Potsdam
Potsdam | |
---|---|
Urban district | |
Founded | 1776 |
Government | |
• Lord mayor (2018–26) | Mike Schubert[1] (SPD) |
Area | |
• Total | 187.28 km2 (72.31 sq mi) |
Elevation | 32 m (105 ft) |
Population (2022-12-31)[2] | |
• Total | 185,750 |
• Density | 990/km2 (2,600/sq mi) |
Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
Postal codes | 14467–14482 |
Dialling codes | 0331 |
Vehicle registration | P |
Website | www.potsdam.de |
Potsdam (German pronunciation:
Potsdam was a residence of the Prussian kings and the German Emperor until 1918. Its planning embodied ideas of the Age of Enlightenment: through a careful balance of architecture and landscape, Potsdam was intended as "a picturesque, pastoral dream" which would remind its residents of their relationship with nature and reason.[3]
The city, which is over 1,000 years old, is widely known for its palaces, its lakes, and its overall historical and cultural significance. Landmarks include the parks and palaces of
Potsdam developed into a centre of science in Germany in the 19th century. Today, there are three public colleges, the University of Potsdam, and more than 30 research institutes in the city.
Geography
The area was formed from a series of large
There are about 20 lakes and rivers in and around Potsdam, such as the Havel, the Griebnitzsee, Templiner See, Tiefer See, Jungfernsee, Teltowkanal, Heiliger See, and Sacrower See. The highest point is the 114-metre (374 ft) high Kleiner Ravensberg.
Subdivisions
Potsdam is divided into seven historic city Stadtteile (quarters) and nine new Ortsteile (suburbs/wards, former separate villages), which joined the city in 2003. The appearance of the city boroughs is quite different. Those in the north and in the centre consist mainly of historical buildings, the south of the city is dominated by larger areas of newer buildings.
The city of Potsdam is divided into 32 Stadtteile (boroughs, both quarters and suburbs/wards together),[5] which are divided further into 84 statistical Bezirke (districts).
Today, one distinguishes between the older parts of the city (areas of the historic city and places suburbanized at the latest in 1939) – these are the city center, the western and northern suburbs, Bornim, Bornstedt, Nedlitz, Potsdam South, Babelsberg, Drewitz, Stern and Kirchsteigfeld – and those communities incorporated after 1990 which have since 2003 become Ortsteile – these are Eiche, Fahrland, Golm, Groß Glienicke, Grube, Marquardt, Neu Fahrland, Satzkorn and Uetz-Paaren.[6] The new Ortsteile are located mainly in the north of the city. For the history of all incorporations, see the relevant section on incorporation and spin-offs.
Structure with statistical numbering:[7][8]
- 1 Potsdam Nord
- 2 Nördliche Vorstädte
- 21 Nauener Vorstadt
- 22 Jägervorstadt
- 23 Berliner Vorstadt
- 3 Westliche Vorstädte
- 31 Brandenburger Vorstadt
- 32 Potsdam West
- 4 Innenstadt
- 41 Historische Innenstadt
- 43 Zentrum Ost und Nuthepark
- 44 Hauptbahnhof und Brauhausberg Nord
- 5 Babelsberg
- 51 Klein Glienicke
- 52 Babelsberg Nord
- 53 Babelsberg Süd
- 6 Potsdam Süd
- 61 Templiner Vorstadt
- 62 Teltower Vorstadt
- 63 Schlaatz
- 64 Waldstadt I und Industriegelände
- 65 Waldstadt II
- 7 Potsdam Südost
- 71 Stern
- 72 Drewitz
- 73 Kirchsteigfeld
- 8 Nördliche Ortsteile
- 81 Uetz-Paaren
- 82 Marquardt
- 83 Satzkorn
- 84 Fahrland
- 85 Neu Fahrland
- 86 Groß Glienicke
At the end of 2019, a change was made to the administrative structure:[7]
- Borough 41 has been renamed: previously Nördliche Innenstadt, now Historische Innenstadt.
