Bratislava
Bratislava | |
---|---|
Nicknames: Beauty on the Danube, Little Big City | |
Location of Bratislava in Slovakia | |
Coordinates: 48°08′38″N 17°06′35″E / 48.14389°N 17.10972°E | |
Country | Slovakia |
Region | Bratislava |
First mentioned | 907 |
Government | |
• Mayor | Matúš Vallo |
Area | |
• Capital city | 367.584 km2 (141.925 sq mi) |
• Urban | 853.15 km2 (329.40 sq mi) |
• Metro | 2,053 km2 (792.66 sq mi) |
Elevation | 134 m (440 ft) |
Population (2022[1]) | |
• Metro | 728,370 |
• Capital city census | 476,922 |
• Capital city estimate | 660,000 |
• Capital city estimate density | 1,297/km2 (3,360/sq mi) |
Demonyms | |
UTC+2 (CEST) | |
Postal code | 8XX XX |
Area code | 421 2 |
Car plate | BA, BL, BT |
Gross metropolitan product[2] | 2021 |
– Total | €28 billion (US$33B) |
– Per capita | €38,900 (US$46,007) |
Website | bratislava.sk |
Bratislava (
The city's history has been influenced by people of many nations and religions, including
Today, Bratislava is the
GDP at purchasing power parity is about three times higher than in other Slovak regions.[10][11] Bratislava receives around one million tourists every year, mostly from the Czech Republic, Germany, and Austria.[12]
Etymology
The city received its contemporary name on 16 March 1919.[13] Until then, it was mostly known in English as "Pressburg" (from its German name, Preßburg), since after 1526, it was dominated mostly by the Habsburg monarchy and the city had a relevant ethnic German population. That is the term from which the pre-1919 Slovak (Prešporok) and Czech (Prešpurk) names are derived.[14]
The linguist Ján Stanislav believed the city's Hungarian name, Pozsony, to be attributed to the surname Božan, likely a prince who owned the castle before 950. Although the Latin name was also based on the same surname, according to research by the lexicologist Milan Majtán, the Hungarian version is not found in any official records from the time in which the prince would have lived. All three versions, however, were related to those found in Slovak, Czech and German: Vratislaburgum (905), Braslavespurch and Preslavasburc (both 907).[15]
The medieval settlement
During the revolution of 1918–1919, the name 'Wilsonov' or 'Wilsonstadt' (after US President Woodrow Wilson) was proposed by American Slovaks, as he supported national self-determination. The name Bratislava, which had been used only by some Slovak patriots, became official in March 1919 with the aim that a Slavic name could support demands for the city to be part of Czechoslovakia.[17]
Other alternative names of the city in the past include
: Požun.In older documents, confusion can be caused by the Latin forms Bratislavia, Wratislavia etc., which refer to Wrocław, Poland, not Bratislava. The Polish city has a similar etymology despite spelling differences.[18]
History
The first known permanent settlement of the area began with the
The area fell under Roman influence from the 1st to the 4th century A.D. and was made part of the Danubian Limes, a border defence system.[20] The Romans introduced grape growing to the area and began a tradition of winemaking, which survives to the present.[21]
The
The first written reference to a settlement named "Brezalauspurc" dates to 907 and is related to the
In the 10th century, the territory of Pressburg (what would later become
The Kingdom of Hungary was defeated by the
The 17th century was marked by anti-Habsburg uprisings, fighting with the Ottomans, floods, plagues and other disasters, which diminished the population.[34] Great epidemics were spreading in Bratislava in 1541-1542, 1552-1553, 1660-1665 and 1678-1681. A terrible outbreak of 1678-1681 left approximately 11.000 casualties among Bratislava’s residents (city population was in that time around 30,000 people). The last plague outbreak of Bratislava was between the years 1712-1713.[35]
Pressburg flourished during the 18th-century reign of Queen
The city started to lose its importance under the reign of Maria Theresa's son Joseph II,[36] especially after the crown jewels were taken to Vienna in 1783 in an attempt to strengthen the relations between Austria and Hungary. Many central offices subsequently moved to Buda, followed by a large segment of the nobility.[41] The first newspapers in Hungarian and Slovak were published here: Magyar hírmondó in 1780, and Presspurske Nowiny in 1783.[42] In the course of the 18th century, the city became a centre for the Slovak national movement.
