Presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's layout guidelines. (January 2024) |
Presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo January 20, 2001 – June 30, 2010 | |
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | |
Cabinet | See list |
Party | KAMPI and Lakas-CMD (2001–09) Lakas–Kampi–CMD (2009–10) |
Election | 2004 |
Seat | Malacañang Palace, Manila |
|
| ||
---|---|---|
14th President of the Philippines Policies
First term Second term
Senator of the Philippines Vice President of the Philippines
Post-Presidency
|
||
The presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, also known as the Arroyo administration, spanned nine years from January 20, 2001, to June 30, 2010. She served the remainder of her predecessor Joseph Estrada's term after he was deposed, and she was elected to a full second term in 2004 which ended in 2010. Arroyo is the daughter of 9th president Diosdado Macapagal.
Arroyo instituted policies and measures geared towards economic stability and building a strong republic. As an economist, she laid the groundwork for a robust economy that weathered the global financial meltdown of 2008.
Administration and cabinet
Office | Name | Term[1] |
---|---|---|
President Head of state Head of government |
H.E. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | 2001–2010 |
Vice-President
|
H.E. Teofisto Guingona Jr. |
2001–2004 |
H.E. Noli de Castro | 2004–2010 | |
Executive Secretary | Renato de Villa | January 22, 2001 – May 7, 2001 |
Alberto Romulo | May 8, 2001 – August 24, 2004 | |
Eduardo Ermita | August 24, 2004 – February 23, 2010 | |
Ret. Police Dir. Gen. Leandro Mendoza | February 24, 2010 – June 30, 2010 | |
Secretary of Agrarian Reform | Horacio Morales | July 1, 1998 – February 11, 2001 |
Hernani Braganza | February 12, 2001 – January 15, 2003 | |
Roberto Pagdanganan | January 20, 2003 – January 20, 2004 | |
Jose Marie Ponce | February 20, 2004 – August 24, 2004 | |
Rene Villa | August 26, 2004 – July 9, 2005 | |
Nasser Pangandaman | July 10, 2005 – June 30, 2010 | |
Secretary of Agriculture | Domingo F. Panganiban | January 20, 2001 – March 31, 2001 |
Leonardo Q. Montemayor | March 31, 2001 – December 8, 2002 | |
Luis Lorenzo, Jr. | December 9, 2002 – August 15, 2004 | |
Arthur C. Yap | August 23, 2004 – July 15, 2005 | |
Domingo F. Panganiban | July 16, 2005 – October 22, 2006 | |
Arthur C. Yap | October 23, 2006 – March 4, 2010 | |
Bernie Fondevilla | March 5, 2010 – June 30, 2010 | |
Secretary of Budget and Management | Emilia Boncodin | January 23, 2001 – July 9, 2005 |
Romulo Neri | July 19, 2005 – February 6, 2006 | |
Rolando Andaya, Jr. |
February 6, 2006 – March 2, 2010 | |
Joaquin Lagonera (Interim) | March 11, 2010 – June 4, 2010 | |
Joaquin Lagonera (Acting) | June 5, 2010– June 30, 2010 | |
Secretary of Education | Raul Roco | January 22, 2001 – August 2002 |
Edilberto de Jesus | September 2002 – August 2004 | |
Florencio B. Abad |
September 23, 2004 – July 8, 2005 | |
Ramon Bacani (OIC) | July 8, 2005 – August 30, 2005 | |
Fe Hidalgo (OIC) | August 31, 2005 – October 3, 2006 | |
Jesli Lapus | October 4, 2006 – March 15, 2010 | |
Mona Valisno | March 10, 2010 – June 30, 2010 | |
Secretary of Energy | Jose Isidro Camacho | March 2, 2001 – June 7, 2001 |
Vincent S. Pérez |
June 8, 2001 – March 21, 2005 | |
Raphael Lotilla | March 22, 2005 – July 31, 2007 | |
Ret. Gen. Angelo T. Reyes , AFP |