- Borough 42 (Südliche Innenstadt) has been divided into two boroughs, 43 (Zentrum Ost und Nuthepark) and 44 (Hauptbahnhof und Brauhausberg Nord). The number 42 was thus repealed.
- Some very sparsely populated urban boroughs have been disbanded:
- Borough 33 (Wildpark) was incorporated into borough 32 (Potsdam-West).
- Borough 66 (Industriegelände) was incorporated into borough 64 (formerly Waldstadt I). The borough was then renamed Waldstadt I und Industriegelände.
- Borough 67 (Forst Potsdam Süd) was incorporated into borough 61 (Templiner Vorstadt).
Climate
Officially the climate is oceanic - more degraded by being far from the coast and to the east (Köppen: Cfb),[9] but using the 1961–1990 normal and the 0 °C isotherm the city has a humid continental climate (Dfb), which also shows a slight influence of the continent different from the climates predominantly influenced by the Atlantic Ocean. Low averages below freezing for almost all winter causing snows that are frequent and winters are cold, but not as stringent as inland locations or with greater influence from the same. Summer is also relatively warm with temperatures between 23 and 24 °C, the heat waves being influenced by the UHI of Potsdam.[10]
The average winter high temperature is 3.5 °C (38.3 °F), with a low of −1.7 °C (28.9 °F). Snow is common in the winter. Spring and autumn are short. Summers are mild, with a high of 23.6 °C (74.5 °F) and a low of 12.7 °C (54.9 °F).[citation needed]
Climate data for Potsdam (1991–2020 normals) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 13.6 (56.5) |
18.6 (65.5) |
25.7 (78.3) |
31.8 (89.2) |
32.5 (90.5) |
34.2 (93.6) |
36.3 (97.3) |
36.5 (97.7) |
32.9 (91.2) |
27.8 (82.0) |
21.2 (70.2) |
15.5 (59.9) |
36.5 (97.7) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 3.2 (37.8) |
4.9 (40.8) |
9.2 (48.6) |
15.7 (60.3) |
20.0 (68.0) |
23.0 (73.4) |
25.1 (77.2) |
24.9 (76.8) |
19.9 (67.8) |
13.7 (56.7) |
7.6 (45.7) |
3.9 (39.0) |
14.3 (57.7) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.9 (33.6) |
1.1 (34.0) |
3.8 (38.8) |
7.7 (45.9) |
12.0 (53.6) |
15.5 (59.9) |
17.8 (64.0) |
17.9 (64.2) |
14.5 (58.1) |
9.5 (49.1) |
5.8 (42.4) |
2.4 (36.3) |
9.2 (48.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −1.9 (28.6) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
0.9 (33.6) |
4.7 (40.5) |
8.8 (47.8) |
12.1 (53.8) |
14.4 (57.9) |
14.1 (57.4) |
10.4 (50.7) |
6.2 (43.2) |
2.2 (36.0) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
5.8 (42.4) |
Record low °C (°F) | −20.9 (−5.6) |
−19.9 (−3.8) |
−14.0 (6.8) |
−5.8 (21.6) |
−2.6 (27.3) |
2.2 (36.0) |
6.2 (43.2) |
5.4 (41.7) |
0.1 (32.2) |
−3.5 (25.7) |
−16.6 (2.1) |
−24.5 (−12.1) |
−24.5 (−12.1) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 45.3 (1.78) |
36.1 (1.42) |
39.3 (1.55) |
29.2 (1.15) |
53.3 (2.10) |
60.8 (2.39) |
76.2 (3.00) |
59.2 (2.33) |
47.1 (1.85) |
42.8 (1.69) |
42.3 (1.67) |
46.1 (1.81) |
577.6 (22.74) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 16.8 | 14.7 | 14.9 | 11.5 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 14.0 | 13.0 | 12.2 | 13.8 | 15.4 | 17.1 | 168.9 |
Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm) | 11.2 | 9.4 | 3.6 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.9 | 5.9 | 32.4 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
87.6 | 82.6 | 76.5 | 66.8 | 68.5 | 69.1 | 70.0 | 71.3 | 78.3 | 85.4 | 89.8 | 89.5 | 77.9 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 55.6 | 79.1 | 128.9 | 198.2 | 233.4 | 236.9 | 244.8 | 229.2 | 172.9 | 121.7 | 60.3 | 46.5 | 1,807.6 |
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[11] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: NOAA[10] |
Etymology
The name "Potsdam" originally seems to have been Poztupimi. A common theory is that it derives from an old West Slavonic term meaning "beneath the oaks",[12] i.e., the corrupted pod dubmi/dubimi (pod "beneath", dub "oak"). However, some question this explanation.[13]
History
Pre- and early history
The area around Potsdam shows signs of occupancy since the
Early modern era
Potsdam lost nearly half of its population due to the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648).