The city's 19th-century history was closely tied to the major events in Europe. The
As a reaction to the
Industry developed rapidly in the 19th century. The first
Before World War I, the city had a population that was 42% German, 41% Hungarian and 15% Slovak (1910 census). The first post war census in 1919 declared the city's ethnic composition at 36% German, 33% Slovak and 29% Hungarian but this may have reflected changing self-identification, rather than an exchange of peoples. Many people were bi- or trilingual and multicultural.
After World War I, began dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. U.S. president Woodrow Wilson and the United States played a major role in the establishment of the new Czechoslovak state. In a blatant attempt to appeal to the Allies, American Slovaks proposed rename the city “Wilsonovo mesto” (Wilson City), after Woodrow Wilson.[53]
On 28 October 1918, Czechoslovakia was proclaimed, but its borders were not settled for several months.[54] The dominant Hungarian and German population tried to prevent annexation of the city to Czechoslovakia and declared it a free city,[55] while the Hungarian Prime Minister Károlyi protested against the Czech invasion. The Slovak National Assembly meanwhile called it a "defensive action of the Slovaks themselves, to end the anarchy caused by the flight of the Hungarians."[56] The Allies of World War I drew a provisional demarcation line, this was revealed to the Hungarian government on December 23, in the document known as the Vix Note. The Czechoslovak Legion arrived from Italy, began to advance on 30 December and by 2 January 1919, all important civil and military buildings were in Czechoslovak hands.[57] It was the beginning of the conflict, which later continued as Hungarian–Czechoslovak War. The city became the seat of Slovakia's political organs and organizations and became Slovakia's capital on 4 February.[58]
On March 27, 1919, the name Bratislava was officially adopted for the first time to replace the previous Slovak name Prešporok.[59]
At the beginning of August 1919, Czechoslovakia got permission to correct the borders for the strategic reasons, mainly to secure the port and to prevent a potential attack of the
Left without any protection after the retreat of the Hungarian army, many Hungarians were expelled or fled.
In 1938,
Bratislava was declared the capital of the
Bratislava, occupied by German troops, was many times bombarded by the Allies. Major air raid included the bombing of Bratislava and its refinery Apollo on June 16, 1944 by American B-24 bombers of the Fifteenth Air Force with 181 victims[67] On 4 April 1945, Bratislava was taken by troops of the Soviet Red Army 2nd Ukrainian Front during Bratislava–Brno offensive.[63][68] At the end of World War II, most of Bratislava's ethnic Germans were evacuated by the German authorities. A few returned after the war, but were soon expelled without their properties under the Beneš decrees,[69] part of a widespread expulsion of ethnic Germans from eastern Europe.
After World War II, Slovak Republic lost its so-called independence and was reunified again with the Czech Republic as Czechoslovak Republic, Petržalka (currently part of Bratislava's 5th district) and Devín (currently part of Bratislava's 4th district) was returned to Czechoslovakia. Furthermore, after signing the Peace Treaty of Paris on 10 February 1947, three Hungarian villages, namely Horvátjárfalu (Jarovce), Oroszvár (Rusovce), and Dunacsún (Čunovo) situated south of Bratislava were transferred to Czechoslovakia, in order to form the so-called "Bratislava bridgehead" (currently all three of them are part of Bratislava's 5th district).
After the Communist Party seized power in Czechoslovakia in February 1948, the city became part of the Eastern Bloc. The city annexed new land, and the population rose significantly, becoming 90% Slovak.
Large residential areas consisting of high-rise prefabricated panel buildings, such as those in the Petržalka or Dúbravka borough, were built. The Communist government also built several new grandiose buildings, such as the Slovak Radio Building, Slavín or Kamzík TV Tower. A quarter of Bratislava’s Old Town was demolished in the late 1960s for a single project: the bridge of the Slovak National Uprising. To make space for this development, much of the city’s centuries-old, historical Jewish quarter was razed, including the 19th-century Moorish-styled Neolog Synagogue.[70]
In 1968, after the unsuccessful Czechoslovak attempt to liberalise the Communist regime, the city was occupied by Warsaw Pact troops. Shortly thereafter, it became capital of the Slovak Socialist Republic, one of the two states of the federalized Czechoslovakia.