August 1, 2007 – March 25, 2010 | |
Jose C. Ibazeta | March 31, 2010 – June 30, 2010 | |
Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources | Joemarie D. Gerochi (OIC) | January 26, 2001 – March 28, 2001 |
Heherson T. Alvarez |
March 29, 2001 – December 12, 2002 | |
Elisea G. Gozun | December 13, 2002 – August 31, 2004 | |
Michael T. Defensor |
September 1, 2004 – February 15, 2006 | |
Ret. Gen. Angelo T. Reyes, AFP | February 16, 2006 – July 31, 2007 | |
Jose L. Atienza Jr. |
August 1, 2007 – December 28, 2009 | |
Eleazar P. Quinto | January 4, 2010 – February 11, 2010 | |
Horacio C. Ramos | February 12, 2010 – June 30, 2010 | |
Secretary of Finance | Alberto G. Romulo | January 23, 2001 – June 30, 2001 |
Jose Isidro N. Camacho | June 30, 2001 – November 30, 2003 | |
Juanita D. Amatong |
December 1, 2003 – February 14, 2005 | |
Cesar V. Purisima |
February 15, 2005 – July 15, 2005 | |
Margarito B. Teves |
July 22, 2005 – June 30, 2010 | |
Secretary of Foreign Affairs | Teofisto T. Guingona, Jr. | January 2001 – July 2002 |
Blas F. Ople |
July 2002 – December 2003 | |
Delia Albert | December 2003 – August 2004 | |
Alberto Romulo | August 24, 2004 – June 30, 2010 | |
Secretary of Health | Manuel M. Dayrit | February 26, 2001 – April 31, 2005 |
Francisco T. Duque |
June 1, 2005 – January 18, 2010 | |
Esperanza I. Cabral |
January 18, 2010 – June 30, 2010 | |
Esperanza I. Cabral | June 30, 2010 – July 4, 2010 | |
Secretary of the Interior and Local Government | Anselmo S. Avelino, Jr | January 20, 2001 – January 28, 2001 |
Jose D. Lina, Jr. |
January 29, 2001 – July 11, 2006 | |
Ret. Gen. Angelo T. Reyes, AFP | July 12, 2004 – February 16, 2006 | |
Ronaldo V. Puno |
April 4, 2006 – June 30, 2010 | |
Secretary of Justice | Hernando B. Perez | January 2001 – January 2002 |
Maria Merceditas N. Gutierrez (Acting) |
November 2002 – January 2003 | |
Simeon A. Datumanong |
January 2003 – December 2003 | |
Maria Merceditas N. Gutierrez | December 24, 2003 – August 2004 | |
Raul M. Gonzalez | August 25, 2004 – June 2009 | |
Agnes Devanadera | June 9, 2009 – February 2010 | |
Alberto Agra (Acting) | March 1, 2010 – June 2010 | |
Secretary of Labor and Employment | Patricia Aragon Santo Tomas |
February 12, 2001 – June 2006 |
Arturo D. Brion |
June 16, 2006 – December 2008 | |
Marianito D. Roque | December 20, 2008 – June 30, 2010 | |
Secretary of National Defense | Orlando S. Mercado |
January 22 – 25, 2001 |
Ret. Gen. Angelo T. Reyes, AFP | March 19, 2001 – August 29, 2003 | |
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (in concurrent capacity as President) |
September 1 – October 2, 2003 | |
Eduardo R. Ermita | October 3, 2003 – August 24, 2004 | |
Avelino J. Cruz, Jr. | August 25, 2004 – November 30, 2006 | |
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (in concurrent capacity as President) |
November 30, 2006 – February 1, 2007 | |
Ret. Police Dir. Gen. Hermogenes E. Ebdane, Jr. |
February 1 – July 1, 2007 | |
Norberto Gonzales | July 1 – August 3, 2007 | |
Gilberto C. Teodoro, Jr. |
August 3, 2007 – November 15, 2009 | |
Norberto Gonzales (Acting) | November 15, 2009 – June 30, 2010 | |
Secretary of Public Works and Highways | Simeon A. Datumanong | 2001 – 2003 |
Bayani F. Fernando |
January 15, 2003 – April 15, 2003 | |
Florente Soriquez (Acting) | April 16, 2003 – February 13, 2005 | |
Hermogenes Ebdane, Jr. | February 14, 2005 – February 5, 2007 | |