A continuous
After the
. The edict accelerated population growth and economic recovery.Later, the city became a full residence of the Prussian royal family. The buildings of the royal residences were built mainly during the reign of
In 1815, at the formation of the Province of Brandenburg, Potsdam became the provincial capital until 1918, except for a period between 1827 and 1843 when Berlin was the provincial capital (as it became once again after 1918). The province comprised two governorates named after their capitals Potsdam and Frankfurt (Oder).
Governorate of Potsdam
Between 1815 and 1945, the city of Potsdam served as capital of the
Angermünde | Beeskow-Storkow (as of 1836) | East Havelland | East Prignitz |
Jüterbog-Luckenwalde | Lower Barnim | Prenzlau | Ruppin |
Teltow (as of 1836) | Teltow-Storkow (until 1835) | Templin | Upper Barnim |
West Havelland | West Prignitz | Zauch-Belzig |
The traditional towns in the governorate were small, however, in the course of the industrial labour migration some reached the rank of urban districts. The principal towns were
Berlin (1822–1875) | Brandenburg/Havel (as of 1881) | Charlottenburg (1877–1920) | Eberswalde (as of 1911) |
Lichtenberg (1908–1920) | Schöneberg (1899–1920) | Deutsch-Wilmersdorf (1907–1920) | Rixdorf (Neukölln) (1899–1920) |
Potsdam | Rathenow (as of 1925) | Spandau (1886–1920) | Wittenberge (as of 1922) |
20th century
After the Nazis
The Cecilienhof Palace was the scene of the Potsdam Conference from 17 July to 2 August 1945, at which the victorious Allied leaders Harry S. Truman, Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin met to decide the future of Germany and postwar Europe in general. The conference ended with the Potsdam Agreement and the Potsdam Declaration.
The government of
When in 1946 the remainder of the Province of Brandenburg west of the
Potsdam, south-west of Berlin, lay just outside
After
Demography
Since 2000 Potsdam has been one of the fastest-growing cities in Germany.[15]
-
Development of Population since 1875 within the Current Boundaries (Blue Line: Population; Dotted Line: Comparison to Population Development of Brandenburg state; Grey Background: Time of Nazi rule; Red Background: Time of Communist rule)
-
Recent Population Development and Projections (Population Development before Census 2011 (blue line); Recent Population Development according to the Census in Germany in 2011 (blue bordered line); Official projections for 2005–2030 (yellow line); for 2017–2030 (scarlet line); for 2020–2030 (green line)
|
|
|
International residents
Largest groups of foreign residents:
Rank | Nationality | Population (31.12.2019) |
---|---|---|
1 | Ukraine | 2,947 |
2 | Syria | 2,415 |
3 | Russia | 1,305 |
4 | Poland | 1,186 |
5 | Vietnam | 1,063 |
6 | France | 973 |
7 | Croatia | 885 |
8 | Romania | 795 |
9 | India | 743 |
10 | Italy | 647 |
Governance
City government
Potsdam has had a
Today, the city council is the city's central administrative authority. Local elections took place on 26 October 2003 and again in 2008. Between 1990 and 1999, the Chairman of the City Council was known as the "Town President" but today the post is the "Chairman of the City Council". The mayor is elected directly by the population.
