Pramoedya Ananta Toer
This article needs additional citations for verification. (May 2023) |
Pramoedya Ananta Toer | |
---|---|
Blora, Dutch East Indies | |
Died | 30 April 2006 Jakarta, Indonesia | (aged 81)
Occupation |
|
Notable works |
|
Spouse | Arvah Iljas
(m. 1950; div. 1954)Maemunah Thamrin
(m. 1955; died 2006) |
Signature | |
Pramoedya Ananta Toer (
, and are infused with personal and national history.Pramoedya's writings sometimes fell out of favour with the colonial and later the
Pramoedya opposed some policies of founding President Sukarno as well as the New Order regime of Suharto, Sukarno's successor. Political criticisms were often subtle in his writing, although he was outspoken against colonialism, racism, and corruption of the Indonesian new government. During the many years in which he suffered imprisonment and house arrest (in Jakarta after his imprisonment in Buru), he became a cause célèbre for advocates of human rights and freedom of expression.
Early years
Pramoedya was born on 6 February 1925, in the town of
During
On 17 August 1945, after the news of the Allied victory over Japan reached Indonesia, Sukarno proclaimed Indonesian independence. This touched off the Indonesian National Revolution against the forces of the British and Dutch. In this war, Pramoedya joined a paramilitary group in Karawang, Kranji (West Java), and eventually was stationed in Jakarta. During this time he wrote short stories and books, as well as propaganda for the Nationalist cause. He was eventually imprisoned by the Dutch in Jakarta in 1947 and remained there until 1949, the year the Netherlands recognised Indonesian independence. While imprisoned in Bukit Duri from 1947 to 1949 for his role in the Indonesian Revolution, he wrote his first major novels The Fugitive and Guerilla Family with financial support from the Opbouw-Pembangoenan Foundation, which also published the books.
Post-Independence prominence
In the first years after the struggle for independence, Pramoedya wrote several works of fiction dealing with the problems of the newly founded nation, as well as semi-autobiographical works based on his wartime memoirs. He was soon able to live in the Netherlands as part of a cultural exchange program. In the years that followed, he took an interest in several other cultural exchanges, including trips to the
In Indonesia, Pramoedya built up a reputation as a literary and social critic, joining the left-wing writers' group
From the late 1950s, Pramoedya began teaching literary history at the
Having spent time in China, he became greatly sympathetic to the
Imprisonment under Suharto
In an October 1965 coup, the army took power after alleging that the assassination of several senior generals was masterminded by the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI). The transition to Suharto's New Order followed, and Pramoedya's position as the head of the People's Cultural Organisation, a literary group with connections to the PKI, caused him to be considered a communist and an enemy of the "New Order" regime. During the violent anti-Communist purge, he was arrested, beaten, and imprisoned by Suharto's government and named a tapol ("political prisoner"). His books were banned from circulation, and he was imprisoned without trial, first in Nusa Kambangan off the southern coast of Java, and then in the penal colony of Buru in the eastern islands of the Indonesian archipelago.
He was banned from writing during his imprisonment on the island of Buru but still managed to compose - orally - his best-known series of work to date, the Buru Quartet, a series of four historical fiction novels chronicling the development of Indonesian nationalism and based in part on his own experiences growing up. The English titles of the books in the tetralogy are This Earth of Mankind, Child of All Nations, Footsteps, and House of Glass. The main character of the series, Minke, a Javanese minor royal, was based in part on an Indonesian journalist active in the nationalist movement, Tirto Adhi Soerjo.
The quartet includes strong female characters of Indonesian and Chinese ethnicity and addresses the discrimination and indignities of living under colonial rule and the struggle for personal and national political independence. Like much of Pramoedya's work, it tells personal stories and focuses on individuals caught up in the tide of a nation's history.
Pramoedya had researched for the books before his imprisonment in the Buru prison camp. When he was arrested, his library was burned, and much of his collection and early writings were lost. In Buru, he was not permitted even to have a pencil. Doubting that he would ever be able to write the novels down himself, he narrated them to his fellow prisoners. With the support of other prisoners who took on extra labour to reduce his workload, Pramoedya was eventually able to write the novels down, and the published works derived their name "Buru Quartet" after the prison. They have been collected and published in English (translated by Max Lane) and Indonesian, as well as many other languages. Though the work is considered a classic by many outside of Indonesia, the publication was banned in Indonesia, causing one of the most famous of Indonesia's literary works to be mostly unavailable to the country's people whose history it addressed. Copies were scanned by Indonesians abroad and distributed via the Internet to people inside the country.
Pramoedya's works on colonial Indonesia recognised the importance of Islam as a vehicle for widespread opposition to the Dutch, but his works are not overtly religious. He rejected those who used religion to deny critical thinking, and on occasion wrote with considerable negativity to the religiously pious.
Release and subsequent works
Pramoedya was released from imprisonment in 1979 but remained under house arrest in Jakarta until 1992. During this time he released The Girl From the Coast, another semi-fictional novel based on his grandmother's own experience (volumes 2 and 3 of this work were destroyed along with his library in 1965). He also wrote Nyanyi Sunyi Seorang Bisu (1995); A Mute's Soliloquy, an autobiography based on the letters that he wrote for his daughter from imprisonment in Buru but were not allowed to be sent, and Arus Balik (1995).
