Prayagraj
Prayagraj
Prayāgarāja Allahabad | |
---|---|
UTC+5:30 (IST) | |
PIN | 211001–211018 |
Telephone code | +91-532 |
Vehicle registration | UP-70 |
Sex ratio | 852 ♀/1000♂ |
Website | prayagraj |
Prayagraj (ISO: Prayāgarāja; /ˈpreɪəˌɡrɑːdʒ, ˈpraɪə-/), also known as Allahabad or Ilahabad, is a metropolis in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.[7][8] It is the administrative headquarters of the Prayagraj district, the most populous district in the state and 13th most populous district in India and the Prayagraj division. The city is the judicial capital of Uttar Pradesh with the Allahabad High Court being the highest judicial body in the state. As of 2011,[update] Prayagraj is the seventh most populous city in the state, thirteenth in Northern India and thirty-sixth in India, with an estimated population of 1.53 million in the city.[9][10] In 2011, it was ranked the world's 40th fastest-growing city.[11][12] The city, in 2016, was also ranked the third most liveable urban agglomeration in the state (after Noida and Lucknow) and sixteenth in the country.[13] Hindi is the most widely spoken language in the city.
Prayagraj lies close to Triveni Sangam, the "three-river confluence" of the Ganges, Yamuna, and the mythical Sarasvati.[1] It plays a central role in Hindu scriptures. The city finds its earliest reference as one of the world's oldest known cities in Hindu texts and has been venerated as the holy city of Prayāga in the ancient Vedas. Prayagraj was also known as Kosambi in the late Vedic period, named by the Kuru rulers of Hastinapur, who developed it as their capital. Kosambi was one of the greatest cities in India from the late Vedic period until the end of the Maurya Empire, with occupation continuing until the Gupta Empire. Since then, the city has been a political, cultural and administrative centre of the Doab region.
Prayagraj is one of the international tourism destinations, securing the second position in terms of tourist arrivals in the state after Varanasi.[21] Located in southern Uttar Pradesh, the city covers 365 km2 (141 sq mi).[3] Although the city and its surrounding area are governed by several municipalities, a large portion of Prayagraj district is governed by the Prayagraj Municipal Corporation. The city is home to colleges, research institutions and many central and state government offices, including High court of Uttar Pradesh. Prayagraj has hosted cultural and sporting events, including the Prayag Kumbh Mela and the Indira Marathon. Although the city's economy was built on tourism, most of its income now derives from real estate and financial services.[22]
Etymology
The location at the confluence of Ganges and Yamuna rivers has been known in ancient times as Prayāga, which means "place of a sacrifice" in Sanskrit (pra-, "fore-" + yāj-, "to sacrifice").[23] It was believed that god Brahma performed the very first sacrifice (yāga, yajna) in this place.[24][25]
The word prayāga has been traditionally used to mean "a confluence of rivers". For Allahabad, it denoted the physical meeting point of the rivers Ganges and Yamuna in the city. An ancient tradition has it that a third river, invisible Sarasvati, also meets there with the two. Today, Triveni Sangam (or simply Sangam) is a more frequently used name for the confluence.