Bratislava's dissidents anticipated the fall of Communism with the Bratislava candle demonstration in 1988, and the city became one of the foremost centres of the anti-Communist Velvet Revolution in 1989.[71]
The end of Communist rule in Czechoslovakia in 1989 was followed once again by the country's dissolution, this time into two successor states. Czechoslovak Socialist Republic renamed as Czech and Slovak Federative Republic, the word "socialist" was dropped in the names of the two republics within the federation, the Slovak Socialist Republic renamed as Slovak Republic.
In 1993, Bratislava became second time the capital of the newly formed independent
Geography
Bratislava is situated in southwestern Slovakia, within the Bratislava Region. Its location on the borders with Austria and Hungary makes it the only national capital that borders two countries. It is only 18 kilometres (11.2 mi) from the border with Hungary and only 60 kilometres (37.3 mi) from the Austrian capital Vienna.[73]
The city has a total area of 367.58 square kilometres (141.9 sq mi), making it the second-largest city in Slovakia by area (after the township of
The
Climate
Bratislava has recently shifted into the
Recently, the transitions from winter to summer and summer to winter have been rapid, with short autumn and spring periods. Snow occurs less frequently than previously.[77] Extreme temperatures (1981–2013) – record high: 39.4 °C (102.9 °F),[79] record low: −24.6 °C (−12.3 °F). Some areas, particularly Devín and Devínska Nová Ves, are vulnerable to floods from the Danube and Morava rivers.[80] New flood protection has been built on both banks.[81]
Climate data for Bratislava Airport (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 19.8 (67.6) |
19.7 (67.5) |
25.0 (77.0) |
30.3 (86.5) |
33.4 (92.1) |
36.3 (97.3) |
38.2 (100.8) |
39.4 (102.9) |
34.0 (93.2) |
28.0 (82.4) |
21.6 (70.9) |
17.9 (64.2) |
39.4 (102.9) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 3.1 (37.6) |
5.8 (42.4) |
11.1 (52.0) |
17.5 (63.5) |
21.7 (71.1) |
25.6 (78.1) |
28.0 (82.4) |
27.9 (82.2) |
21.9 (71.4) |
15.6 (60.1) |
9.3 (48.7) |
3.7 (38.7) |
15.9 (60.6) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.3 (32.5) |
1.9 (35.4) |
6.1 (43.0) |
11.7 (53.1) |
16.2 (61.2) |
20.2 (68.4) |
22.0 (71.6) |
21.5 (70.7) |
16.2 (61.2) |
10.7 (51.3) |
5.7 (42.3) |
1.1 (34.0) |
11.1 (52.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.8 (27.0) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
1.7 (35.1) |
5.7 (42.3) |
10.6 (51.1) |
14.2 (57.6) |
16.2 (61.2) |
15.9 (60.6) |
11.2 (52.2) |
6.3 (43.3) |
2.6 (36.7) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
6.5 (43.7) |
Record low °C (°F) | −24.6 (−12.3) |
−24.6 (−12.3) |
−16.4 (2.5) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
2.7 (36.9) |
4.4 (39.9) |
4.8 (40.6) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
−7.6 (18.3) |
−12.5 (9.5) |
−20.3 (−4.5) |
−24.6 (−12.3) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 37.4 (1.47) |
32.9 (1.30) |
36.8 (1.45) |
35.9 (1.41) |
58.6 (2.31) |
59.2 (2.33) |
61.8 (2.43) |
60.5 (2.38) |
58.6 (2.31) |
43.6 (1.72) |
46.2 (1.82) |
42.7 (1.68) |
574.3 (22.61) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 13.2 | 11.4 | 11.7 | 9.2 | 11.3 | 10.9 | 11.5 | 10.0 | 9.6 | 11.2 | 12.5 | 13.6 | 136.1 |
Average snowy days | 11.2 | 8.7 | 5.8 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 4.1 | 8.6 | 39.8 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
80.9 | 74.7 | 67.5 | 61.0 | 62.8 | 62.0 | 60.5 | 62.3 | 69.2 | 76.8 | 81.9 | 83.2 | 70.2 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 65.5 | 99.3 | 153.7 | 218.6 | 258.1 | 269.4 | 286.5 | 273.3 | 194.5 | 134.6 | 69.5 | 51.9 | 2,074.9 |
Source 1: | |||||||||||||
Source 2: SHMI (extremes, 1951-present)[84] |
Location
Cityscape and architecture
The cityscape of Bratislava is characterized by medieval towers and grandiose 20th-century buildings, but it underwent profound changes in a construction boom at the start of the 21st century.[85]
Most historical buildings are concentrated in the
The historic centre is characterized by many
Notable cathedrals and churches include the
A curiosity is the underground (formerly ground-level) restored portion of the Jewish cemetery where 19th-century Rabbi Moses Sofer is buried, located at the base of the castle hill near the entrance to a tram tunnel.[93] The only military cemetery in Bratislava is Slavín, unveiled in 1960 in honour of Soviet Army soldiers who fell during the liberation of Bratislava in April 1945. It offers a view of the city and the Little Carpathians.[94][95]
Other prominent 20th-century structures include the
Bratislava Castle
One of the most prominent structures in the city is Bratislava Castle (Bratislavský hrad), situated on a plateau 85 metres (279 ft) above the Danube. The castle hill site has been inhabited since the transitional period between the Stone and Bronze ages[99] and has been the acropolis of a Celtic town, part of the Roman limes Romanus, a huge Slavic fortified settlement, and a political, military and religious centre for Great Moravia.[100] A stone castle was not constructed until the 10th century, when the area was part of the Kingdom of Hungary, however, in the 9th century a pre-romanesque stone basilica, was standing in the area of the hillfort.