The current mayor is Mike Schubert of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) since 2018. The most recent mayoral election was held on 23 September 2018, with a runoff held on 14 October, and the results were as follows:
Candidate | Party | First round | Second round | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | Votes | % | |||
Mike Schubert | Social Democratic Party | 23,872 | 32.2 | 28,803 | 55.3 | |
Martina Trauth | The Left | 14,161 | 19.1 | 23,283 | 44.7 | |
Götz Friederich | Christian Democratic Union | 12,892 | 17.4 | |||
Lutz Boede | The Others | 8,449 | 11.4 | |||
Dennis Hohloch | Alternative for Germany | 8,215 | 11.1 | |||
Janny Armbruster | Alliance 90/The Greens | 6,586 | 8.9 | |||
Valid votes | 74,175 | 99.3 | 52,086 | 97.7 | ||
Invalid votes | 549 | 0.7 | 1,251 | 2.3 | ||
Total | 74,724 | 100.0 | 53,337 | 100.0 | ||
Electorate/voter turnout | 140,963 | 53.0 | 141,109 | 37.8 | ||
Source: City of Potsdam (1st round Archived 2022-08-15 at the Wayback Machine, 2nd round Archived 2022-08-15 at the Wayback Machine) |
The city council governs the city alongside the mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 26 May 2019, and the results were as follows:
Party | Votes | % | +/- | Seats | +/- | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Social Democratic Party (SPD) | 49,898 | 19.3 | 4.0 | 11 | 2 | |
Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne) | 48,739 | 18.8 | 6.9 | 10 | 3 | |
The Left (Die Linke) | 46,761 | 18.1 | 7.2 | 10 | 4 | |
Christian Democratic Union (CDU) | 32,078 | 12.4 | 3.1 | 7 | 2 | |
The Others (aNDERE) | 26,754 | 10.3 | 2.6 | 6 | 2 | |
Alternative for Germany (AfD) | 24,508 | 9.5 | 5.0 | 5 | 2 | |
Free Democratic Party (FDP) | 12,620 | 4.9 | 2.4 | 3 | 2 | |
CitizensAlliance (BB) | 10,124 | 3.9 | 2.2 | 2 | 1 | |
Die PARTEI | 3,955 | 1.5 | New | 0 | New | |
Brandenburg United Civic Movements/Free Voters (BVB/FW) | 2,985 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 1 | ±0 | |
Independent Charnow | 214 | 0.1 | New | 0 | New | |
Total | 258,636 | 100.0 | ||||
Total votes | 88,055 | 100.0 | 56 | ±0 | ||
Electorate/voter turnout | 141,443 | 62.3 | 13.5 | |||
Source: City of Potsdam Archived 2022-07-12 at the Wayback Machine |
Brandenburg state government
The
Twin towns – sister cities
- Opole, Poland (1973)
- Bobigny, France (1974)
- Jyväskylä, Finland (1985)
- Bonn, Germany (1988)
- Perugia, Italy (1990)
- Sioux Falls, United States (1990)
- Lucerne, Switzerland (2002)
- Versailles, France (2016)
- Zanzibar City, Tanzania (2017)
- Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine (2023)
Infrastructure
Transport
Rail transport
Potsdam, included in the fare zone "C" (Tarifbereich C)
Road transport
Potsdam is served by several
Education and research
Potsdam is a
In 1991 the Fachhochschule Potsdam was founded as the second college. It had 3,518 students as of 2017.[20]
Konrad Wolf Film University of Babelsberg (HFF), founded in 1954 in Babelsberg, is the foremost[citation needed] centre of the German film industry since its birth, with over 600 students.
There are also several research foundations, including
As well as universities, Potsdam is home to reputable
Culture
Potsdam was historically a centre of European immigration. Its religious tolerance attracted people from France, Russia, the Netherlands and Bohemia. This is still visible in the culture and architecture of the city.