Prayagraj (Sanskrit: Prayāgarāja), meaning "the king among the five prayāgas", is used as a term of respect to indicate that this confluence is the most splendid one of the five sacred confluencies in India.[26]
It is said that the
Over the years, a number of attempts were made by the
History
Antiquity
The earliest mention of Prayāga and the associated pilgrimage is found in
Prayāga is mentioned in the Agni Purana and other Puranas with various legends, including being one of the places where Brahma attended a yajna (homa), and the confluence of river Ganges, Yamuna and mythical Saraswati site as the king of pilgrimage sites (Tirtha Raj).[36] Other early accounts of the significance of Prayag to Hinduism is found in the various versions of the Prayaga Mahatmya, dated to the late 1st-millennium CE. These Purana-genre Sanskrit texts describe Prayag as a place "bustling with pilgrims, priests, vendors, beggars, guides" and local citizens busy along the confluence of the rivers (sangam).[37][38] Prayaga is also mentioned in the Hindu epic Ramayana, a place with the legendary Ashram of sage Bharadwaj.[39]
Archaeology and inscriptions
Inscription evidence from the famed Ashoka edicts containing Allahabad Pillar – also referred to as the Prayaga Bull pillar – adds to the confusion about the antiquity of this city.[41][42] Excavations have revealed Northern Black Polished Ware dating to 600–700 BCE.[36] According to Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti, "... there is nothing to suggest that modern Prayag (i e. modern Allahabad) was an ancient city. Yet it is inconceivable that one of the holiest places of Hinduism, Prayag or the confluence of the Ganga and Yamuna should be without a major ancient city." Chakrabarti suggests that the city of Jhusi, opposite the confluence, must have been the "ancient settlement of Prayag".[43] Archaeological surveys since the 1950s has revealed the presence of human settlements near the sangam since c. 800 BCE.[41][42]
Along with Ashoka's Brahmi script inscription from the 3rd century BCE, the pillar has a Samudragupta inscription, as well as a Magha Mela inscription of Birbal of Akbar's era. It states,
In the Samvat year 1632, Saka 1493, in Magha, the 5th of the waning moon, on Monday, Gangadas's son Maharaja Birbal made the auspicious pilgrimage to Tirth Raj Prayag. Saphal scripsit.
– Translated by Alexander Cunningham (1879)[44]
These dates correspond to about 1575 CE, and confirm the importance and the name Prayag.[44][45] According to Cunningham, this pillar was brought to Allahabad from Kaushambi by a Muslim Sultan, and that in some later century before Akbar, the old city of Prayag had been deserted.[46] Other scholars, such as Krishnaswamy and Ghosh disagree.[45] In a paper published in 1935, they state that the pillar was always at its current location based on the inscription dates on the pillar, lack of textual evidence for the move in records left by Muslim historians and the difficulty in moving the massive pillar.[47] Further, like Cunningham, they noted that many smaller inscriptions were added on the pillar over time. Quite many of these inscriptions include a date between 1319 CE and 1575 CE, and most of these refer to the month Magha. According to Krishnaswamy and Ghosh, these dates are likely related to the Magh Mela pilgrimage at Prayag, as recommended in the ancient Hindu texts.[48]
In papers published about 1979, John Irwin – a scholar of Indian Art History and Archaeology, concurred with Krishnaswamy and Ghosh that the Allahabad pillar was never moved and was always at the confluence of the rivers Ganges and Yamuna.[41][42] According to Irwin, an analysis of the minor inscriptions and ancient scribblings on the pillar first observed by Cunningham, also noted by Krishnaswamy and Ghosh, reveals that these included years and months, and the latter "always turns out to be Magha, which also gives it name to the Magh Mela", the Prayaga bathing pilgrimage festival of the Hindus.