He wrote many columns and short articles criticising the Indonesian government. He wrote the book Perawan Remaja dalam Cengkeraman Militer (Young Virgins in the Military's Grip), a documentary showcasing the plight of Javanese women who were forced to become comfort women during the Japanese occupation and were subsequently subject to oppression by their Indonesian society. The women were brought to Buru where they were sexually abused by the Japanese and ended up staying there instead of returning to Java. Pramoedya's fellow political prisoners were able to meet some of these women (generally only once) and relate this information to Pramoedya, who wrote it down in narrative form in the 1970s, providing the basis for the book published in 2001.[4]
Pramoedya was hospitalised on 27 April 2006, for complications brought on by diabetes and heart disease. He was also a heavy smoker of Kretek (clove) cigarettes and had endured years of abuse while in detention. After his release, his health deteriorated and on April 30 he died in his daughter's home. Pramoedya earned several accolades and was frequently discussed as Indonesia's and Southeast Asia's best candidate for a Nobel Prize in Literature.
Pramoedya's writings on Indonesia address the international and regional currents caused by political events in history and how these events flowed through his homeland and buffeted its people.[5] Pramoedya also shares a personal history of hardship and detention for his efforts of self-expression and the political aspects of his writings and struggles against the censorship of his work by the leaders of his people.
Personal life
Pramoedya married Arvah Iljas in 1950. However, the couple divorced in 1954.[6] He remarried to Maemunah Thamrin in 1955. She died a couple of months before Pramoedya's death in 2006.[7]
Awards
- 1988 PEN/Barbara Goldsmith Freedom to Write Award.
- 1989 The Fund for Free Expression Award, New York, USA.
- 1992 English P.E.N Centre Award, Great Britain.
- 1992 Stichting Wertheim Award, Netherland.
- 1995 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Journalism, Literature, and Creative Communication Arts.
- 1999 Doctor Honoris Causa from the University of Michigan.
- 1999 Chancellor's Distinguished Honor Award from the University of California, Berkeley.
- 2000 Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres Republic of France.
- 2000 11th Fukuoka Asian Culture Prize.
- 2004 Norwegian Authors' Union award for his contribution to world literature and his continuous struggle for the right to freedom of expression.
- 2004 Pablo Neruda Award, Chile
- 2005 Global Intellectuals Poll by the Prospect.
Major works
- Kranji-Bekasi Jatuh ("The Fall of Kranji-Bekasi") (1947)
- Perburuan (The Fugitive (novel)) (1950)
- Keluarga Gerilya ("Guerilla Family") (1950)
- Bukan Pasar Malam (It's Not an All Night Fair) (1951)
- Cerita dari Blora (Story from Blora) (1952)
- Gulat di Jakarta ("Wrestling in Jakarta") (1953)
- Korupsi (Corruption) (1954)
- Midah - Si Manis Bergigi Emas ("Midah - The Beauty with Golden Teeth") (1954)
- Cerita Calon Arang (The King, the Witch, and the Priest) (1957)
- Hoakiau di Indonesia(Chinese of Indonesia) (1960)
- Panggil Aku Kartini Saja I & II ("Just Call Me Kartini I & II") (1962)
- Gadis Pantai (Girl from the Coast) (1962)
- The Buru Quartet
- Bumi Manusia (This Earth of Mankind) (1980)
- Anak Semua Bangsa (Child of All Nations) (1980)
- Jejak Langkah (Footsteps) (1985)
- Rumah Kaca (House of Glass) (1988)
- Nyanyi Sunyi Seorang Bisu (A Mute's Soliloquy) (1995)
- Arus Balik (1995)
- Arok Dedes (1999)
- Mangir (1999)
- Larasati (2000)
- Perawan Remaja dalam Cengkeraman Militer: Catatan Pulau Buru (2001)
- All That Is Gone (2004)
- Narration for the Dutch film Jalan Raya Pos Great Post Road
Notes
- ^ Dzulfaroh, Ahmad Naufal (14 August 2019). "Pram dan Pulau Buru, Tempat Lahirnya Bumi Manusia" [Pram and Buru Island, the Birthplace of This Earth of Mankind]. Kompas. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
- ^ Gogwilt, Chris (1998). "PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER 1925- (INDONESIAN)". In Schellinger, Paul (ed.). Encyclopedia of the Novel. Chicago, London: Fitzroy Dearborn.
- ISBN 0-521-54262-6.
- ^ William Bradley Horton, "Pramoedya and the Comfort Women of Buru A Textual Analysis of Perawan Remaja dalam Cengkeraman Militer (Teenage Virgins in the Grasp of the Military)", Journal of Asia Pacific Studies 14 (2010): 71-88
- ^ "Biography of Toer, Pramoedya Ananta, 1925-2006 | Southeast Asia Digital Library". sea.lib.niu.edu. Retrieved 2022-07-11.
- ISBN 9789799101396.
- ISBN 9789839960433.
Further reading
Books on Pramoedya Ananta Toer
- Citra Manusia Indonesia dalam Karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer, by A. Teeuw, Pustaka Jaya, Jakarta, 1997. (in Indonesian)
- Pramoedya Ananta Toer dan Sastra Realisme Sosialis , by Eka Kurniawan, Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta, 2006. (in Indonesian)
- Exile : Pramoedya Ananta Toer in conversation with Andre Vltchek and Rossie Indira (Chicago, Ill. : Haymarket Books, 2006). ISBN 1-931859-28-0. (in English)
External links
- Pramoedya Ananta Toer: Why you should know him (Al Jazeera, February 6)
- Pramoedya Ananta Toer information page
- Pramoedya Ananta Toer, 81, Indonesian Novelist, Dies (The New York Times, April 30)
- Equinox Publishing
- Pramoedya and Politics
- Pramoedya Ananta Tour digital illustration portraits
- [1], First on the Battlefield, Pramoedya Ananta Toer, by Gig Ryan, The Age, 6 May 2006