The castle was converted into a
Devín Castle
The ruined and recently renovated Devín Castle is in the borough of Devín, on top of a rock where the Morava River, which forms the border between Austria and Slovakia, enters the Danube. It is one of the most important Slovak archaeological sites and contains a museum dedicated to its history.[104] Due to its strategic location, Devín Castle was a very important frontier castle of Great Moravia and the early Hungarian state. It was destroyed by Napoleon's troops in 1809. It is an important symbol of Slovak and Slavic history.[105]
Rusovce
Parks and lakes
Due to its location in the foothills of the Little Carpathians and its riparian vegetation on the Danubian floodplains, Bratislava has forests close to the city centre. The total amount of public green space is 46.8 square kilometres (18.1 sq mi), or 110 square metres (1,200 sq ft) per inhabitant.[108] The largest city park is Horský park (literally, Mountainous Park), in the Old Town.
The city has a number of natural and human-made lakes, most of which are used for recreation. Examples include Štrkovec lake in Ružinov, Kuchajda in Nové Mesto, Zlaté Piesky and the Vajnory lakes in the north-east, and Rusovce lake in the south, which is popular with nudists.[111]
Demographics
District | Population | Ethnic group | Population |
---|---|---|---|
Bratislava I–V | 475,577 | Slovaks | 407,358 |
Bratislava I
|
46,432 | Hungarians
|
11,167 |
Bratislava II
|
112,001 | Czechs | 5,031 |
Bratislava III
|
76,694 | Ukrainians | 1524 |
Bratislava IV
|
105,154 | Germans | 750 |
Bratislava V
|
122,296 | Other/undeclared | 47,239 |
From the city's origin until the 19th century, Germans were the dominant ethnic group.[14] By the end of World War I, 42% of the population of Pressburg spoke German as their native language, 40% Hungarian, and 15% Slovak.[14]
After the formation of the
The city thereby obtained its clearly Slovak character.[66] Hundreds of citizens were expelled during the communist oppression of the 1950s, with the aim of replacing "reactionary" people with the proletarian class.[14][66] Since the 1950s, the Slovaks have been the dominant ethnicity in the town, making up around 90% of the city's population.[14]
Politics
Bratislava is the seat of the
The current local government (Mestská samospráva)
The mayor, based at the Primate's Palace, is the city's top executive officer and is elected to a four-year term of office. The current mayor of Bratislava is Matúš Vallo, who won the election held on October 29, 2022, as an independent candidate. The city council is the city's legislative body, responsible for issues such as budget, local ordinances, city planning, road maintenance, education, and culture.[126]
City Council
The Bratislava City Council is the legislature of the City of Bratislava. It has 45 members. The Council usually convenes once a month and consists of 45 members elected to four-year terms concurrent with the mayor's. Many of the council's executive functions are carried out by the city commission at the council's direction.[124] The city board is a 28-member body composed of the mayor and his deputies, the borough mayors, and up to ten city council members. The board is an executive and supervisory arm of the city council and also serves in an advisory role to the mayor.[122]
Administration
Administratively, Bratislava is divided into five districts: Bratislava I (the city centre), Bratislava II (eastern parts), Bratislava III (north-eastern parts), Bratislava IV (western and northern parts) and Bratislava V (southern parts on the right bank of the Danube, including Petržalka, the most densely populated residential area in Central Europe).[127]
For self-governance purposes, the city is divided into 17 boroughs, each of which has its own mayor (starosta) and council. The number of councillors in each depends on the size and population of the borough.[128] Each of the boroughs coincides with the city's 20 cadastral areas, except for two cases: Nové Mesto is further divided into the Nové Mesto and Vinohrady cadastral areas and Ružinov is divided into Ružinov, Nivy and Trnávka. Further unofficial division recognizes additional quarters and localities.
