Postalveolar consonant
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Postalveolar or post-alveolar consonants are
There are many types of postalveolar sounds—especially among the sibilants. The three primary types are palato-alveolar (such as [ʃ ʒ], weakly palatalized), alveolo-palatal (such as [ɕ ʑ], strongly palatalized), and retroflex (such as [ʂ ʐ], unpalatalized). The palato-alveolar and alveolo-palatal subtypes are commonly counted as "palatals" in phonology since they rarely contrast with true palatal consonants.
Postalveolar sibilants
For most sounds involving the tongue, the place of articulation can be sufficiently identified just by specifying the point of contact on the upper part of the mouth (for example, velar consonants involve contact on the soft palate and dental consonants involve the teeth), along with any secondary articulation such as palatalization (raising of the tongue body) or labialization (lip rounding).
However, among sibilants, particularly postalveolar sibilants, there are slight differences in the shape of the tongue and the point of contact on the tongue itself, which correspond to large differences in the resulting sound. For example, the alveolar fricative [s] and the three postalveolar fricatives [ɕ ʃ ʂ] differ noticeably both in pitch and sharpness; the order [s ɕ ʃ ʂ] corresponds to progressively lower-pitched and duller (less "hissy" or piercing) sounds. ([s] is the highest-pitched and most piercing, which is the reason that hissing sounds like "Sssst!" or "Psssst!" are typically used to attract someone's attention). As a result, it is necessary to specify many additional subtypes.
Tongue shape
The main distinction is the shape of the tongue, which corresponds to differing degrees of palatalization (raising of the body of the tongue). From least to most palatalized, they are retroflex (such as [ʂ ʐ], unpalatalized); palato-alveolar (such as [ʃ ʒ], weakly palatalized); and alveolo-palatal (such as [ɕ ʑ], strongly palatalized). The increasing palatalization corresponds to progressively higher-pitched and sharper-sounding consonants.
Less technically, the retroflex consonant [ʂ] sounds somewhat like a mixture between the regular English [ʃ] of "ship" and the "h" at the beginning of "heard", especially when it is pronounced forcefully and with a strong American "r". The alveolo-palatal consonant [ɕ] sounds like a strongly palatalized version of [ʃ], somewhat like "nourish you".
Palato-alveolar sounds are normally described as having a convex (a bunched-up or domed) tongue. The front, central part of the tongue is somewhat raised compared to the tip, back and sides, which gives it a weak palatalization. For retroflex sounds, the tongue shape is either concave (usually when apical or subapical, made with the tip of the tongue) or flat (usually when laminal, made with the area behind the tongue tip). For alveolo-palatal sounds, the front half of the tongue is flat and raised so that it closely parallels the upper surface of the mouth, from the teeth to the hard palate. Behind that is a sudden convex bend.
The following table shows the three types of postalveolar sibilant fricatives defined in the IPA:
Voiceless | Voiced | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IPA | Description | Example | IPA | Description | Example | ||||||
Language | Orthography | IPA | Meaning | Language | Orthography | IPA | Meaning | ||||
ʃ | Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant
|
English | shin | [ʃɪn] | shin | ʒ | Voiced palato-alveolar sibilant
|
English | vision | [vɪʒən] | vision |
ɕ | Voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant
|
Mandarin | 小 (xiǎo) | [ɕiɑu˨˩˦] | small | ʑ | Voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant
|
Polish | zioło | [ʑɔwɔ] | herb |
ʂ | voiceless retroflex sibilant
|
Mandarin | 上海 (Shànghǎi) | [ʂɑ̂ŋ.xàɪ] | Shanghai | ʐ | voiced retroflex sibilant
|
Russian Polish |
жаба (žaba) | [ʐabə]
[ʐaba] |
toad frog |
Point of tongue contact (laminal, apical, subapical)
A second variable is whether the contact occurs with the very tip of the tongue (an apical articulation [ʃ̺]), with the surface just above the tip, the blade of the tongue (a laminal articulation [ʃ̻]), or with the underside of the tip (a subapical articulation). Apical and subapical articulations are always "tongue-up", with the tip of the tongue above the teeth, and laminal articulations are often "tongue-down", with the tip of the tongue behind the lower teeth.
The upward curvature of the tongue tip to make apical or subapical contact renders palatalization more difficult so domed (palato-alveolar) consonants are not attested with subapical articulation and fully palatalized (such as alveolo-palatal) sounds occur only with laminal articulation. Also, the apical-laminal distinction among palato-alveolar sounds makes little (although presumably non-zero[1]) perceptible difference; both articulations, in fact, occur among English-speakers.[2]
As a result, the differing points of tongue contact (laminal, apical and subapical) are significant largely for retroflex sounds. Retroflex sounds can also occur outside of the postalveolar region, ranging from as far back as the hard palate to as far forward as the alveolar region behind the teeth. Subapical retroflex sounds are often palatal (and vice versa), which occur particularly in the Dravidian languages.