Manuel M. Bonoan (OIC) |
February 5, 2007 – July 3, 2007 | |
Ret. Police Dir. Gen. Hermogenes Ebdane, Jr. | July 3, 2007 – October 26, 2009 | |
Victor A. Domingo (Acting) | October 26, 2009 – July 5, 2010 | |
Secretary of Science and Technology | Rogelio A. Panlasigui (Acting) | January 2, 2001 – March 11, 2001 |
Estrella Alabastro | March 12, 2001 – June 30, 2010 | |
Secretary of Social Welfare and Development | Corazon Juliano Soliman |
January 29, 2001 – July 8, 2005 |
Luwalhati F. Pablo (OIC) | July 9, 2005 – February 5, 2006 | |
Esperanza Cabral | February 6, 2006 – January 17, 2010 | |
Celia Yangco (Acting) | January 18, 2010 – June 30, 2010 | |
Secretary of Tourism | Richard J. Gordon |
February 12, 2001 – January 4, 2004 |
Robert Dean Barbers (OIC) | January 19, 2004 – February 25, 2004 | |
Roberto Pagdanganan | June 12, 2004 – August 31, 2004 | |
Evelyn B. Pantig (OIC) | September 1, 2004 – November 29, 2004 | |
Joseph Ace Durano |
November 30, 2004 – June 30, 2010 | |
Secretary of Trade and Industry | Manuel Roxas II |
1999 – 2003 |
Cesar V. Purisima | 2004 – 2005 | |
Juan B. Santos | 2005 – 2005 | |
Peter B. Favila | 2005 – 2010 | |
Secretary of Transportation and Communications | Vicente C. Rivera, Jr. | July 1, 1998 – January 30, 2001 |
Pantaleon Alvarez | January 29, 2001 – July 4, 2002 | |
Ret. Police Dir. Gen. Leandro R. Mendoza | July 4, 2001 – March 10, 2010 | |
Anneli R. Lontoc | March 10, 2010 – June 30, 2010 | |
Cabinet Secretary
|
Ricardo Saludo | 2001–2004 |
Silvestre H. Bello III |
2004–2010 | |
Chairperson of the Commission on Higher Education | Ester A. Garcia | July 12, 1999 – May 31, 2003 |
Bro. Rolando Ramos Dizon, FSC | June 2, 2003 – October 17, 2004 | |
Fr. Rolando de la Rosa | October 18, 2004 – April 30, 2005 | |
Carlito S. Puno (Acting) | May 3, 2005 – November 16, 2005 | |
Carlito S. Puno | November 17, 2005 – August 15, 2007 | |
Romulo L. Neri (Acting) | August 16, 2007 – July 31, 2008 | |
Nona S. Ricafort (OIC) | August 1–31, 2008 | |
Emmanuel Y. Angeles (Acting) | September 1, 2008 – June 30, 2010 | |
Chairman of the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority | Benjamin C. Abalos Sr. | January 2001 – 2002 |
Bayani Fernando | February 2002 – 2009 | |
Oscar Inocentes | October 2009 – June 30, 2010 | |
Chief of the Presidential Management Staff | Sec. Elena Bautista-Horn | 2004 – 2010 |
Presidential Chief of Staff
|
Sec. Renato Corona | 2001 |
Sec. Rigoberto Tiglao | 2002 – 2004 | |
Sec. Mike Defensor | 2006 – 2007 | |
Sec. Joey Salceda | 2007 | |
Lead Convenor of the National Anti-Poverty Commission
|
Dulce Q. Saguisag | November 2000 – February 2002 |
Teresita Quintos-Deles | February 2002 – October 2003 | |
Camilo L. Sabio | October 6, 2003 – January 2004 | |
Veronica F. Villavicencio | February 9, 2004 – August 2004 | |
Imelda M. Nicolas | July 8, 2004 – July 8, 2005 | |
Datu Zamzamin L. Ampatuan (Acting) | July 18, 2005 | |
Cerge M. Remonde | August 16, 2006 – September 22, 2006 | |
Domingo F. Panganiban | October 18, 2006 – June 2010 | |
Director-General of the National Economic and Development Authority | Dante Canlas | January 24, 2001 – December 16, 2002 |
Romulo Neri | December 17, 2002 – July 18, 2005 | |
Augusto Santos | July 14, 2005 – February 16, 2006 | |
Romulo Neri | February 16, 2006 – August 16, 2007 | |
Augusto Santos (Acting) | August 16, 2007 – July 27, 2008 | |