[42] He further stated that the pillar origins were undoubtedly pre-Ashokan based on the new evidence from the archaeological and geological surveys of the triveni site (Prayaga), the major and minor inscriptions as well as textual evidence, taken together.[41][42] Archaeological and geological surveys done since the 1950s, states Irwin, have revealed that the rivers – particularly Ganges – had a different course in distant past than now. The original path of river Ganges at the Prayaga confluence had settlements dating from the 8th century BCE onwards.[42] According to Karel Werner – an Indologist known for his studies on religion particularly Buddhism, the Irwin papers "showed conclusively that the pillar did not originate at Kaushambi", but had been at Prayaga from pre-Buddhist times.[49]
Early medieval period
The 7th-century Buddhist Chinese traveller Xuanzang (Hiuen Tsang) in Fascicle V of Dà Táng Xīyù Jì (Great Tang Records on the Western Regions) explicitly mentions Prayaga as both a country and a "great city" where the Yamuna river meets Ganges river. He states that the great city has hundreds of "deva temples" and to the south of the city are two Buddhist institutions (a stupa built by Ashoka and a monastery). His 644 CE memoir also mentions the Hindu bathing rituals at the junction of the rivers, where people fast near it and then bathe believing that this washes away their sins. Wealthy people and kings come to this "great city" to give away alms at the Grand Place of Almsgiving. According to Xuanzang's travelogue, the confluence is to the east of this "great city" and the site where alms are distributed every day.[50][51] Kama MacLean – an Indologist who has published articles on the Kumbh Mela predominantly based on the colonial archives and English-language media,[52] states based on emails from other scholars and a more recent interpretation of the 7th-century Xuanzang memoir, that Prayag was also an important site in 7th-century India of a Buddhist festival. She states that Xuanzang festivities at Prayag featured a Buddha statue and involved alms giving, consistent with Buddhist practices.[53] According to Li Rongxi – a scholar credited with a recent and complete translation of a critical version of the Dà Táng Xīyù Jì, Xuanzang mentions that the site of the alms-giving is a deva temple, and the alms-giving practice is recommended by the "records at this temple". Rongxi adds that the population of Prayaga was predominantly heretics (non-Buddhists, Hindus), and affirms that Prayaga attracted festivities of deva-worshipping heretics and also the orthodox Buddhists.[50]
Xuanzang also describes a ritual-suicide practice at Prayaga, then concludes it is absurd. He mentions a tree with "evil spirits" that stands before another deva temple. People commit suicide by jumping from it in the belief that they will go to heaven.
The historic literature of Hinduism and Buddhism before the Mughal emperor
Mughal rule
Nizamuddin Ahmad gives two different dates for Allahabad's foundation, in different sections of Tabaqat-i-Akbari. He states that Akbar laid the foundation of the city at a place of the confluence of Ganges and Jumna which was a very sacred site of Hindus, then gives 1574 and 1584 as the year of its founding, and that it was named Ilahabas.[58]
Akbar was impressed by its strategic location for a fort.[27] According to William Pinch, Akbar's motive may have been twofold. One, the armed fort secured the control of fertile Doab region. Second, it greatly increased his visibility and power to the non-Muslims who gathered here for pilgrimage from distant places and who constituted the majority of his subjects.[59] Later, he declared Ilahabas as a capital of one of the twelve divisions (subahs).[60] According to Richard Burn, the suffix "–bas" was deemed to "savouring too much of Hinduism" and therefore the name was changed to Ilahabad by Shah Jahan.[57] This evolved into the two variant colonial-era spellings of Ilahabad (Hindi: इलाहाबाद) and Allahabad.[57][61] According to Maclean, these variant spellings have a political basis, as "Ilaha–" means "the gods" for Hindus, while Allah is the term for God to Muslims.[61]
After
Nawabs of Awadh
The fort was coveted by the
