Poulton-le-Fylde

Coordinates: 53°50′49″N 2°59′42″W / 53.847°N 2.995°W / 53.847; -2.995
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Poulton-le-Fylde
Shire county
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townPOULTON-LE-FYLDE
Postcode districtFY6
Dialling code01253
PoliceLancashire
FireLancashire
AmbulanceNorth West
UK Parliament
List of places
UK
England
Lancashire
53°50′49″N 2°59′42″W / 53.847°N 2.995°W / 53.847; -2.995

Poulton-le-Fylde (/ˈpoʊltən li ˌfaɪld/), commonly shortened to Poulton, is a market town in Lancashire, England, situated on the coastal plain called the Fylde. In the 2021 United Kingdom census, it had a population of 18,115.

There is evidence of human habitation in the area from 12,000 years ago, and several archaeological finds from

Amounderness. The church of St Chad was recorded in 1094, when it was endowed to Lancaster Priory
.

By the post-

Medieval period, the town had become an important commercial centre for the region with weekly and triannual markets. Goods were imported and exported through two harbours on the River Wyre. In 1837, the town was described as the "metropolis of the Fylde",[2] but its commercial importance waned from the mid-19th century with the development of the nearby coastal towns of Fleetwood and Blackpool
.

Poulton has the administrative centre of the

Blackpool Urban Area and approximately 5 miles (8 km) from Blackpool town centre. There are rail links to Blackpool and Preston
, and bus routes to the larger towns and villages of the Fylde.

Poulton has a library and two secondary schools: Baines School and Hodgson Academy. There is a farmers' market once a month and since October 2011 there has been a weekly market on Mondays in the centre of the town.

History

See also: History of Lancashire

Early history

There is evidence of human habitation in the area around Poulton from c. 10,000 BC. In 1970, building work in nearby

Celtic tribe called the Setantii.[5] A 4th century hoard of 400 Roman coins was found in the area, near Fleetwood.[6] Other finds have been made in Poulton and Skippool; in addition to coins, these have included a medal of Germanicus and a hipposandal (similar to a horseshoe).[7]

Although there is little archaeological evidence of Anglo-Saxon activity in the area following the departure of the Romans, local place names incorporate Old English elements like tūn (farmstead), suggesting that they were founded in that period.[5] Nearby examples are Thornton, Marton and Carleton. Poulton was recorded in 1086 as Poltun; the name is derived from the Old English words pull or pōl + tūn meaning "farmstead by a pool or creek".[8][9] In later years, it was recorded variously as Pultun, Polton, Potton, Poolton and Poulton.[2] The affix le-Fylde ("in the district called the Fylde") was added in 1842 with the arrival of the Penny Post, to distinguish the town from Poulton-le-Sands, a village that is now part of Morecambe.[10]

Poulton is one of seven ancient parishes of the

Earl Tostig, the brother of King Harold II.[11] Tostig died at the Battle of Stamford Bridge and his lands were subsequently taken over by the Normans. Between 1069 and 1086 William the Conqueror gave Amounderness to Anglo-Norman Baron Roger the Poitevin.[12] In the Domesday Book of 1086 Poulton's area was estimated to contain two carucates of arable land.[13] The survey recorded three churches in Amounderness though not by name. Later documentary evidence suggests that they were probably the churches at Poulton, Kirkham and St Michael's on Wyre.[14][15] The dedication of Poulton's church to 7th century Anglo-Saxon saint Chad of Mercia lends weight to its pre-conquest foundation, although it is possible that it was built between 1086 and 1094.[16][17]

In 1094, Roger the Poitevin founded the

wapentake of Amounderness to his son Edmund Crouchback, who became the 1st Earl of Lancaster around this time.[20]

The amount of land in Poulton owned by St. Mary's Priory increased during the 12th and 13th centuries and caused conflict with local landowners over whose land the tenants and monks of the priory had to cross.