District | Borough | Map |
---|---|---|
Bratislava I
|
Staré Mesto | |
Bratislava II
|
Ružinov | |
Vrakuňa | ||
Podunajské | ||
Bratislava III
|
Nové Mesto | |
Rača | ||
Vajnory | ||
Bratislava IV
|
Dúbravka | |
Karlova Ves | ||
Devín | ||
Devínska | ||
Lamač | ||
Záhorská | ||
Bratislava V
|
Petržalka | |
Jarovce | ||
Rusovce | ||
Čunovo |
Economy
The Bratislava Region is the wealthiest and most economically prosperous region in Slovakia, despite being the smallest by area and having the third smallest population of the eight Slovak regions. It accounts for about 26% of the Slovak GDP.[129] According to GDP per capita, Bratislava is the 19th-richest region in the European Union in 2023.[130] The unemployment rate in Bratislava was 2,38% in June 2023.[131] The average monthly salary in the Bratislava region in 2023 was €1 983.[132]
Many governmental institutions and private companies have their headquarters in Bratislava. More than 75% of Bratislava's population works in the
Companies operating predominantly in Bratislava with the highest value added according to the 2018
In recent years,
Other large companies and employers with headquarters in Bratislava include
Stores Slovak Republic.The Slovak economy's strong growth in the 2000s has led to a boom in the construction industry, and several major projects have been completed or are planned in Bratislava.[96] Areas attracting developers include the Danube riverfront, where two major projects are already finished: River Park in the Old Town, and Eurovea near the Apollo Bridge.[141][142] Other locations under development include the areas around the main railway and bus stations, the former industrial zone near the Old Town and in the boroughs of Petržalka, Nové Mesto and Ružinov.[127][143][144] In 2010, the city had a balanced budget of €277 million, with one fifth used for investment.[145] Bratislava holds shares in 17 companies directly, including the city's public transport company Dopravný podnik Bratislava, the waste collection and disposal company named OLO (Odvoz a likvidácia odpadu), and the water utility.[146] The city also manages municipal organisations such as the city police (Mestská polícia), Bratislava City Museum and ZOO Bratislava.[147]
Tourism
In 2022 a total of 927,950 people came to visit Bratislava and spent there 1,719,409 nights.[148] These were most commonly 65% foreigners. Bratislava attracts predominantly visitors from the neighboring and nearby countries - Czech Republic, Germany, Austria and Poland. The top 5 is closed by visitors from the UK. Bratislava offered 272 accommodation facilities with 10,338 rooms in 2022.[148] A considerable share of visits is made by those who visit Bratislava for a single day, but their exact number is not available.
Among other factors, the growth of low-cost airline flights to Bratislava, led by Ryanair, has led to conspicuous stag parties, primarily from the UK. While these are a boom to the city's tourism industry, cultural differences and vandalism have led to concern by local officials.[149] Reflecting the popularity of rowdy parties in Bratislava in the early to mid-2000s, the city was a setting in the 2004 comedy film Eurotrip, which was actually filmed in the city of Prague, the Czech Republic.
Shopping
Bratislava has eight major shopping centres:
A month before Christmas, the Main Square in Bratislava is illuminated by a Christmas tree and the Christmas market stalls are officially opened. Around 100 booths are opened every year. It is opened most of the day as well as in the evening.
