Povidone-iodine
abrasion using a cotton swab. | |
Clinical data | |
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Trade names | Betadine, Wokadine, Pyodine, others |
Other names | polyvidone iodine, iodopovidone |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Consumer Drug Information |
License data | |
QG51AD01 (WHO) | |
Legal status | |
Legal status |
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Identifiers | |
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ECHA InfoCard | 100.110.412 |
Chemical and physical data | |
Formula | (C6H9NO)n·xI |
Molar mass | variable |
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Povidone-iodine (PVP-I), also known as iodopovidone, is an
Side effects include skin irritation and sometimes swelling.
Povidone-iodine is a
Povidone-iodine came into commercial use in 1955.
Medical uses
Povidone-iodine is a broad spectrum antiseptic for topical application in the treatment and prevention of
Consequently, PVP-I has found broad application in medicine as a surgical scrub; for pre- and post-operative skin cleansing; for the treatment and prevention of infections in
Because of these critical indications, only sterile povidone-iodine should be used in most cases. Non-sterile product can be appropriate in limited circumstances in which people have intact, healthy skin that will not be compromised or cut. The non-sterile form of Povidone iodine has a long history of intrinsic contamination with
Antiseptic activity of PVP-I is because of free iodine (I2) and PVP-I only acts as carrier of I2 to the target cells. Most commonly used 10% PVP-I delivers about 1–3 ppm of I2 in a compound of more than 31,600 ppm of total iodine atoms. All the toxic and staining effects of PVP-I is due to the inactive iodine only.[citation needed]
Eyes
A
Pleurodesis
It is used in
Alternatives
There is strong evidence that chlorhexidine and denatured alcohol used to clean skin prior to surgery is better than any formulation of povidone-iodine.[7]
Contraindications
PVP-I is contraindicated in people with
Side effects
The sensitization rate to the product is 0.7%.[18]
Interactions
The iodine in PVP-I reacts with hydrogen peroxide, silver, taurolidine and proteins such as enzymes, rendering them (and itself) ineffective. It also reacts with many mercury compounds, giving the corrosive compound mercury iodide, as well as with many metals, making it unsuitable for disinfecting metal piercings.[17]
Iodine is absorbed into the body to various degrees, depending on application area and condition of the skin. As such, it interacts with diagnostic tests of the thyroid gland such as radioiodine diagnostics, as well as with various diagnostic agents used on the urine and stool, for example Guaiacum resin.[17]
Structure
Povidone-iodine is a
3).[19] It is synthesized by mixing the PVP polymer with iodine (I2), allowing the two to react.[20]
It is soluble in cold and mild-warm water,
Free iodine, slowly liberated from the povidone-iodine (PVP-I) complex in solution, kills cells through iodination of
PVP-I can be loaded into hydrogels, which can be based on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), and gelatin, or on crosslinked polyacrylamide. These hydrogels can be used for wound dressing. The rate of release of the iodine in the PVP-I is heavily dependent on the hydrogel composition: it increases with more CMC/PVA and decreases with more gelatin.
History
Following the discovery of iodine by Bernard Courtois in 1811, it has been broadly used for the prevention and treatment of skin infections, as well as the treatment of wounds. Iodine has been recognized as an effective broad-spectrum bactericide, and is also effective against yeasts, molds, fungi, viruses, and protozoans. Drawbacks to its use in the form of aqueous solutions include irritation at the site of application, toxicity, and the staining of surrounding tissues. These deficiencies were overcome by the discovery and use of PVP-I, in which the iodine is carried in a complexed form and the concentration of free iodine is very low. The product thus serves as an iodophor.
PVP-I was discovered in 1955, at the Industrial Toxicology Laboratories in Philadelphia by H. A. Shelanski and M. V. Shelanski.[21] They carried out tests in vitro to demonstrate anti-bacterial activity, and found that the complex was less toxic in mice than tincture of iodine. Human clinical trials showed the product to be superior to other iodine formulations.[22]
Research
Povidone-iodine has found application in the field of nanomaterials.[24] A wound-healing application has been developed which employs a mat of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) coated in a monolayer of povidone-iodine.[23]
Research has previously found that the polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, povidone) can coil around individual carbon nanotubes to make them water-soluble.[25]
See also
References
- ^ ISBN 978-92-4-154765-9.
- ^ OCLC 1031488649. Archivedfrom the original on 22 February 2022.
- ^ from the original on 2017-01-13.
- from the original on 2017-01-13.
- hdl:10665/345533. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.
- ^ "Povidone/iodine solution: Indications, Side Effects, Warnings - Drugs.com". www.drugs.com. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
- ^ PMID 32773627.
- S2CID 210950872.
- S2CID 3601026.
- S2CID 210193248.
- S2CID 46968733.
- PMID 9403248.
- PMID 19153076.
- PMC 6457593.
- ^ Najafi Bi R, Samani SM, Pishva N, Moheimani F (2003). "Formulation and Clinical Evaluation of Povidone-Iodine Ophthalmic Drop". Iranian Journal of Pharmaceuticical Research. 2 (3): 157–160.
- PMID 22561614.
- ^ ISBN 978-3-85200-181-4. Archivedfrom the original on 22 February 2022.
- PMID 9403263.
- from the original on 2022-02-22. Retrieved 2022-02-22.
- PMID 33362938.
Three methods are used to obtain povidone–iodine: exposing the polymer to iodine vapors [36], mixing PVP and iodine solutions [37], and heating dry PVP and iodine samples at 80–90°C until the titrated iodine concentration is constant [35].
- ^ U.S. patent 2,739,922
- OCLC 318418088.
- ^ doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2009.02.005. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2010-06-21.
- ISSN 0014-3057.
- PMID 17663555.
Further reading
- Wong RH, Hung EC, Wong VW, Wan IY, Ng CS, Wan S, Underwood MJ (2009). "Povidone-iodine wound irrigation: A word of caution". Surgical Practice. 13 (4): 123–4. S2CID 71797553.
- Wong RH, Wong VW, Hung EC, Lee PY, Ng CS, Wan IY, Underwood MJ (2011). "Topical application of povidone-iodine before wound closure is associated with significant increase in serum iodine level". Surgical Practice. 19 (3): 79–82. S2CID 70528331.
- Wong RH, Ng CS, Underwood MJ (May 2012). "Iodine pleurodesis--a word of caution". European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 41 (5): 1209. PMID 22219431.
External links
- "Povidone-iodine". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.