Abbey of Syon in Middlesex.[24][25]

In the 17th century Civil Wars, townspeople of Poulton fought on both sides, although more men from the Fylde were on the side of the Royalists.[14] No battles occurred in or close to Poulton but the area was affected with the rest of the county by the widespread poverty that resulted from the wars.[26] In 1643 interest was stirred in the parish when a large Spanish vessel dropped anchor off the coast at Rossall.[27] The ship made no movement for several days but fired its guns occasionally.[28] Locals initially feared an invasion, but eventually realised that the crew was in distress and had been signalling for help.[29] The vessel was carrying ammunition for the Parliamentarian forces and the crew had become sick and feeble. The ship was brought by Royalists into the mouth of the River Wyre and the Earl of Derby marched from across the River Ribble. He ordered the ship to be burnt and the Spanish crew to be set free.[27]

The port of Poulton played a role in the Atlantic slave trade during the 18th century, with at least four slaving voyages setting off from Poulton between 1753 and 1757.[30]

In the 18th century it was the custom for the wealthy in Poulton to bury their dead at night, following a lamp-lit procession through town. This tradition lasted until 1810.[31] In 1732, during the procession preceding the funeral of Geoffrey Hornby, strong winds caused sparks to fly from the lighted tapers carried by mourners.[32] The buildings on the west side of Market Place, low cottages with thatched roofs, caught fire and were destroyed.[33] After local fund-raising the houses were eventually replaced with brick buildings with tile roofs.[34]

19th and 20th centuries

Poulton-le-Fylde’s Market Place, looking north, by A. R. Quinton, c. 1920

Poulton became an important centre for trade in the area. With harbours on either side of the River Wyre, at Skippool and Wardleys, it was able to import goods from as far away as Russia and North America.[35] Flax was imported from Ireland and the Baltic, timber came from across the Atlantic and tallow from Russia.[36][37] Records from 1806 to 1808 show that Poulton imported limestone from Ulverston, oats from Ulverston, Kirkcudbright, Dumfries, Wigtown, Whitehaven and Liverpool, and coal from Preston. Cheese was exported to the same places.[38] By the 18th century, markets for cattle and cloth were being held in the town in February, April and November, with corn fairs every Monday.[39] It is unclear at what point Poulton began life as a market town; it was never granted a market charter and so markets were held by prescription.[40][41] The market cross probably dates from the 17th century.[42]

The linen industry was widespread in the Fylde during the 18th century and Poulton's importation of flax was essential.[43] There were large warehouses at Skippool and Wardleys, owned by linen merchants from Kirkham. By the 19th century, craftsmen in Poulton were an important part of the industry.[44] In the early part of the 19th century, there was a significant decline in the craft industries because of increased mechanisation, as well as increased demand for labour.[44] In contrast to neighbouring Kirkham, Poulton appeared to suffer from a lack of enthusiasm for new industrial techniques and opportunities among its industry leaders.[44]

Poulton's commercial importance was affected by the growth in the 19th century of two nearby coastal towns. In 1836 the first building was constructed in the new, planned town of

Member of Parliament (MP) Sir Peter Hesketh-Fleetwood as a major port and a link for passengers travelling from London to Scotland. To achieve these ideals, a rail link was needed and the new town soon heralded the arrival of the railway to the area. A line connecting Fleetwood with Preston was completed in 1840, with Poulton as one of the stops. Although Fleetwood immediately superseded Poulton as a port (the customs house was quickly moved to Fleetwood), Poulton initially benefited commercially from the rail link. The importation of Irish and Scottish cattle through Fleetwood enabled a fortnightly cattle market to be held in Poulton.[45] At the same time, Blackpool was developing as a resort and for a few years, visitors travelled by rail to Poulton and then on to Blackpool by horse-drawn charabancs or omnibuses. A line between Poulton and Blackpool was completed in 1846.[46] As Fleetwood and Blackpool's own commercial capabilities developed, and Kirkham's prominence in the linen industry continued to grow, Poulton's importance declined.[47]

Mains electricity was brought to Poulton-le-Fylde around 1928.[48]

Governance

See also:
Wyre local elections
The Old Town Hall, on Church Street, now a public house
Wyre Borough Council

Historically, Poulton-le-Fylde was one of seven

Urban District.[50] The urban district council was based at the old town hall.[51]

Today, with respect to civil parishes, Poulton is unparished. In 1974, following the Local Government Act 1972, Poulton Urban District merged with those of Preesall and Thornton-Cleveleys, the municipal borough of Fleetwood and the rural district of Garstang to form the borough of Wyre.[52] The town has the borough council's administrative centre, with its offices in Poulton Civic Centre.[53]

The town is governed locally by a two-tier council system, being a part of both

2011 the town's four wards each elected two Conservative Party councillors,[54] including the mayor of Wyre for 2011 David Bannister[55] and the current leader of the council Peter Gibson.[56]
At the county election in 2009, the town elected a Conservative Party councillor, Geoffrey Roper.[57]

The town is represented in the

first past the post system of election. Since its creation for the 2010 general election, Wyre and Preston North has been represented at Parliament by Conservative MP Ben Wallace.[58] Prior to the 2010 general election, Poulton-le-Fylde was part of the constituency of Lancaster and Wyre
.