Raphael G. Recto | July 28, 2008 – August 16, 2009 | |
Augusto Santos (Acting) | August 19, 2009 – June 29, 2010 | |
National Security Adviser and Director-General | Roilo S. Golez | February 19, 2001 – January 4, 2004 |
Norberto Gonzales | February 1, 2004 – August 21, 2004 | |
Ret. Police Dir. Gen. Hermogenes E. Ebdane, Jr. | August 22, 2004 – February 14, 2005 | |
Norberto Gonzales | February 15, 2005 – January 31, 2010 | |
Milo S. Ibrado, Jr. (Acting) | December 15, 2009 – June 30, 2010 | |
Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process
|
Eduardo R. Ermita | 2001 – 2003 |
Teresita Quintos-Deles | October 2, 2003 – July 8, 2005 | |
Jesus G. Dureza | July 2005 – June 15, 2008 | |
Ret. Gen. Hermogenes C. Esperon, Jr., AFP | June 15, 2008 – February 2009 | |
Ret. Police Dir. Gen. Avelino Razon, Jr. | February 2009 – October 12, 2009 | |
Nabil A. Tan | October 13, 2009 – October 23, 2010 | |
Annabelle Abaya | October 23, 2009 – June 30, 2010 | |
Presidential Spokesperson
|
Sec. Rigoberto Tiglao | 2001 – 2002 |
Sec. Ignacio R. Bunye (in concurrent capacity as press secretary) |
2002 – 2008 | |
Sec. Eduardo R. Ermita (in concurrent capacity as Executive Secretary) |
2008 – 2009 | |
Press Secretary
|
Noel C. Cabrera | January 23, 2001 – March 31, 2002 |
Rigoberto D. Tiglao | April 1–15, 2002 | |
Silvestre Afable | April 16 – July 15, 2002 | |
Ignacio R. Bunye | July 16, 2002 – January 19, 2003 | |
Hernani A. Braganza | January 20, 2003 – June 17, 2003 | |
Milton A. Alingod | June 18, 2003 – August 30, 2004 | |
Ignacio R. Bunye | August 31, 2004 – June 15, 2008 | |
Jesus G. Dureza | June 16, 2008 – January 31, 2009 | |
Cerge M. Remonde |
February 1, 2009 – January 19, 2010 | |
Conrado Limcaoco (Acting) | January 20–31, 2010 | |
Crispulo Icban, Jr. (Acting) | February 1, 2010 – June 30, 2010 | |
Solicitor General | Ricardo P. Galvez | 2000–2001 |
Simeon V. Marcelo | 2001–2002 | |
Carlos N. Ortega | 2002 | |
Alfredo L. Benipayo | 2002–2006 | |
Antonio Eduardo B. Nachura | 2006–2007 | |
Agnes VST Devanadera | 2007–2010 | |
Alberto C. Agra | 2010 |
Other cabinet-level and high posts
- Executive Secretary
- Renato de Villa (2001)
- Renato C. Corona (acting) (2001)
- Alberto Romulo (2001–2004)
- Eduardo Ermita (2004–2010)
- Leandro Mendoza (2010)
- National Security Adviser
- Roilo Golez (2001–2004)
- Norberto Gonzales (2004–2010)
- Press Secretary
- Silvestre Afable (April - July 2002)
- Milton Alingod (2003)
- Hernani Braganza (2003–2004)
- Ignacio Bunye (2004–2008)
- Jesus Dureza (2008-2009)
- Cerge Remonde (2009-2010)
- Crispulo Icban, Jr (2010)
- Presidential Spokesman
- Rigoberto Tiglao (2001–2002)
- Ignacio Bunye (2002–2008)
- Presidential Chief of Staff
- Rigoberto Tiglao (2002–2004)
- Michael Defensor (2006–2007)
- Joey Salceda (2007)
- Presidential Management Staff
- Rigoberto Tiglao (2004–2006)
- Arthur Yap (2006)
- Cerge Remonde (2006–2009)
- Hermogenes Esperon (2009-2010)
- Metropolitan Manila Development Authority Chairman
- Benjamin Abalos (2001–2002)
- Bayani Fernando (2002–2009)
- Oscar Inocentes (2009–2010)
Supreme Court appointments
Arroyo nominated the following to the Supreme Court of the Philippines:
Chief Justice
- Artemio Panganiban - December 20, 2005
- Reynato Puno - December 8, 2007
- Renato Corona - May 17, 2010[2]
Associate Justice
- Antonio T. Carpio- October 26, 2001
- Alicia Austria-Martinez - April 9, 2002
- Renato Corona - April 9, 2003