The most popular attraction in Potsdam is
- The Sanssouci Palace (Schloss Sanssouci), a relatively modest palace of the Prussian royal (and later German imperial) family
- The Orangery Palace (Orangerieschloss), former palace for foreign royal guests
- The New Palace (Neues Palais), built between 1763 and 1769 to celebrate the end of the Seven Years' War, in which Prussia held off the combined attacks of Austria and Russia. It is a much larger and grander palace than Sanssouci, having over 200 rooms and 400 statues as decoration. It served as a guest house for numerous royal visitors. Today, it houses parts of University of Potsdam.
- The Charlottenhof Palace (Schloss Charlottenhof), a Neoclassical palace by Karl Friedrich Schinkel built in 1826
- The Roman Baths (Römische Bäder), built by Karl Friedrich Schinkel and Friedrich Ludwig Persius in 1829–1840. It is a complex of buildings including a tea pavilion, a Renaissance-style villa, and a Roman bathhouse (from which the whole complex takes its name).
- The Chinese Tea House (Chinesisches Teehaus), an 18th-century pavilion built in a Chinese style, the fashion of the time.
Three gates from the original city wall remain today. The oldest is the Hunters' Gate (Jägertor), built in 1733. The Nauener Tor was built in 1755 and close to the historic Dutch Quarter. The ornate Brandenburg Gate (built in 1770, not to be confused with the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin) is situated on the Luisenplatz at the western entrance to the old town.
The
The Old Market Square is dominated today by the dome of
North of the Old Market Square is the oval French Church (Französische Kirche), erected in the 1750s by Boumann for the
Another landmark of Potsdam is the two-street
North of the city centre is the
East of the Alexandrowka colony is a large park, the
The Einstein Tower is located within the Albert Einstein Science Park, which is on the top of the Telegraphenberg within an astronomy compound.
Potsdam also features a memorial centre in the former KGB prison in Leistikowstraße. In the Volkspark to the north, there is one of the last monuments dedicated to Lenin in Germany.
Potsdam joined UNESCO's Network of Creative Cities as a Design City on October 31, 2019 on the occasion of World Cities' Day.[22]
Parks
There are many parks in Potsdam, most of them UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Among their attractions are:
-
The Chinese House in Sanssouci Park
-
Glienicke Hunting Lodge, as seen from Babelsberg Park
-
The Marmorpalais in New Garden
-
Sanssouci: the Orangery Palace
-
Babelsberg Palace
Sports
- Bundesliga (women))
- Potsdam Royals, American football team competing in the German Football League.
- SV Babelsberg 03, football club Regionalliga Nordost
- Olympic Training Centre Potsdam
- Kreisklasse)
- List of football clubs in Potsdam
- The Potsdamer Schlössermarathon (Potsdam Palace Marathon) is a marathon in that is held annually in June. Thousands of runners run the course past the palaces for the half marathon and several hundred repeat the course to complete the full marathon.
