needed]
On 25 April, Friday protests erupted throughout the country, resulting in at least 2 deaths during clashes with security forces.[citation needed]
May 2014
On 23 May, protests broke out in several provinces of Egypt, resulting 2 deaths in al-Fayyoum and 1 death in Cairo during clashes with security forces. Twenty-three people were injured.
Subsequent clashes
June 2014
On 20 June, Friday protests against the new president set off in most provinces of Egypt, resulting in 2 deaths in Cairo and dozens of injured protesters.[181]
July 2014
On the occasion of the anniversary of Morsi's overthrow, protests broke out. During clashes with security forces at least 3 protesters died and more than hundred Morsi supporters had been arrested.
November 2014
On 17 November, minor protests against the president broke out in several provinces of Egypt. During clashes with security forces at least two protesters were killed in the province of Al-Fayyoum and in Ain Shams in the vicinity of Cairo. Thirteen protesters had been arrested.
On 28 November, more small protests against the Sisi government broke out in response to opposition groups' call for an "Islamic revolution" in Egypt. At least four protesters and two policemen were killed during clashes.[182][183]
January 2015
On Friday 23 January 2015, a 17-year-old girl, Sondos Abu Bakr, was killed during protests in Alexandria against the coup which deposed Mohamed Morsi.[184]
On Saturday 24 January 2015, police fired at a handful of activists of the
On Sunday 25 January 2015, on the fourth anniversary of the 2011 Egyptian revolution, at least 18 people were killed in protests in Cairo and across Egypt. According to authorities, two or three of those killed were militants trying to plant a bomb, and three others were policemen. At least 12 others were civilians killed by security forces. Dozens of protesters were injured and hundreds were arrested.[188][189]
Casualties
Date | Killed |
---|---|
8 July 2013 | 61[190] |
27 July 2013 | at least 120 [191] |
14 August 2013 | at least 904[192] |
16 August 2013 | 173[148] |
6 September 2013 | 2[193] |
19 September 2013 | 1[154] |
4 October 2013 | 4[194] |
6 October 2013 | 57[155] |
7 October 2013 | 9[42][156][195] |
15 November 2013 | 2[154] |
19 November 2013 | 2[159] |
21 November 2013 | 1[160] |
22 November 2013 | 3[161] |
28 November 2013 | 1[162] |
13 December 2013 | 2[163] |
16 December 2013 | 1[164] |
24 December 2013 | 16[165] |
27 December 2013 | 5[166] |
3 January 2014 | 13 |
10 January 2014 | 4[196] |
14 January 2014 | 11 |
16 January 2014 | 1 |
24 January 2014 | 21 |
25 January 2014 | 64[173] |
Minor protests
Date | Killed |
---|---|
31 January 2014 | 1 |
7 February 2014 | 3 |
14 February 2014 | 2 |
19 March 2014 | 5 |
21 March 2014 | 1 |
28 March 2014 | 5[197] |
25 April 2014 | 2[198] |
23 May 2014 | 3[199] |
20 June 2014 | 2[181] |
3 July 2014 | 5[200] |
11 July 2014 | 2[201] |
28 July 2014 | 5 |
14 August 2014 | 4[202] |
15 August 2014 | 10[203] |
7 November 2014 | 2[204] |
28 November 2014 | 6[183][205] |
13 December 2014 | 1[206] |
23 January 2015 | 1[184] |
24 January 2015 | 1[185] |
25 January 2015 | 18[188][189] |
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