Shah Alam spent six years in the Allahabad fort and after the takeover of Delhi by the Marathas, left for his capital in 1771 under their protection.[67] He was escorted by Mahadaji Shinde and left Allahabad in May 1771 and in January 1772 reached Delhi. Upon realising the Maratha intent of territorial encroachment, however, Shah Alam ordered his general Najaf Khan to drive them out. Tukoji Rao Holkar and Visaji Krushna Biniwale in return attacked Delhi and defeated his forces in 1772. The Marathas were granted an imperial sanad for Kora and Allahabad. They turned their attention to Oudh to gain these two territories. Shuja was however, unwilling to give them up and made appeals to the English and the Marathas did not fare well at the Battle of Ramghat.[68] In August and September 1773, Warren Hastings met Shuja and concluded a treaty, under which Kora and Allahabad were ceded to the Nawab for a payment of 50 lakh rupees.[69]
British rule
Acquired in 1801, Allahabad, aside from its importance as a pilgrimage centre, was a stepping stone to the agrarian track upcountry and the Grand Trunk Road. It also potentially offered sizeable revenues to the company. Initial revenue settlements began in 1803.[72] Allahabad was a participant in the 1857 Indian Mutiny,[73] when Maulvi Liaquat Ali unfurled the banner of revolt.[74] During the rebellion, Allahabad, with a number of European troops,[75] was the scene of a massacre.[16]
After the mutiny, the British established a high court, a police headquarters and a public-service commission in Allahabad,
The 1888 session of the
Post-independence
Allahabad is known as the City of Prime Ministers because seven out of 15 prime ministers of India since independence have connections to Allahabad (
Geography
Cityscape
Prayagraj's elevation is over 90 m (295 ft) above sea level. The old part of the city, at the south of Prayagraj Junction railway station, consists of neighbourhoods like Chowk,
Triveni Sangam and Ghats
The Triveni Sangam (place where three rivers meet) is the meeting place of Ganges, the Yamuna and mythical Saraswati River, which according to Hindu legends, wells up from underground.[95][96] A place of religious importance and the site for historic Prayag Kumbh Mela held every 12 years, over the years it has also been the site of immersion of ashes of several national leaders, including Mahatma Gandhi in 1948.[95]
The main ghat in Prayagraj is Saraswati Ghat, on the banks of Yamuna. Stairs from three sides descend to the green water of the Yamuna. Above it is a park which is always covered with green grass. There are also facilities for boating here. There are also routes to reach Triveni Sangam by boat from here.[97][98] Apart from this, there are more than 100 raw ghats in Prayagraj.
Topography
Prayagraj is in the southern part of Uttar Pradesh, at the confluence of the
Climate
Prayagraj has a humid subtropical climate common to cities in the plains of North India, designated Cwa in the Köppen climate classification.[107] The annual mean temperature is 26.1 °C (79.0 °F); monthly mean temperatures are 18–29 °C (64–84 °F).[108] Prayagraj has three seasons: a hot, dry summer, a cool, dry winter and a hot, humid monsoon. Summer lasts from March to September with daily highs reaching up to 48 °C in the dry summer (from March to May) and up to 40 °C in the hot and extremely humid monsoon season (from June to September).[108] The monsoon begins in June, and lasts until August; high humidity levels prevail well into September. Winter runs from December to February,[109] with temperatures rarely dropping to the freezing point. The daily average maximum temperature is about 22 °C (72 °F) and the minimum about 9 °C (48 °F).[110] Prayagraj never receives snow,[111] but, experiences dense winter fog due to numerous wood fires, coal fires, and open burning of rubbish—resulting in substantial traffic and travel delays.[109] Its highest recorded temperature is 48.9 °C (120.0 °F) on 9 June 2019, and its lowest is −0.7 °C (31 °F) on 26 December 1961.[108][112]
Rain from the Bay of Bengal or the Arabian Sea branches of the