- Conchita Carpio-Morales - August 26, 2002
- Romeo Callejo, Sr.- August 26, 2002
- Adolfo Azcuna - October 17, 2002
- Dante Tiñga - July 4, 2003
- Minita Chico-Nazario - February 10, 2004
- Cancio Garcia - October 7, 2004
- Presbitero J. Velasco, Jr.- March 31, 2006
- Antonio Eduardo Nachura- February 7, 2007
- Ruben Reyes - August 2, 2007
- Justice Teresita De Castro- December 3, 2007
- Justice Arturo D. Brion- March 17, 2008
- Justice Diosdado Peralta - January 14, 2009
- Justice Lucas Bersamin - April 3, 2009
- Justice Mariano del Castillo - July 29, 2009
- Justice Roberto A. Abad - August 7, 2009
- Justice Martin Villarama, Jr.- November 6, 2009
- Justice Jose P. Perez - December 26, 2009
- Justice Jose C. Mendoza - January 4, 2010 (her last SC justice appointee)[3]
First term (2001-2004)
Succession
Arroyo's ascent to the Philippine presidency in 2001 resulted from the ouster of her predecessor Joseph Estrada through a peaceful uprising dubbed as Power Power II. On January 20, 2001, the Supreme Court declared the presidency vacant. The military and the national police had earlier withdrawn their support for Estrada. At noon, Arroyo was sworn in as President of the Philippines by
Join me therefore as we begin to tear down the walls that divide. Let us build an edifice of peace, progress, and economic stability.
— Gloria Arroyo,[5] January 20, 2001
While the local media and its proponents hailed
Weeks later, Estrada filed a lawsuit challenging the legal basis of the Arroyo presidency and insisting he remained the lawful president, though adding he would not try to reclaim his post.[8] The Supreme Court issued its decision on March 2, 2001, asserting that Estrada had resigned the presidency and relinquished his post.[4] The court unanimously voted to dismiss Estrada's petition, reaffirming the legitimacy of Arroyo's presidency.[4]
On May 1, 2001, a week after Estrada was arrested on charges of plunder, an estimated 3,000,000[9] protesters sympathetic to Estrada degenerated into violence and attempted to storm the presidential palace to force Arroyo from office.[10] Four people died, including two policemen, and more than 100 were wounded in clashes between security forces and rioters.[10][11] After being dispersed the crowd had looted stores and burned cars.[10] Arroyo declared a 'state of rebellion' in Manila and ordered the arrests of opposition leaders who led the uprising and conspired to topple the government.[10] The state of rebellion was lifted one week later, with Arroyo declaring "the disorder has subsided".[11]
Support for the opposition and Estrada subsequently dwindled after the victory of administration allied candidates in the midterm elections that was held later that month. Arroyo outlined her vision for the country as "building a strong republic" throughout her tenure. Her agenda consists of building up a strong bureaucracy, lowering crime rates, increasing tax collection, improving economic growth, and intensifying counter-terrorism efforts.
2001 midterm elections
The 2001 legislative elections and local elections were held in the Philippines on May 14, 2001 - four months after Arroyo took office. Independent senatorial candidate Noli de Castro, a former television anchor of TV Patrol of ABS-CBN, also a guest candidate of opposition coalition was announced as the topnotcher. The administration's coalition gained the majority.