Position of tongue tip (laminal "closed")
There is an additional distinction that can be made among tongue-down laminal sounds, depending on exactly where behind the lower teeth the tongue tip is placed. A bit behind the lower teeth is a hollow area (or pit) in the lower surface of the mouth. When the tongue tip rests in the hollowed area, there is an empty space below the tongue (a sublingual cavity), which results in a relatively more "hushing" sound. When the tip of the tongue rests against the lower teeth, there is no sublingual cavity, resulting in a more "hissing" sound. Generally, the tongue-down postalveolar consonants have the tongue tip on the hollowed area (with a sublingual cavity), whereas for the tongue-down alveolar consonants, the tongue tip rests against the teeth (no sublingual cavity), which accentuates the hissing vs. hushing distinction of these sounds.
However, the palato-alveolar sibilants in
A laminal "closed" articulation could also be made with alveolo-palatal sibilants and a laminal "non-closed" articulation with alveolar sibilants, but no language appears to do so. In addition, no language seems to have a minimal contrast between two sounds based only on the "closed"/"non-closed" variation, with no concomitant articulatory distinctions (for all languages, including the Northwest Caucasian languages, if the language has two laminal sibilants, one of which is "closed" and the other is "non-closed", they will also differ in some other ways).
Examples
A few languages distinguish three different postalveolar sibilant tongue shapes (/ʂ/ /ʃ/ /ɕ/) such as the
The attested possibilities, with exemplar languages, are as follows. IPA diacritics are simplified, and some articulations would require two diacritics to be fully specified, but only one is used to keep the results legible without the need for OpenType IPA fonts. Also, Peter Ladefoged, whose notation is used here, has resurrected an obsolete IPA symbol, the under dot, to indicate the apical postalveolar, which is normally included in the category of retroflex consonants. The notation s̠, ṣ is sometimes reversed, and either may also be called 'retroflex' and written ʂ.
IPA | Place of articulation | Exemplifying languages |
---|---|---|
[s̠ z̠] | laminal flat postalveolar (laminal retroflex) | Polish sz, rz, cz, dż, Mandarin sh, zh, ch |
[ṣ ẓ] | apical postalveolar (apical retroflex) | Ubykh, Toda |
[ʃ ʒ] | domed postalveolar (palato-alveolar) | English sh, zh (may be either laminal or apical) |
[ʃ̻ ʒ̻] | laminal domed postalveolar | Toda |
[ɕ ʑ] | laminal palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) | Mandarin q, j, x, Polish ć, ś, ź, dź, Ubykh |
[ŝ ẑ] | laminal closed postalveolar | Ubykh |
[ʂ ʐ] | subapical postalveolar or palatal (subapical retroflex) | Toda |
Postalveolar non-sibilants
Non-sibilant sounds can also be made in the postalveolar region, the number of acoustically distinct variations is then significantly reduced. The primary distinction for such sounds is between laminal palatalized and apical retroflex non-palatalized. (Subapical retroflex non-sibilants also occur but tend to be palatal, as for sibilants.)
Non-palatalized (retroflex)
Retroflex stops, nasals and laterals (like [ʈ ɳ ɭ]) occur in a number of languages across the world such as in
The normal
Palatalized
Palatalized postalveolar non-sibilants are usually considered to be alveolo-palatal. Some non-sibilant sounds in some languages are said to be palato-alveolar rather than alveolo-palatal, but in practice, it is unclear if there is any consistent acoustic distinction between the two types of sounds.
In phonological descriptions, alveolo-palatal postalveolar non-sibilants are usually not distinguished as such but are considered to be variants of either
The IPA does not have specific symbols for alveolo-palatal non-sibilants, but they can be denoted using the advanced diacritic like ⟨c̟ ɲ̟ ʎ̟⟩. Sinologists often use special symbols for alveolo-palatal non-sibilants, ⟨ȶ ȵ ȴ⟩, created by analogy with the curls used to mark alveolo-palatal sibilants. However, the actual sounds indicated using these symbols are often palatal or palatalized alveolar rather than alveolo-palatal, like the variation for symbols like [ɲ ʎ]. The decision to use the special alveolo-palatal symbols in sinology is largely based on distributional similarities between the sounds in question and the alveolo-palatal sibilants, which are prominent in many East Asian languages.
Examples
Some languages distinguish palatalized (alveolo-palatal) and non-palatalized (retroflex) postalveolar nasals and/or laterals.
Some
Postalveolar clicks
There are two postalveolar
IPA | Description | Example | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Language | Orthography | IPA | Meaning | ||
ǃ | Apical (post)alveolar click
|
Nama
|
!oas | [k͡ǃoas] | hollow |
ǂ | Laminal postalveolar click | !Kung
|
ǂua | [k͡ǂwa] | to imitate |
See also
- Place of articulation
- Palato-alveolar consonant
- Alveolo-palatal consonant
- Retroflex consonant
- List of phonetics topics
References
- ^ The Toda language consistently uses a laminal articulation for its palato-alveolar sibilants, which presumably makes the sound a bit "sharper", more like the alveolo-palatal sibilants, increasing the perceptual difference from the two types of retroflex sibilants that also occur in Toda.
- ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- ISBN 0-631-19815-6.