Geography

At 53°50′49.2″N 2°59′42″W / 53.847000°N 2.99500°W / 53.847000; -2.99500 (53.847°, −2.995°), and approximately 240 miles (390 km) northwest of London, Poulton-le-Fylde stands 19 feet (5.8 m) above sea level.

Blackpool Urban Area.[60] The land to the east of the town is mostly agricultural.[61]

The bedrock of the area consists of Permo-Triassic sandstones and particularly Triassic mudstones. These old rocks lie beneath sea-level and are invisible beneath drift made up of glacial till deposits and post-glacial colluvium and alluvium deposits; there is a smaller amount of peat.[60][62]

Poulton has a generally

temperate maritime climate like much of the British Isles, with cool summers and mild winters. There is an annual average rainfall of 871.3 millimetres (34.30 in).[63]

Climate data for Blackpool (1971–2000 averages)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6.8
(44.2) 		7.1
(44.8) 		9.1
(48.4) 		11.6
(52.9) 		15.2
(59.4) 		17.3
(63.1) 		19.4
(66.9) 		19.4
(66.9) 		17.0
(62.6) 		13.7
(56.7) 		9.8
(49.6) 		7.6
(45.7) 		12.9
(55.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1.7
(35.1) 		1.6
(34.9) 		3.1
(37.6) 		4.2
(39.6) 		6.9
(44.4) 		10.0
(50.0) 		12.4
(54.3) 		12.3
(54.1) 		10.2
(50.4) 		7.3
(45.1) 		4.3
(39.7) 		2.5
(36.5) 		6.4
(43.5)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 81.1
(3.19) 		58.7
(2.31) 		68.3
(2.69) 		48.9
(1.93) 		49.0
(1.93) 		59.8
(2.35) 		59.5
(2.34) 		73.4
(2.89) 		82.5
(3.25) 		97.9
(3.85) 		94.0
(3.70) 		58.3
(2.30) 		871.3
(34.30)
Source: Met Office

Demography

Wyre compared
2001 UK census[64] Wyre North West England
Total population 105,618 6,729,764 49,138,831
White 98.9% 94.4% 90.9%
Asian 0.4% 3.4% 4.6%
Black 0.1% 0.6% 2.3%

At the

2001 UK census, the urban area of Poulton-le-Fylde had a population of 18,264.[65] The 2001 population density for Wyre was 3.74 per hectare, with a 100 to 90.7 female-to-male ratio.[66] The proportion of residents who classified themselves as White was 98.9%, a figure higher than the average for the North West (94.4%) and England (90.9%).[64] Those classifying themselves as belonging to ethnic minorities were correspondingly lower than the regional and national averages. Of those over 16 years old, 22.5% were single (never married), 46.0% married and 8.49% divorced.[67] Although the proportion of divorced people was similar to that of the North West and England, the rates of those who were married were higher than the regional and national averages (North West: 42.8%; England: 43.5%). The rates of those in Wyre who were single were significantly lower than the national and regional averages (North West: 30.1%; England: 30.2%).[67]

Wyre's 45,295 households included 29.1% one-person, 37.3% married couples living together, 6.8% co-habiting couples, and 9.0% single parents with their children; these figures were similar to those of the North West and England.[68] Of those aged 16–74, 31.1% had no academic qualifications, similar to that of 31.9% in all of the North West but higher than 28.9% in all of England.[69] Wyre had a lower percentage of adults with a diploma or degree than the North West as a whole. Of Wyre residents aged 16–74, 15.7% had an educational qualification such as first degree, higher degree, qualified teacher status, qualified medical doctor, qualified dentist, a qualified nurse, midwife, or health visitor, compared to 17.2% in the North West and 19.9% nationwide.[69]