Oakwood mutiny
The Oakwood mutiny occurred on July 27, 2003, when a group of 321 armed soldiers who called themselves "Bagong Katipuneros"[12] led by Army Capt. Gerardo Gambala and Lt. Antonio Trillanes IV of the Philippine Navy took over the Oakwood Premier Ayala Center (now Ascott Makati) serviced apartment tower in Makati to show the Filipino people the alleged corruption of the Arroyo administration. The group also stated that they saw signs suggesting that Arroyo was going to declare martial law.
2004 presidential election
Although the Philippine Constitution bars a president from reelection, it allows for the election of a person who has succeeded as president and has served for not more than four years.[13] In December 2002, Arroyo made the surprise announcement that she would not seek a new term in the 2004 Philippine general election.[14] Ten months later, however, she reversed her position and declared her intention to seek a direct mandate from the people, saying "there is a higher cause to change society... in a way that nourishes our future".[15]
Arroyo faced a tough election campaign in early 2004 against Estrada friend and popular actor
Arroyo lagged behind Poe in the polls prior to the campaign season, but her popularity steadily climbed to surpass Poe's.[16] As predicted by pre-election surveys and exit polls, she won the election by a margin of over a million votes against her closest rival, Fernando Poe, Jr.[17]
Second term (2004-2010)
Inauguration
Arroyo took her oath of office on June 30, 2004. In a break with tradition, she chose to first deliver her inaugural address at the Quirino Grandstand in Manila before departing to Cebu City for her oath taking: the first time a Philippine president had taken the oath of office outside of Luzon.[14]
State of emergency
On Friday, February 24, 2006, an alleged coup d'état plot was uncovered in the Philippines, headed by Brig. Gen. Danilo Lim.
The declaration of
Arroyo, through the
After the foiling of the plot and the dispersal of the rallies, PP 1017 continued for a week on threats of military plots (such as the military stand-off of February 26 at Fort Bonifacio headed by Col. Ariel Querubin), violence, illegal rallies and public disturbance.
Six leftist representatives -
On Saturday, February 25, the office of the Daily Tribune, a newspaper known as a hard-hitting critic of the Arroyo administration, was raided. After the raid, an issuance of Journalism Guideline followed, authored by the government in order to cope with the "present abnormal situation", according to then Chief of Staff Michael Defensor. The move to suppress freedom of the press against the Daily Tribune was criticized by Reporters Without Borders.[18]
The decree was lifted on March 3, 2006. However the opposition, lawyers, and concerned citizens filed a complaint in the Supreme Court contesting the constitutionality of PP 1017. The court, on May 4, declared the proclamation constitutional, but said it was illegal to issue warrantless arrests and seize private institutions.
2007 midterm elections
Legislative and local elections were held in the Philippines on May 14, 2007. Positions contested included half the seats in the Senate, which are elected for six-year terms, and all the seats in the House of Representatives, who were elected for three-year terms. The duly elected legislators of the 2007 elections joined the elected senators of the 2004 elections to comprise the 14th Congress of the Philippines. Arroyo's coalition won three senate seats and 123 seats in the house.[citation needed]
Manila Peninsula rebellion
Trillanes and Lim surrendered to authorities after an armored personnel carrier rammed into the lobby of the hotel.[19] Director Geary Barias declared that the standoff at the Manila Peninsula Hotel was over as Trillanes, Lim, and other junior officers agreed to leave the hotel and surrender to Barias after the 6 hour siege.[20] There was difficulty getting out for a while due to the tear gas that was covering the area where they were hiding.
Days after the mutiny, the Makati Regional Trial Court dismissed the rebellion charges against all the 14 civilians involved in the siege, and ordered their release.
Impeachment complaints
In 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008, impeachment complaints were filed against Arroyo, although none of the cases reached the required endorsement of 1/3 of the members for transmittal to and trial by the Senate.