Culture
Bratislava is the cultural heart of Slovakia. Owing to its historical multi-cultural character, local culture is influenced by various ethnic and religious groups, including Germans, Slovaks, Hungarians, and Jews.[150] Bratislava enjoys numerous theatres, museums, galleries, concert halls, cinemas, film clubs, and foreign cultural institutions.[151]
Performing arts
Bratislava is the seat of the Slovak National Theatre, housed in two buildings.[152] The first is a Neo-Renaissance theatre building situated in the Old Town at the end of Hviezdoslav Square. The new building, opened to the public in 2007, is on the riverfront.[97][152] The theatre has three ensembles: opera, ballet and drama.[152] Smaller theatres include the New Scene Theatre, the Astorka Korzo '90 Theatre, the Arena Theatre, the L+S Studio, the Naive Theatre of Radošina and the Bratislava Puppet Theatre.
Music in Bratislava flourished in the 18th century and was closely linked to Viennese musical life.
Bratislava is home to two of Slovakia's national folk dance ensembles, Lúčnica and Slovenský ľudový umelecký kolektív (SĽUK).[156][157][158]
Museums and galleries
The Slovak National Museum (Slovenské národné múzeum), founded in 1961, has its headquarters in Bratislava on the riverfront in the Old Town, along with the Natural History Museum, which is one of its subdivisions. It is the largest cultural institution in Slovakia, and manages 16 specialized museums in Bratislava and beyond.[159] The Bratislava City Museum (Múzeum mesta Bratislavy), established in 1868, is the oldest museum in continuous operation in Slovakia.[160] Its primary goal is to chronicle Bratislava's history in various forms from the earliest periods using historical and archaeological collections. It offers permanent displays in eight specialised museums.
The
Media
As the national capital, Bratislava is home to national and many local media outlets. Notable TV stations based in the city include
Sport
Various sports and sports teams have a long tradition in Bratislava, with many teams and individuals competing in Slovak and international leagues and competitions.
In 2010 Artmedia were relegated from the Corgon Liga under their new name of MFK Petržalka, finishing 12th and bottom. FC Petržalka akadémia currently competes in
Bratislava is home to three winter sports arenas:
The
competitions annually.In 1966, Bratislava named its new multi-sports stadium after tennis player Ladislav Hecht.[165][166]
The National Tennis Centre, which includes
Bratislava is also the centre of rugby union in Slovakia and motorcycle speedway previously existed at several venues throughout the city.[168]
Education and science
The first university in Bratislava, in the
Bratislava is the seat of the largest university (
There are 65 public
The Slovak Academy of Sciences is also based in Bratislava. However, the city is one of the few European capitals to have neither an observatory nor a planetarium. The nearest observatory is in Modra, 30 kilometres (19 mi) away, and the nearest planetarium is in Hlohovec, 70 kilometres (43 mi) away.
Transport
The geographical position of Bratislava in Central Europe has long made it a natural crossroads for international trade traffic.[179]
Public transport in Bratislava is managed by Dopravný podnik Bratislava, a city-owned company. The transport system is known as Mestská hromadná doprava (MHD, Municipal Mass Transit) and employs buses, trams, and trolleybuses.[180] Most of the Bratislava public transport is coated in a typical color combination of red and black.
Bratislava is also part of an integrated system, IDS BK, connecting city public transport with other transport companies in the Bratislava region. Traveling with a single ticket is possible throughout the system network, both in Bratislava and to the nearby villages and cities, including three other districts of Senec, Malacky, and Pezinok.
As a rail hub, the city has direct connections to Austria, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Poland, Germany, Croatia, Slovenia and the rest of Slovakia. Bratislava-Petržalka railway station and Bratislava Main station are the principal railway stations.
Daily trains and buses from Bratislava to Vienna run multiple times every hour, with the Wien Hbf train station serving Bratislava as well, with more connections throughout Europe, opening possibilities for a travel to Italy and France with a quick change of trains in Vienna.
The main bus station (Autobusová stanica or Autobusová stanica Nivy) is located at Mlynské Nivy, east of the city centre, and offers both bus connections to cities in Slovakia and international bus lines. A new bus station attached to a shopping mall, administration centre, and Bratislava's tallest skyscraper, Nivy Tower, was opened on the 30th of September 2021.[181] The bus station lies underground and its design was inspired by airport terminals. The waiting area offers enough space and comfort to wait for the bus.