Population change

Typical of rural agricultural settlements, Poulton's population increased by almost 25% through the first two decades of the 19th century.[43] In the decades after 1831, the town's population growth slowed, reflecting Poulton's failure to adapt to the changes of industrial society.[43]

Population growth in Poulton-le-Fylde since 1801
Year 1801 1811 1821 1831 1841 1851 1861 1871 1881 1891 1901 1911 1921 1931 1939 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001
Population 769 1,141 1,225 1,412 2,223 2,424 2,723 3,366 7,112 7,676 12,726 16,401 18,264
Sources: [65][70][71][72]

Economy

Wyre compared
2001 UK census[73] Wyre North West England
Population of working age 74,885 4,839,669 35,532,091
Full-time employment 35.0% 38.8% 40.8%
Part-time employment 12.8% 11.9% 11.8%
Self employed 10.2% 7.1% 8.3%
Unemployed 2.6% 3.6% 3.4%
Retired 20.0% 14.1% 13.5%

In the 13th century, Poulton's economy was largely agricultural.[23] Over the next centuries, the town became a commercial centre for the area, importing and exporting goods through harbours on the River Wyre at Skippool and Wardleys. Imports of flax were vital for a local linen industry, particularly in nearby Kirkham, and Poulton craftsmen were part of this industry by the beginning of the 19th century.[44] During the early part of this century the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution led to a decline in the craft industries in Poulton. New methods were not embraced by local producers and the town suffered from its location, far from coalfields and large labour markets.[47] Following the development of the new town and port of Fleetwood from 1836, Poulton's role as a major commerce centre waned. For some time, the town's market remained important as a local supply of goods for growing Fleetwood and Blackpool. Eventually, Poulton was overshadowed by Fleetwood and Blackpool. In his 1837 work on Blackpool, William Thornber called Poulton the "metropolis of the Fylde".[2] This was a time when Poulton was still prominent among its near neighbours; David Foster commented in 1972 that not only was Thornber's description of the town no longer apt, it had ceased to be accurate even from 1850 with the rapid growth of the coastal resorts.[39]

Although the unemployment rate in Wyre is higher than that of the North West and England, in 2004 a Market Town Initiative study noted that the level of unemployment in Poulton was lower than the regional and national averages, at 1.41%.[74] Business in the town is centred at the Poulton Industrial Estate.[75] Agriculture is still important locally; in 2001 2.6% of workers in Wyre were employed in agriculture, hunting or forestry (compared to 1.2% in the North West and 1.5% in England).[76]

Culture and community

In 2004 a group appointed by Wyre Borough Council carried out a study of Poulton as part of the Countryside Agency's Market Town Initiative.[77] Their Health Check and Action Plan identified "economic, transport & accessibility, environmental and social strengths and weaknesses" of Poulton.[78] The study noted that the town has no cinemas, theatres, museums or galleries and that there was popular demand for a cinema, a weekly market and more independent retailers.[75][79] There was also concern among residents that there are not enough facilities for young people.[80] Poulton has a library, operated by Lancashire County Council.[81]

Poulton's public spaces include the

railway halt, Poulton Curve. It features grass play areas.[82] The Cottam Hall Playing Fields, to the west of the town centre, include sports pitches and allotments.[83] There is a cricket ground to the north-east of the town.[84] Poulton includes part of the Wyre Way footpath.[85]

Poulton Gala is held annually in June and a farmers' market is held on the fourth Saturday of every month.[86] In October 2011, Wyre Borough Council introduced the return of a weekly market which takes place in the centre of Poulton every Monday.[87]

The town is also where, in the 1970s, the punk group Skrewdriver was formed. Although initially apolitical, the band went on to become internationally known as a neo-Nazi punk band.

Sport

Poulton F.C.

Poulton F.C., based at Cottam Hall on

English football pyramid) as of August 2020. The club was founded in 1947 as Poulton Athletic. In 1961, an amalgamation occurred between Poulton Athletic and Poulton United, forming Poulton Town F.C. In 2013, Town was dropped from its name, becoming today's Poulton F.C.[88][89]

Fylde Cricket Club

Fylde Cricket Club, founded in the early 19th century, is one of the oldest clubs in Lancashire. Its home ground is commonly known as "The G", based on Moorland Road, close to Hodgson School.