Climate data for Prayagraj 1981–2010, extremes 1901–2012 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 32.8 (91.0) |
36.3 (97.3) |
42.5 (108.5) |
45.8 (114.4) |
48.6 (119.5) |
48.9 (120.0) |
45.6 (114.1) |
42.7 (108.9) |
39.6 (103.3) |
40.6 (105.1) |
36.0 (96.8) |
31.9 (89.4) |
48.9 (120.0) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 22.8 (73.0) |
27.1 (80.8) |
33.7 (92.7) |
39.5 (103.1) |
41.2 (106.2) |
39.2 (102.6) |
34.3 (93.7) |
33.2 (91.8) |
33.1 (91.6) |
33.0 (91.4) |
29.7 (85.5) |
25.0 (77.0) |
32.6 (90.7) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 9.2 (48.6) |
12.3 (54.1) |
17.1 (62.8) |
22.6 (72.7) |
26.5 (79.7) |
27.9 (82.2) |
26.7 (80.1) |
26.3 (79.3) |
25.2 (77.4) |
20.9 (69.6) |
14.8 (58.6) |
10.5 (50.9) |
20.0 (68.0) |
Record low °C (°F) | 1.1 (34.0) |
1.1 (34.0) |
7.2 (45.0) |
12.7 (54.9) |
17.2 (63.0) |
18.7 (65.7) |
18.8 (65.8) |
21.1 (70.0) |
18.3 (64.9) |
11.7 (53.1) |
5.6 (42.1) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 17.0 (0.67) |
17.6 (0.69) |
8.8 (0.35) |
7.0 (0.28) |
13.9 (0.55) |
113.5 (4.47) |
268.0 (10.55) |
238.5 (9.39) |
184.9 (7.28) |
34.7 (1.37) |
4.6 (0.18) |
6.8 (0.27) |
915.3 (36.04) |
Average rainy days | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 5.5 | 12.0 | 11.8 | 8.4 | 1.5 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 46.1 |
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST )
|
62 | 49 | 32 | 22 | 28 | 46 | 71 | 75 | 74 | 62 | 58 | 63 | 53 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 224.9 | 244.2 | 263.2 | 274.1 | 292.3 | 206.4 | 143.3 | 180.6 | 184.3 | 259.7 | 256.7 | 244.0 | 2,773.7 |
Source 1: India Meteorological Department[115][116][117] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: NOAA (sun 1971–1990)[118]
|
Biodiversity
The Ganga-Jamuna Doab, of which Prayagraj is a part, is on the western
The most common birds found in the city are
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1820 | 20,000 | — |
1865 | 105,900 | +429.5% |
1871 | 143,700 | +35.7% |
1881 | 148,500 | +3.3% |
1891 | 175,200 | +18.0% |
1901 | 172,032 | −1.8% |
1911 | 171,697 | −0.2% |
1921 | 157,220 | −8.4% |
1931 | 173,895 | +10.6% |
1941 | 246,226 | +41.6% |
1951 | 312,259 | +26.8% |
1961 | 411,955 | +31.9% |
1971 | 490,622 | +19.1% |
1981 | 616,051 | +25.6% |
1991 | 792,858 | +28.7% |
2001 | 975,393 | +23.0% |
2011 | 1,112,544 | +14.1% |
2020 | 1,536,218 | +38.1% |
Sources:[125][126][3] |
The 2011 census reported a population of 1,112,544 in the 82 km2 (32 sq mi) area governed by Prayagraj Municipal Corporation, corresponding to a density of 13,600/km2 (35,000/sq mi).[126][128] In January 2020, the boundaries of Prayagraj Municipal Corporation were expanded to 365 km2 (141 sq mi); according to the 2011 census, 1,536,218 people lived within those boundaries; this corresponds to a population density of 4,200/km2 (11,000/sq mi).[3]
Natives of Uttar Pradesh form the majority of Prayagraj's population. With regards to Houseless Census in Prayagraj, total 5,672 families live on footpaths or without any roof cover, this is approximately 0.38% of the total population of Prayagraj district. The sex ratio of Prayagraj is 901 females per 1000 males and child sex ratio of is 893 girls per 1000 boys, lower than the national average.[129]
Hindi, the official state language, is the dominant language in Prayagraj. Urdu and other languages are spoken by a sizeable minority. Hindus form the majority of Prayagraj's population; Muslims compose a large minority. According to provisional results of the 2011 national census,
Prayagraj's
Administration and politics
General administration
Prayagraj division, comprising four districts, is headed by the
Prayagraj district administration is headed by the
Police administration
City comes under the Prayagraj Police Zone and Prayagraj Police Range, Prayagraj Zone is headed by an
Infrastructure and civic administration
The development of infrastructure in the city is overseen by the Prayagraj Development Authority (PDA), which comes under the
The Prayagraj Nagar Nigam, also called
Prayagraj was declared to have metropolitan status in October 2006.