Notable people
- 18th century
- Abraham Abramson (1754–1811), medalist
- Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg (1759–1830), Prussian field marshal
- Humboldt University
- Frederick William III of Prussia (1770–1840), King of Prussia 1797–1840
- Wilhelm Ludwig Viktor Henckel von Donnersmarck (1775–1849), Prussian general lieutenant
- Napoleon
- Friedrich Wilhelm von Rauch (1790–1850), lieutenant general in the Prussian Army
- Heinrich Wilhelm Krausnick (1797–1882), lawyer and Lord Mayor of Berlin
- 19th century
- Moritz Hermann von Jacobi(1801–1874), physicist and engineer
- Ludwig Persius(1803–1845), architect
- Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi (1804–1851), mathematician
- Adolf von Rauch (1805–1877), Prussian cavalry officer
- Philipp Galen(1813–1899), writer and physician
- Julius Lange (1815–1905), numismatist
- Hermann von Helmholtz (1821–1894), physiologist and physicist, one of the most important natural scientists of his time
- Alfred Bonaventura von Rauch (1824–1900), Prussian general
- Friedrich Wilhelm von Rauch (1827–1907), Prussian general leutnant
- Egmont von Rauch (1829–1875), Prussian cavalry officer and later colonel in the Prussian Army
- Frederick III, German Emperor (1831–1888), Emperor of the German Empire and King of Prussia 1888
- Alfred von Waldersee (1832–1904), field marshal
- Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919), zoologist, philosopher
- Gottlieb Graf von Haeseler (1836–1919), Prussian field marshal
- Hermann Schubert (1848–1911), mathematician
- Wilhelm II, German Emperor(1859–1941), Emperor of the German Empire and King of Prussia 1888–1918
- Friedrich Adolf Steinhausen (1859−1910), doctor and physiologist
- Friedrich Wilhelm von Rauch (1868–1899), Prussian officer
- Friedrich Ludwig (1872–1930), music historian and rector of the University of Göttingen
- Friedrich Wilhelm von Bissing (1873–1956), egyptologist
- Elisabeth von Knobelsdorff (1877–1959), engineer and architect
- Prince Eitel Friedrich of Prussia (1883–1942), second son of King William II of Prussia
- Ludowika Jakobsson (1884–1968), German-Finnish figure skater
- Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg (1886–1974), general of tank troops and military attachée
- Luise Schulze-Berghof (1889-1970), German composer and pianist
- Hans-Karl Freiherr von Esebeck (1892-1955), general
- Paul Blobel (1894–1951), Nazi war criminal, hanged for war crimes
- Free Democratic Party in the Bundestag
- 20th century
- Margarete Buber-Neumann (1901–1989), writer
- Egon Eiermann (1904–1970), architect
- Louis Ferdinand of Prussia (1907–1994), German and Prussian heir to the throne and head of the House of Hohenzollern
- Marie Eleonore of Albania (1909–1957), princess
- Adam von Trott zu Solz (1909–1944), lawyer, diplomat and resistance fighter
- Carol Victor (1913–1973), Hereditary Prince of Albania
- Peter Weiss (1916–1982), writer, graphic artist and painter
- Hans Richter (1919–2008), actor
- Bernhard Hassenstein (1922–2016), biologist and behaviorist
- Burkhard Heim (1925–2001), theoretical physicist
- Günther Schramm (born 1929), actor
- Hilla Becher (1934–2015), photographer
- Nicole Heesters (born 1937), actress
- Manfred Wolke (born 1943), boxer and boxing coach
- Klaus Katzur (1943–2016), swimmer and Olympic medalist
- Wolfgang Joop (born 1944), fashion designer
- Oliver Bendt (born 1946), actor, gymnast, singer
- Christiane Lanzke (born 1947), diver and actress
- Lothar Doering (born 1950), handball player and coach
- Brigitte Ahrenholz (born 1952), rower
- Matthias Platzeck (born 1953), politician, Minister President of Brandenburg
- Klaus Thiele (born 1958), athlete
- Gabriele Berg (born 1963), biologist and biotechnologist
- Ralf Brudel (born 1963), rower
- Jens-Peter Berndt (born 1963), swimmer
- Birgit Peter (born 1964), rower
- Carsten Wolf (born 1964), cyclist, world champion
- Daniela Neunast (born 1966), steward in rowing
- René Monse (born 1968), heavyweight boxer
- Klara Geywitz (born 1976), politician
- Aleksandr Sayenko (born 1978), footballer
- Sabine Uecker (born 1943), politician
- 21st century
- Melissa Kössler (born 2000), footballer for the Germany national team
- Ermyas Mulugeta, assaulted in a nationally significant case
Honorary citizens
- 1845: Wilhelm Ludwig Viktor Henckel von Donnersmarck, Lieutenant General
- 1856: Friedrich von Wrangel, Field Marshal
- 1863: Peter Joseph Lenné, gardener and landscape architect
- 1891: Hermann von Helmholtz, naturalist
- 1905: Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg, president of the province of Brandenburg
- 1933: Paul von Hindenburg, Fieldmarshal and Reichspräsident
- 1933: Adolf Hitler, chancellor (withdrawn 15 August 1990 by decision of the Potsdam City Council)
- 1938: Minister of Propaganda
- 1955: Max Volmer, physical chemist
- 1960: Hans Marchwitza, writer and proletarian poet
- 1965: Otto Nagel, painter
See also
References
- ^ Ergebnis der Bürgermeisterwahl in Potsdam Archived 2022-08-15 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 30 June 2021.
- Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg(in German). June 2023.
- ^ The Potsdam project, 1996, HRH The Prince of Wales, Charles; Hanson, Brian; Steil, Lucien; Prince of Wales's Urban Design Task Force; Prince of Wales's Institute of Architecture, Prince of Wales's Institute of Architecture, 1998, Introduction.
- ^ "About us".
- ^ "Stadtteilkatalog der Landeshauptstadt Potsdam" (in German). Archived from the original on 2016-03-23. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
- ^ "Stadtteile" (in German). Landeshauptstadt Potsdam. Retrieved 2016-12-31.
- ^ a b "Landeshauptstadt Potsdam, Stadtteile im Blick 2019" (PDF, 12.3 MB) (in German). 2020-10-15. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-05-14. Retrieved 2022-02-22.
- ^ "Landeshauptstadt Potsdam, Stadtteile im Blick 2010" (PDF, 5.4 MB) (in German). 2011-06-30. p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-12-28. Retrieved 2016-12-28. Note: Reports from later years omit mention of borough designations with single-digit numbers.
- ^ "Potsdam climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Potsdam weather averages - Climate-Data.org". en.climate-data.org. Retrieved 2019-01-30.
- ^ a b "Potsdam Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 8, 2015.
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
- ^ "993 – From Poztupimi to the Royal Seat". potsdam.de. 1 December 2004. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
- ^ a b August Kopish, "Die Königlichen Schlösser u. Gärten zu Potsdam", Berlin, 1854, p. 18
- ^ a b Thomas Curtis (1839). The London encyclopaedia, or, Universal dictionary of science, art, literature, and practical mechanics, by the orig. ed. of the Encyclopaedia metropolitana Volume XVIII, p. 11
- ^ "Zuwachs in Potsdam und kein Ende in Sicht".[permanent dead link]
- ^ Detailed data sources are to be found in the Wikimedia Commons.Population Projection Brandenburg at Wikimedia Commons
- ^ Jennerjahn, Yvonne (13 November 2013). "Landtag: Umzug ins neue Domizil". Archived from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2014 – via Potsdamer Neueste Nachrichten.
- ^ "Die Partnerstädte der Landeshauptstadt Potsdam". potsdam.de (in German). Potsdam. 17 November 2004. Retrieved 2021-03-11.
- ^ (in German) BVG: Berliner public transport pdf maps showing fare zones Archived 2011-05-29 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "FH Potsdam in Zahlen und Fakten". www.fh-potsdam.de (in German). Archived from the original on 2019-04-27. Retrieved 2019-04-27.
- ^ http://www.pioneers-in-polymers.com/index.html, http://www.ibmt.fhg.de/fhg/ibmt_en/profile/locations/_index_potsdam_golm.jsp, http://www.mpikg.mpg.de/en/, http://www.mpimp-golm.mpg.de/, https://web.archive.org/web/20090913060315/http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/portal/, http://www.aip.de/, http://www.iass-potsdam.de/, http://www.pik-potsdam.de/
- ^ "UNESCO celebrates World Cities Day designating 66 new Creative Cities". UNESCO. 2019-10-30. Retrieved 2019-11-05.
- ^ "City Hall shocked to find Goebbels still honorary citizen of Potsdam". dpa-international.com. Retrieved 2021-10-06.
Sources
- Paul Sigel, Silke Dähmlow, Frank Seehausen und Lucas Elmenhorst, Architekturführer Potsdam Architectural Guide, Dietrich Reimer Verlag, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-496-01325-7.
External links
- Official website (in German) and English
- Extensive photoarchive about Potsdam