Fylde joined the league in 1922. They won the Loxham Cup in the early 1970s and, in the decade that followed, the Shield and the Meyler on several occasions. The second eleven also added to the trophy collection by winning the respective competitions on a number of occasions. They formed third and fourth teams and played in the Fylde League, providing a bridge between junior and senior league cricket.

The club's first XI competes in the Palace Shield Premier Division, with a second and Sunday development team also running.[90]

Wyre Cricket Club

The club was formed in 1994 after the break-up of the Over Wyre A and B teams and competed in the Fylde Cricket League. In 1995 the club was renamed again as Thornton International CC because of a name clash with one of Thornton’s football teams. Further changes took place where the club was re-badged again to the current name of Wyre Cricket Club and took residence at Myerscough College in 1996, after Myerscough College built a golf academy on the grounds, the club subsequently moved again to Baines School in Poulton-le-Fylde in 2000 and then to its current home in 2006 to Cottam Hall grounds in Poulton-le-Fylde. Wyre CC left the Fylde Cricket League in 2013 (at the end of the 2014 season the Fylde Cricket League was officially dissolved).

The club joined the Palace Shield Cricket League for the 2014 season, the 1st XI won back to back promotions in the first years of joining, some years later the club entered in the 2nd XI into the Palace Shield league. The club also has a mid-week T20 team and competes in the Palace Shield T20 league.

Landmarks

See also: Listed buildings in Poulton-le-Fylde

Poulton town centre has been a

Conservation Area since 1979[91] and 15 buildings and structures in the town have been designated as listed buildings by English Heritage for their special architectural, historical or cultural significance.[92]
These include two religious buildings, the structures in the market place and several houses.

The market place at the centre of Poulton is the width of two streets and is now closed to motor traffic.

whipping post and fish slabs, from which fish were sold on market days.[94] Although many of the buildings surrounding the marketplace were rebuilt following a fire in the 18th century, a few of the earlier buildings remain.[32] To the south of the marketplace are townhouses that were built for local merchants and professionals.[95]

Golden Ball public house

Conservative club.[97] It is an Edwardian building constructed in red brick with red sandstone dressings. It has a corner tower and the walls have carvings of ships.[98] Since 2000 it has operated as a café, wine bar and nightclub called the Cube.[99][100]

Religion

St Chad's Church, looking north

St Chad's Church, the Anglican parish church, is in the centre of town, bordering the marketplace. It has been designated a Grade II* listed building by English Heritage. The current structure dates largely from the mid-18th century when the previous church was demolished, although the tower is from the 17th century. The church is constructed of stone and has a slate roof. A round Norman-style apse was added in 1868. The churchyard, mainly to the south and east of the building, is noted for its display of crocuses in the spring.[101] After the

Cuthbert Pugin of Pugin & Pugin.[105]

The first establishment of

Congregational church established a chapel in the town in 1809. Its use was intermittent and at one point the building was used as a warehouse. A new chapel was built in 1899.[106]

In the 2001 census 83.06% of respondents in Wyre gave their religion as Christianity. This is higher than the average for the North West (78.01%) and England (71.74).[109] Muslim residents made up 0.18% of respondents in Wyre, 0.15% were Buddhist, 0.14% were Hindu, 0.10% were Jewish and 0.05% were Sikh; these figures are all lower than the regional and national averages.[109] A further 9.40% of people in the borough stated that they had no religion, also a lower figure than the regional and national averages.[109]

Transport

Blackpool Branch Line
.

The development in the first half of the 19th century of Fleetwood led to the arrival of the railway in the Fylde. The

Association of Train Operating Companies suggested that there would be a "strong business case" to reopen the line.[114]

Poulton is approximately 13 miles (21 km) west of the

Greenhalgh. There are A roads to Fleetwood, Blackpool, Preston, Garstang and Lancaster. The town is served by five bus companies — Blackpool Transport, Stagecoach, Coastal Coaches, Cumfybus and Transpora — providing links to the Fylde's coastal towns, as well as villages Over Wyre and Preston.[115]

Poulton was previously served by Blackpool Airport, approximately 6.5 miles (10.5 km) away; however, the airport no longer has any commercial service and is instead served by the larger Liverpool John Lennon Airport and Manchester Airport.[116]