Population of Allahabad Urban Agglomeration and its Parts According to Census Data for 1901–2011.[126] | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | 1901 | 1911 | 1921 | 1931 | 1941 | 1951 | 1961 | 1971 | 1981 | 1991 | 2001 | 2011 | ||
Prayagraj Urban Agglomeration | 172,032 | 171,697 | 157,220 | 183,914 | 260,630 | 332,295 | 430,730 | 513,036 | 650,070 | 844,546 | 1,042,229 | 1,212,395 | ||
Prayagraj Municipal Corporation | 172,032 | 171,697 | 157,220 | 173,895 | 246,226 | 312,259 | 411,955 | 490,622 | 616,051 | 792,858 | 975,393 | 1,112,544 | ||
Allahabad Cantonment (included in Allahabad in the 1901–1921 figures) |
12,487 | 11,996 | 11,615 | 10,019 | 14,404 | 20,036 | 17,529 | 20,591 | 30,442 | 38,060 | 24,137 | 26,944 | ||
Arail Uparhar | 12,190 | |||||||||||||
Chak Babura Alimabad | 4,876 | |||||||||||||
Total of Allahabad Outer Growth (OG) areas listed below: | 1,246 | 1,823 | 3,577 | 13,628 | 42,699 | 55,841 | ||||||||
Subedarganj Railway Colony (OG) | 1,246 | 1,823 | 3,577 | 3,606 | 872 | 1,568 | ||||||||
Triveni Nagar (N.E.C.S.W.) (OG) | 4,125 | 1,732 | 3,515 | |||||||||||
T.S.L. Factory (OG) | 466 | 317 | 753 | |||||||||||
Mukta Vihar (OG) | 461 | 509 | 534 | |||||||||||
Bharat Pump and Compressor Factory (OG) | 631 | 628 | 648 | |||||||||||
A.D.A. Colony (OG) | 1,155 | 12,539 | 22,774 | |||||||||||
Doorbani Nagar (OG) | 2,312 | 783 | 543 | |||||||||||
ITI Factory and Res. Colony (OG) | 872 | 3,764 | 221 | |||||||||||
Shiv Nagar (OG) | 990 | 1,449 | ||||||||||||
Gurunanak Nagar (OG) | 867 | 947 | ||||||||||||
Gandhi Nagar, Manas Nagar, Industrial Labour Colony (OG) | 5,319 | 6,313 | ||||||||||||
Gangotri Nagar (OG) | 1,641 | 6,749 | ||||||||||||
Mahewa West (OG) | 7,161 | 2,136 | ||||||||||||
Begum Bazar (OG) | 514 | 841 | ||||||||||||
Bhagal Purwa (OG) | 680 | 988 | ||||||||||||
Kodra (OG) | 690 | 587 | ||||||||||||
IOC Colony, Deoghat, ADA Colony and Jhalwagaon (OG) | 3,693 | 5,275 |
Politics
Prayagraj is the seat of
Central government offices/organisations
Prayagraj houses various central government offices and organisations, such as-
- Headquarters of Central Zonal Council
- Rapid Action Force (101 Battalion).
- Indo-Tibetan Border Police (Training Institute).
- Special officer for Linguistic Minorities (Regional Headquarters).
- Headquarters of Central Air Command.
- Services Selection Board (East Centre).
Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)
- Civil Aviation Training College.
- Headquarters of North Central Railway Zone.
- Headquarters of Central Organisation for Railway Electrification.
- Railway Recruitment Control Board (Selection Centre).
- Headquarters of Accountants General, Uttar Pradesh.
- Central Board of Secondary Education (Regional office).
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
- Botanical Survey of India (Central Regional Centre, Allahabad).
- Centre for Social Forestry and Eco-Rehabilitation.
Ministry of Science and Technology (India)
- Harish Chandra Research Institute.
- Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (Regional Center).
- National Academy of Sciences, India.
