Precancerous condition
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Precancerous condition | |
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Other names | Premalignant condition, precancer, premalignancy, Pap stain. |
Specialty | Oncology |
A precancerous condition is a condition,
Pathologically, precancerous tissue can range from benign neoplasias, which are tumors which don't invade neighboring normal tissues or spread to distant organs, to dysplasia,[1] a collection of highly abnormal cells which, in some cases, has an increased risk of progressing to anaplasia and invasive cancer which is life-threatening. Sometimes, the term "precancer" is also used for carcinoma in situ, which is a noninvasive cancer that has not grown and spread to nearby tissue, unlike the invasive stage. As with other precancerous conditions, not all carcinoma in situ will become an invasive disease but is at risk of doing so.
Classification
The term precancerous or premalignant condition may refer to certain conditions, such as
Signs and symptoms
The signs and symptoms of precancerous conditions differ based on the organ affected. In many cases, individuals with precancerous conditions do not notice any symptoms. Precancerous conditions of the skin or oral cavity can appear as visible lesions without associated pain or discomfort,[7] while precancerous conditions of the hematological system are typically asymptomatic, and in the case of monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance, it may only rarely cause numbness and tingling in the hands and feet or difficulty with balance[8] (see: peripheral neuropathy).
Causes
In most cases, many risk factors for precancerous conditions and lesions are the same risk factors that determines individuals vulnerable to a specific cancer. For example, individuals with cervical or anal infection with oncogenic, or cancer causing, strains of the human papilloma virus (HPV) are at higher risk for cervical and anal cancers,[9] as well as for cervical and anal dysplasia.[9] Similarly, sun or especially UV exposure is an important risk factor for both actinic keratosis which can progress into melanomas[10] as well as skin cancer. Smoking is a risk factor for premalignant (as well as malignant) lung lesions. Hereditary conditions that are risk factors to cancer can also be risk factors to premalignant lesions. However, in many cases, precancerous conditions or lesions can be sporadic and idiopathic in nature, meaning that they are not associated with a hereditary genetic risk factor to the particular cancer, nor with a direct causative agent or other identifiable cause.[11]
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of precancerous lesions is thought to be similar to that of cancer, and also varies depending on the disease site and type of lesion.[12] It is thought that cancer is always preceded by a clinically silent premalignant phase during which many oncogenic genetic and epigenetic alterations accumulate before it is truly malignant. The duration of this premalignant phase can vary from cancer to cancer, disease site to site and from individual to individual.[11] Increasing evidence suggests that the evasion of the immune system occurs in premalignant lesions,[13] and that the nature of the first immune response to these lesions may determine if they progress to cancer or regress to normal tissue.[14][15]
Examples
Skin
- actinic keratosis[16]
- Bowen's disease (intraepidermal carcinoma/squamous carcinoma in situ)
- dyskeratosis congenita
Breast
- ductal carcinoma in situ
- lobular carcinoma in situ
- Sclerosing adenosis
- Small duct papilloma
Head and neck/oral
- oral submucous fibrosis
- erythroplakia
- lichen planus (oral)
- leukoplakia
- proliferative verrucous leukoplakia[7]
- stomatitis nicotina[17]
Gastrointestinal
- Barrett's esophagus
- atrophic gastritis
- colon polyp
- Plummer-Vinson syndrome (sideropenic dysphagia)[7]
- hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer[7]
- Ulcerative colitis
- Crohn's disease
Respiratory
- Bronchial premalignant lesions
Gynecological
- cervical dysplasia (cervical intraepithelial neoplasm, CIN)
- vaginal intraepithelial neoplasm (VAIN)[18]
- anal dysplasia (also see: anal cancer)
- lichen sclerosus
- Bowen's disease (penile or vulvar)[19]
- erythroplasia of Queyrat[19]
Urological
Hematological
- monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance
References
- ^ a b "NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms". National Cancer Institute. 2011-02-02. Retrieved 2018-03-28.
- ^ "Precancerous conditions of the colon or rectum". Canadian cancer society. Retrieved 2018-03-19.
- ^ a b "Precancerous conditions of the esophagus". Canadian cancer society. Retrieved 2018-03-19.
- PMID 21441462.
- ^ "Precancerous conditions of the cervix". Canadian cancer society. Retrieved 2018-03-19.
- PMID 28533227.
- ^ PMID 25516862.
- ^ "MGUS - MGUS Multiple Myeloma - MGUS Myeloma -Monoclonal Gammopathy". Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation. Archived from the original on 2017-07-10. Retrieved 2018-03-28.
- ^ PMID 28255426.
- ^ "Actinic keratosis - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2018-03-28.
- ^ PMID 18573907.
- PMID 27066794.
- S2CID 195657244.
- PMID 34580161.
- PMID 31015447.
- ^ "Actinic Keratosis". skincancer.org. Retrieved 2018-03-19.
- S2CID 3238352.
- ^ "What Is Vaginal Cancer?". www.cancer.org. Retrieved 2018-03-28.
- ^ S2CID 33771829.
- ^ "Bladder Cancer Staging | Bladder Cancer Stages". www.cancer.org. Retrieved 2018-03-28.