Education

Baines School

Poulton has two secondary schools, the oldest of which dates from the 18th century. In 1717, local

woollen merchant James Baines left money in his will to found three free schools in the parish: in Poulton, Marton and Thornton.[117] All three still exist. Baines School in Poulton was rebuilt in 1828 and closed temporarily in the late 19th century, reopening as Baines Endowed School.[118] Today it is a voluntary aided non-denominational comprehensive secondary school.[119] It has 1,008 pupils aged 11–18 and was rated as "good" in its 2007 Ofsted report.[120] Hodgson Academy (formerly Hodgson School) is a comprehensive secondary school that opened in 1932.[121] It has 1,108 pupils aged 11–16 and in 2008 was rated by Ofsted as "outstanding".[122] The school converted to academy status
in 2011.

There are four primary schools in the town: Breck Primary School, St John's Catholic Primary School, Carr Head Primary School and St Chad's Church of England Primary School. All have been rated either "good" or "outstanding" in past Ofsted inspections.[123][dead link]

Public services

Poulton's

sewerage facilities are provided by United Utilities. The distribution network operator for electricity is Electricity North West. Home Office policing is provided by Lancashire Constabulary.[124] There was previously one police station in Poulton, which closed in January 2018.[125]

Victoria Hospital in Blackpool and the North West Ambulance Service provides emergency patient transport.[127]

See also

References

Footnotes
  1. ^ "Data from the 2011 census in England and Wales - UK Census Data 2011". UK Census Data. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  2. ^ a b c Thornber (1840), p. 281
  3. ^ Barnes et al. (1971)
  4. ^ Lancashire County Council & Egerton Lea Consultancy (2005), p. 1
  5. ^ a b Storey (2001), p. 9
  6. ^ Fishwick (1885), p. 3
  7. ^ Lancashire County Council & Egerton Lea Consultancy (2005), p. 13
  8. ^ "Poulton, Poulton-le-fylde and Little Poulton, Lancashire, Yorkshire", Domesday Book, The National Archives, 1086, retrieved 21 September 2010
  9. ^ Mills (1998), p. 277
  10. Wyre Borough Council, archived from the original
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  11. ^ a b "Amounderness hundred" in Farrer & Brownbill (1912), pp. 68–71
  12. ^ Gooderson (1980), p. 36
  13. ^ a b Porter (1876), p. 186
  14. ^ a b Bagley (1972), p. 178
  15. ^ a b c Porter (1876), p. 32
  16. ^ Storey (2001), p. 10
  17. ^ a b Porter (1876), p. 188
  18. ^ Porter (1876), p. 33
  19. ^ Porter (1876), pp. 33–34
  20. ^ Porter (1876), p. 36
  21. ^ Storey (2001), p. 11
  22. ^ a b c Fishwick (1885), p. 6
  23. ^ a b c Storey (2001), p. 12
  24. ^ Porter (1876), p. 189
  25. ^ Thornber (1840), p. 285
  26. ^ Porter (1876), p. 65
  27. ^ a b Fishwick (1885), p. 30
  28. ^ a b Storey (2001), p. 18
  29. ^ Porter (1876), p. 59
  30. ^ Schofield, M.M. (1976). "The Slave Trade from Lancashire and Cheshire ports outside Liverpool c 1750-1790" (PDF). Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire. 126: 30–73.
  31. ^ Porter (1876), p. 205
  32. ^ a b Storey (2001), p. 49
  33. ^ Porter (1876), p. 196
  34. ^ Lancashire County Council & Egerton Lea Consultancy (2005), p. 18
  35. ^ Fishwick (1885), p. 33
  36. ^ Bagley (1972), p. 179
  37. ^ Porter (1876), p. 209
  38. ^ Collins (1953), pp. 8–9
  39. ^ a b Foster (1978), p. 91
  40. ^ Fishwick (1885), p. 34
  41. ^ Lancashire County Council & Egerton Lea Consultancy (2005), p. 16
  42. ^ Historic England, "Market Cross (1072405)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 13 November 2011
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  50. ^ Storey (2001), p. 107
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  55. ^ "Mayors Part and Present – Wyre Council". Wyre Borough Council. Retrieved 24 February 2012. [dead link]
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  62. ^ De Rance (1875), p. 5
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Bibliography

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