Postmaterialism
In sociology, postmaterialism is the transformation of individual values from materialist, physical, and economic to new individual values of autonomy and self-expression.
The term was popularized by the political scientist Ronald Inglehart in his 1977 book The Silent Revolution, in which he discovered that the formative affluence experienced by the post-war generations was leading some of them to take their material security for granted and instead place greater importance on non-material goals such as self-expression, autonomy, freedom of speech, gender equality and environmentalism. Inglehart argued that with increasing prosperity, such postmaterial values would gradually increase in the publics of advanced industrial societies through the process of intergenerational replacement.
History
The sociological theory of postmaterialism was developed in the 1970s by
Observing that the younger people were much more likely to embrace postmaterialist values, Inglehart speculated that this silent revolution was not merely a case of a life-cycle change, with people becoming more materialist as they aged, but a genuine example of generational replacement causing intergenerational value change.[2]
The theory of intergenerational change is based on the scarcity hypothesis and the socialization hypothesis.
Scarcity hypothesis
Inglehart assumed that individuals pursue various goals in something akin to a hierarchical order. While people may universally aspire to freedom and autonomy, the most pressing material needs like hunger, thirst and physical security have to be satisfied first, since they are immediately linked with survival. According to Inglehart's interpretation of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of human goals, while scarcity prevails, these materialistic goals will have priority over postmaterialist goals like belonging, esteem, and aesthetic and intellectual satisfaction. However, once the satisfaction of the survival needs can be taken for granted, the focus will gradually shift to these "non-material" goods.[3]
Socialization hypothesis
The relationship between material conditions and value priorities is not one of immediate adjustment. A large body of evidence indicates that people's basic values are largely fixed when they reach adulthood, and change relatively little thereafter.
Together, these two hypotheses carry the implication that, given long periods of material affluence, a growing part of society will embrace postmaterialist value systems, an implication which has been indeed borne out internationally in the past 30 years of survey data. The postmaterial orientations acquired by each cohort during
Measuring postmaterialism
There are several ways of empirically measuring the spread of postmaterialism in a society. A common and relatively simple way is by creating an index from survey respondents' patterns of responses to a series of items which were designed to measure personal political priorities.
"If you had to choose among the following things, which are the two that seem the most desirable to you?
- Maintaining order in the nation.
- Giving people more say in important political decisions.
- Fighting rising prices.
- Protecting freedom of speech.
... On the basis of the choices made among these four items, it is possible to classify our respondents into value priority groups, ranging from a "pure" acquisitive type to a "pure" post-
bourgeois type, with several intermediate categories."[5]
The theoretical assumptions and the empirical research connected with the concept of postmaterialism have received considerable attention and critical discussion in the human sciences. Amongst others, the validity, the stability, and the causation of postmaterialism has been doubted.
The so-called "Inglehart-index" has been included in several
As increasing postmaterialism is based on the abundance of material possessions or resources, it should not be mixed indiscriminately with asceticism or general denial of consumption. In some way postmaterialism may be described as super-materialism. German data show that there is a tendency towards this orientation among young people, in the economically rather secure public service, and in the managerial middle class.[8]
Recently, the issue of a "second generation of postmaterialism" appearing on the scene of worldwide civil society, to a large extent conceived as their "positive ideological embodiment", has been brought up by cultural scientist Roland Benedikter in his seven-volume book series Postmaterialismus (2001–2005).
See also
- Academic freedom
- Affluenza
- Artistic freedom
- Digital rights
- Freedom of thought
- John Kenneth Galbraith
- Anthony Giddens
- Gross National Happiness
- Historical revisionism
- Integral theory (Ken Wilber)
- Material feminism
- Materialism
- Non-possession
- Post-growth
- Postmodernity
- Reflexive modernization
- Self-expression values
- To Have or to Be?
- World Values Survey
References
Footnotes
- ^ Inglehart 2008.
- ^ Inglehart 1971.
- ^ Inglehart 1977.
- ^ Rokeach 1968.
- ^ Inglehart 1971, pp. 994–995.
- ^ Terwey 2000, p. 155; ZA & ZUMA 2005.
- ^ Inglehart et al. 2004, p. 384.
- ^ Pappi & Terwey 1982.
Bibliography
- S2CID 145368579.
- ISBN 978-0-691-10038-8.
- S2CID 55743315.
- ISBN 978-968-23-2502-1.
- Pappi, Franz Urban; Terwey, Michael (1982). "The German Electorate: Old Cleavages and New Political Conflicts". In Döring, Herbert; Smith, Gordon (eds.). Party Government and Political Culture in Western Germany. London: Macmillan. pp. 174–196. ISBN 978-0-333-29082-8.
- Rokeach, Milton (1968). Beliefs, Attitudes and Values. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
- Terwey, Michael (2000). "ALLBUS: A German General Social Survey". Schmollers Jahrbuch: Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- un Sozalwissenschaften. 120 (1): 151–158. ISSN 0342-1783.
- ZA (Zentralarchiv für Empirische Sozialforschung); ZUMA (Zentrum für Umfragen, Methoden und Analysen) (2005). German General Social Survey. ALLBUS / GGSS Cumulation 1980–2004 (ZA-Study-No 4243). Electronic Codebook, integrated Data File, and Survey Description. Cologne: GESIS.
Further reading
- Benedikter, Roland (2001–2005). Postmaterialismus: Die zweite Generation (in German). Vol. 7 vols. Vienna: Passagen Verlag.
- ISBN 978-0-06-041987-5.