Economy
Overall Prayagraj has a stable and diverse economy comprising various sectors such as State and Central government offices, education and research institutions, real estate, retail, banking, tourism and hospitality, agriculture-based industries, railways, transport and logistics, miscellaneous service sectors, and manufacturing. Average household income of the city is US$2,299.[155]
The construction sector is a major part of Prayagraj's economy.[156] Secondary manufacturers and services may be registered or unregistered;[157] according to the third All India Census for Small Scale Industries, there are more than 10,000 unregistered small-scale industries in the city.[158][159] An integrated industrial township has been proposed for 1,200 acres (490 ha) in Prayagraj by the Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India.[160]
The city is also home to glass and
The primary economic sectors of the district are tourism, fishing and agriculture, and the city is a hub for India's agricultural industry.[167][168] In the case of agriculture crops, paddy has the largest share followed by bajra, arhar, urd and moong, in declining order during the Kharif season. In Rabi, wheat is predominant followed by pulses and oilseed. Among oilseed crops, mustard has very little area under pure farming and is grown mainly as a mixed crop. Linseed dominates the oilseed production of the district and is mainly grown in Jamunapar area. In the case of pulses, gram has the largest area followed by pea and lentil (masoor). There is fairly good acreage under barley.[169]
Transportation and utilities
Air
The main international and domestic airport serving Prayagraj is Prayagraj Airport (IATA: IXD, ICAO: VEAB), which began operations in February 1966. The airport is 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) from the city centre and lies in Bamrauli, Prayagraj. As of now, Prayagraj is connected to eleven cities by flight, where Air India's regional arm Alliance Air connects Prayagraj to Delhi and Bilaspur, while IndiGo connects it to Bangalore, Mumbai, Kolkata, Raipur, Bhopal, Bhubaneswar and Gorakhpur.[170][171] The nearest international airports are in Varanasi and Lucknow.[172]
The world's first airmail flight took place from Allahabad (Prayagraj) to Naini in February 1911, when 6,000 cards and letters where flown by French pilot Henri Pequet.[173]
Railways
Prayagraj has following nine railway stations in its city limits :[175]
Station Name | Station Code | Railway Zone | Number of Platforms |
---|---|---|---|
Prayagraj Junction | PRYJ, formerly ALD | North Central Railway | 10 |
Prayagraj Chheoki Junction railway station | PCOI, formerly ACOI | North Central Railway | 3 |
Naini Railway Station | NYN | North Central Railway | 4 |
Subedarganj railway station | SFG | North Central Railway | 3 |
Prayag Junction railway station | PRG | Northern Railway | 3 |
Prayagraj Sangam Railway Station | PYG | Northern Railway | 5 |
Phaphamau Railway Station | PFM | Northern Railway | 3 |
Prayagraj Rambagh railway station | PRRB, formerly ALY | North Eastern Railway | 5 |
Jhusi Railway Station | JI | North Eastern Railway | 3 |
The city is connected to most other Uttar Pradesh cities and major Indian cities such as Kolkata, New Delhi, Hyderabad, Patna, Mumbai, Visakhapatnam, Chennai, Bangalore, Guwahati, Thiruvananthapuram, Pune, Bhopal, Kanpur, Lucknow and Jaipur.[176]
Roads
Buses operated by
There are several important National Highways that pass through Prayagraj:[180]
NH (acc. new numbering system) | NH (acc. old numbering system) | Route | Total Length |
---|---|---|---|
NH 19 | NH 2 | ) | 2542 |
NH 30 | NH 24B & NH 27 | Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh
|
2022 |
NH 35 | NH 76 & NH 76 Extension | Mahoba » Banda » Chitrakoot » Prayagraj » Mirzapur » Varanasi | 346 |
NH 330 | NH 96 | Prayagraj » Pratapgarh » Sultanpur » Faizabad » Gonda » Balrampur | 263 |
The city generates 5,34,760 kg of domestic solid wastes daily, while the per capita generation of waste is 0.40 kg per day. The sewer service areas are divided into nine zones in the city.