On October 13, 2008, the 4th 97-page impeachment complaint against Arroyo was filed at the
Estrada pardon
On October 25, 2007, supposedly based on the recommendation by the
Martial law
In response to the massacre of 57 people in
Congressional bid in Pampanga
On November 30, 2009, after much speculation, Arroyo announced on the
Domestic policies
Economy
Arroyo, a practicing economist, made the economy the focus of her presidency. Based on official (
Whether the official economic figures are accurate, or how they translate to improving lives of the citizens, however, is debatable. Studies made by the
A controversial expanded
Annual inflation reached the 17-year high of 12.5 percent in August 2008, up from a record low of 2.8 percent registered in 2007. It eased to 8.8 percent in December 2008 as fuel and energy prices went down.[43]
The managing director of the World Bank, Juan Jose Daboub, criticized the administration for not doing enough to curb corruption.[44][45]
Early in her presidency, Arroyo implemented a controversial policy of holiday economics, adjusting holidays to form longer weekends with the purpose of boosting domestic tourism and allowing Filipinos more time with their families.[46]
Charter change
In 2005, Arroyo initiated a movement for an overhaul of the constitution to transform the present presidential-bicameral republic into a federal parliamentary-unicameral form of government.[47] At her 2005 State of the Nation Address, she claimed "The system clearly needs fundamental change, and the sooner the better. It's time to start the great debate on Charter Change".[48]
In late 2006, the House of Representatives shelved a plan to revise the constitution through constituent assembly.[49]
EO 464 and calibrated preemptive response
In late September 2005, Arroyo issued an executive order stating that demonstrations without permits would be pre-emptively stopped. Then members of the military testified in Congressional hearings that they were defying a direct order not to testify about their knowledge of the election scandal. Arroyo issued
Human rights
A May 2006
These violations were alleged to have been committed against left-leaning organizations and party-list groups including
An independent commission was assembled by Arroyo in August 2006 to investigate the killings. Headed by former Supreme Court Justice Jose Melo, the group known as the Melo Commission concluded that most of the killings were instigated by the Armed Forces of the Philippines, but found no proof linking the murder of activists to a "national policy" as claimed by the left-wing groups. On the other hand, the report "linked state security forces to the murder of militants and recommended that military officials, notably retired major general Jovito Palparan, be held liable under the principle of command responsibility for killings in their areas of assignment."[54] Palparan, who retired on September 11, 2006, has been appointed by Arroyo to be part of the Security Council; this has alarmed left-leaning political parties about the potential for human rights violations.[59][additional citation(s) needed]
Under Arroyo's presidency, the Philippines in 2006 became second only to Iraq as the world's riskiest place to report the news, with 46
In her 2007 State of the Nation Address, Arroyo has set out her agenda for her last three years in office, and called for legislation to deal with a spate of political killings that have brought international criticism to her presidency. She promised to bring peace to the troubled south, and also defended a controversial new anti-terrorism legislation. Arroyo told the joint session of Congress that "I would rather be right than popular."[61] Lawmakers and lawyers, however, were dismayed by the SONA's failure to highlight and address this major hindrance to human rights. Specifically, the Alternative Law Groups (ALG) echoed the lawmakers’ position that Mrs Arroyo failed to take responsibility for the problem.[62]
In 2007, incidences[spelling?] of extrajudicial killings dropped 87%, with the decline attributed to the creation of a special task force to handle the killings.[63]
Amnesty proclamation
On September 5, 2007, Arroyo signed Amnesty Proclamation 1377 for members of the
Foreign policies
Iraq War
The Arroyo administration has forged a strong relationship with the
ASEAN Summit
Arroyo's foreign policy is anchored on building strong ties with the United States,
Philippines-Japan trade deal
On August 21, 2007, Arroyo's administration asked the Senate of the Philippines to ratify a $4 billion (£2 billion) trade deal with Japan (signed on 2006 with then-Japanese prime minister Junichiro Koizumi), which would create more than 300,000 jobs (by specifically increasing local exports such as shrimp to Japan). Japan also promised to hire at least 1,000 Philippine nurses. The opposition-dominated senate objected on the ground that toxic wastes would be sent to the Philippines; the government denied this due to the diplomatic notes which stated that it would not be accepting Japanese waste in exchange for economic concessions.[68]
Council of Women World Leaders
Arroyo is a member of the Council of Women World Leaders, an international network of current and former women presidents and prime ministers whose mission is to mobilize the highest-level women leaders globally for collective action on issues of critical importance to women and equitable development.[69]
Pardons
This section needs additional citations for verification. (October 2022) |
Arroyo granted pardon to the following:
- Former President plunder[70]
- Pablo Martínez (2007) - convicted for being involved in the assassination of Benigno Aquino, Jr.[71]
- Claudio Teehankee, Jr. (2008) - convicted of murder[72]
- Rogelio Moreno (2009) - convicted for being involved in the assassination of Benigno Aquino, Jr.