The motorway system provides direct access to
The
Bratislava's
International relations
Twin towns – sister cities
Bratislava is twinned with:
- Brno, Czech Republic[184]
- Székesfehérvár, Hungary[184]
- Kraków, Poland[184]
- Warsaw, Poland[184]
- Perugia, Italy (1962)[184]
- Ljubljana, Slovenia (1967)[184]
- Yerevan, Armenia (2001)[185]
- Larnaca, Cyprus (1989)[185]
- Turku, Finland (1976)[185]
- Bremen, Germany (1989)[185]
- Alexandria, Egypt[185]
- Kyiv, Ukraine[184]
- Cleveland, United States[185]
* Numbers in parentheses list the year of twinning. The first agreement was signed with the city of Perugia in Italy on 18 July 1962.
Notable people
Honorary citizens
People who have received the honorary citizenship of Bratislava are:
Date | Name | Notes |
---|---|---|
4 September 1990 | Helmut Zilk | Mayor of Vienna |
24 September 1997 | Edita Gruberová | Sopranist |
19 November 2009 | Václav Havel (1936–2011) | President of the Czech Republic 1993–2003[186]
|
26 September 2011 | Major General Roy Martin Umbarger | United States Army Officer[187] |
28 October 2014 | Karel Gott | Czech singer[188] |
19 December 2020 | John Paul II |
Catholic Pope[189] |
Image gallery
-
Main entrance of the Bratislava Castle
-
The Old Town Hall, the oldest city hall in the country
-
Reformed church
-
Church of Saint Stephen
-
Trinitarian Church
-
The Old Town of Bratislava
-
Streets of the Old Town
-
Bratislava Old Town
-
The Rococo-style "House of the Good Shepherd", home to the Museum of Clocks
-
Laurinská Street
-
Stará Tržnica Market Hall, the oldest indoor market in Bratislava
-
Einsteinova street
-
Danube promenade
-
Embankment
-
Danube river and the Slovak National Uprising Bridge
-
Slovak Radio headquarters building
-
CityShuttle train connects Bratislava with Austria's capital Vienna.
-
Refinery of Slovnaft in Bratislava
-
Map of Bratislava in city centre
-
Manhole cover in Bratislava
See also
- List of municipalities and towns in Slovakia
- List of streets in Bratislava
- List of fountains in Bratislava
Notes
- ^ "Bratislava finds census results as positive". Pravda.sk. Retrieved December 31, 2021.
- ^ "EU regions by GDP, Eurostat".
- ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0
- ISBN 978-0-521-15253-2
- ^ "Market Locator's analysis of the real number of Bratislava's inhabitants". Denník SME. May 26, 2017. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
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- ^ Gruber, Ruth E. (March 10, 1991). "Charm and Concrete in Bratislava". The New York Times. Retrieved July 27, 2008.
- ^ "Brochure – Welcome to Bratislava". City of Bratislava. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2007. Retrieved April 25, 2007.
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- ^ "Bratislava – capital city of Slovakia versus other regions of Slovak Republic". Laboureconomics.wordpress.com. April 29, 2013. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
- The Slovak Spectator. December 6, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
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{{cite book}}
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- Kováč, Dušan; et al. (1998). Kronika Slovenska 1 (Chronicle of Slovakia 1) (in Slovak) (1st ed.). Bratislava, Slovakia: Fortuna Print. ISBN 80-7153-174-X.
- Kováč, Dušan; et al. (1999). Kronika Slovenska 2 (Chronicle of Slovakia 2) (in Slovak) (1st ed.). Bratislava, Slovakia: Fortuna Print. ISBN 80-88980-08-9.
- Lacika, Ján (2000). Bratislava. Visiting Slovakia (1st ed.). Bratislava, Slovakia: DAJAMA. ISBN 80-88975-16-6.
- Špiesz, Anton (2001). Bratislava v stredoveku (Bratislava in the Middle Ages) (in Slovak) (1st ed.). Bratislava, Slovakia: Perfekt. ISBN 80-8046-145-7.
- Varga, Erzsébet (1995). Pozsony (in Hungarian) (1st ed.). Pozsony: Madách-Posonium. ISBN 80-7089-245-5.
- Jankovics, Marcell (2000). Húsz esztendő Pozsonyban (Twenty years in Bratislava) (in Hungarian) (2nd ed.). Pozsony: Méry Ratio. ISBN 80-88837-34-0.
Genealogical resources
The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive "Statny Archiv in Bratislava, Slovakia"
- Roman Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1601–1897 (parish A)
- Lutheran church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1606–1919 (parish A)
External links
Official sites
- Official website of the City of Bratislava
- Official Tourism and Travel Guide to Bratislava
- Official Slovak National Tourism Portal