Human resources
Public health
Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Uttar Pradesh oversees the healthcare system of Prayagraj. Its healthcare system comprises hospitals, medical facilities, private clinics and diagnostic centers. These facilities are either privately owned or owned and facilitated by the government. Prayagraj has a total of twenty four hospitals run by the administration.[190] Founded in memory of Pandit Motilal Nehru in 1961, Motilal Nehru Medical College (MLN Medical College and associated hospitals) is a government medical college in Prayagraj, with Swaroop Rani Nehru Hospital, Kamla Nehru Memorial Hospital, Sarojini Naidu Children's Hospital and Manohar Das Eye Hospital serving under its affiliation.[191] Some of the known multispecialty hospitals in and around Prayagraj are Alka Hospital, Swaroop Rani Nehru Hospital,[192] Amardeep Hospital, Asha Hospital, Ashutosh Hospital and Trauma Centre, Bhola Hospital, Dwarka Hospital, D R S Hospital, Jain Hospital, Parvati Hospital Pvt. Ltd., Phoenix Hospitals Pvt. Ltd., Priya Hospital, Sangam Multispeciality Hospital, Vatsalya Hospital, Yashlok Hospital and Research Centre, etc.[193]
Prayagraj healthcare also comprises many medical research institutes. The city also has diagnostic labs, clinics, consultation providers and pathological institutes like Kriti Scanning Centre,[194] Prayag Scan & Diagnostic Centre, and Sprint Medical.[195][196]
Projects
IBM selected Prayagraj among 16 other global cities for its smart cities programme to help it address challenges like waste management, disaster management, water management and citizen services.[197][198] The company commenced working on solid waste management and power sector in generating renewable energy.[199]
A
As a part of Smart City Project, Civil Lines is being developed on the lines of Lucknow's Hazratganj. A sum of ₹20 crore (US$3,024,000) has been sanctioned to beautify all prominent crossings of the city. As per the plan, the administration proposed uniformity in signage and colour of buildings and a parking lot to be set up to solve traffic congestion.[207] A 1.35 km long riverfront along Yamuna river would be developed by the Prayagraj Development Authority, irrigation and power departments at a cost of ₹147.36 crore. The riverfront would be developed in two phases. In the first phase, around 650 metres at Arail would be developed along with the Yamuna, while in the second phase 700 metres of the stretch between New Yamuna Bridge and Boat Club in Kydganj would be taken up.[208]
Education
The Prayagraj educational system is distinct from Uttar Pradesh's other cities, with an emphasis on broad education.
Prayagraj attracts students from throughout India. As of 2017, the city has one
Culture
Although Hindu women have traditionally worn
Literature
Prayagraj has a literary and artistic heritage; the former capital of the United Provinces, it was known as Prayag in the
During the 19th and 20th centuries,
Entertainment and recreation
Prayagraj is noted for historic, cultural and religious tourism. Historic sites include
Media
Sports
See also
- Forest Research Centre for Eco-Rehabilitation
- Korrah Sadat, a village within Prayagraj Mandal
- List of people from Prayagraj
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Further reading
- Cunningham, Alexander (1879). Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum: Inscriptions of Ashoka. Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. pp. 37–38.
- Kane, P. V. (1953). History of Dharmaśāstra: Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India. Vol. 4.
- Krishnaswamy, C.S.; JSTOR 25201233.
- Allahabad: A Study in Urban Geography, by Ujagir Singh. Published by Banaras Hindu University, 1966.
- Employment and Migration in Allahabad City, by Maheshchand, Mahesh Chand, India Planning Commission. Research Programmes Committee. Published by Oxford & IBH Pub. Co., 1969.
- Subah of Allahabad Under the Great Mughals, 1580–1707: 1580–1707, by Surendra Nath Sinha. Published by Jamia Millia Islamia, 1974.
- The Local Roots of Indian Politics: Allahabad, 1880–1920, by Christopher Alan Bayly. Published by Clarendon Press, 1975.
- Triveni: Essays on the Cultural Heritage of Allahabad, by D. P. Dubey, Neelam Singh, Society of Pilgrimage Studies. Published by Society of Pilgrimage Studies, 1996. ISBN 81-900520-2-0.
- Magha Inscriptions in the Allahabad Museum, by Siddheshwari Narain Roy. Published by Raka Prakashana for the Museum, 1999.
- The Last Bungalow: Writings on Allahabad, by Arvind Krishna Mehrotra. Published by Penguin Books, 2007. ISBN 0-14-310118-8.
- Allahabad The Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1909, v. 5, p. 226–242.