- Rubén Aquino (2009) - convicted for being involved in the assassination of Benigno Aquino, Jr.
- Arnulfo Artates (2009) - convicted for being involved in the assassination of Benigno Aquino, Jr.
- Romeo Bautista (2009) - convicted for being involved in the assassination of Benigno Aquino, Jr.
- Jesús Castro (2009) - convicted for being involved in the assassination of Benigno Aquino, Jr.
- Arnulfo De Mesa (2009) - convicted for being involved in the assassination of Benigno Aquino, Jr.
- Rodolfo Desolong (2009) - convicted for being involved in the assassination of Benigno Aquino, Jr.
- Claro Lat (2009) - convicted for being involved in the assassination of Benigno Aquino, Jr.
- Ernesto Mateo (2009) - convicted for being involved in the assassination of Benigno Aquino, Jr.
- Filomeno Miranda (2009) - convicted for being involved in the assassination of Benigno Aquino, Jr.
- Former Congressman Romeo Jalosjos (2009) - convicted of rape
Controversies
Fertilizer Fund scam
Arroyo was embroiled in a political controversy involving allegations that Agriculture Undersecretary Jocelyn Bolante diverted ₱728 million in fertilizer funds to Arroyo's 2004 presidential election campaign.
Hello Garci controversy
In the middle of 2005,
Two witnesses,
On January 25, 2008,
National Broadband Network scandal
The
The issue has captivated Filipino politics since it erupted in Philippine media around August 2007, largely through the articles of newspaper columnist
Controversial dinner party
In late July 2009, Arroyo went to New York City to dine with her friends at a lush Le Cirque restaurant and was highly criticized for her supposed outlandish dinner there with the Philippine delegation during her visit to the United States. Arroyo and her group reportedly dined for the cost of $20,000 or ₱1,000,000 as reported in the New York Post (a few days before Corazon Aquino died).[citation needed]
Northrail controversy
The Northrail project was surrounded by a controversy since 1997. In 2004, Arroyo signed a
End of presidency
In November 2009, Arroyo formally declared her intention to run for a seat in the House of Representatives representing the 2nd District of Pampanga, making her the second Philippine President - after Jose P. Laurel - to pursue a lower office after the expiration of their presidency.[76] A petition seeking to disqualify Arroyo from the race was dismissed by the Comelec for lack of merit, a decision which was later affirmed by the Supreme Court.[77] With little serious competition, she was elected to congress in May 2010 with a landslide victory.[78] After receiving final military honors at the inauguration ceremony of incoming President Benigno Aquino III, she headed straight to Pampanga for her own oath-taking as congresswoman.[79]
Arrest
Arroyo was arrested on November 18, 2011, after a
References
- ^ "Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo". Presidential Museum and Library. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
- San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the originalon October 8, 2022. Retrieved October 8, 2022.
- ^ "Mendoza completes SC posts". SunStar. January 5, 2010. Archived from the original on June 25, 2022. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
- ^ a b c Estrada v. Arroyo, G.R. No. 146710-15. (2001) Archived December 26, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Search | Sun.Star Network Online Archived February 8, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Mydans, Seth (February 5, 2001). "Expecting Praise, Filipinos Are Criticized for Ouster". New York Times. Retrieved January 27, 2009.
- ^ Bowring, Philip (January 22, 2001). "Filipino Democracy Needs Stronger Institutions". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved January 27, 2009.
- ^ Landler, Mark (February 7, 2001). "Ex-President in Philippines Sues to Reclaim at Least His Dignity". New York Times. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
- ^ "Biography". Erap.ph. Archived from the original on February 9, 2015. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
- ^ a b c d Landler, Mark (May 2, 2001). "'State of Rebellion' Declared After Siege at Manila Palace". New York Times. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
- ^ a b "After 'Disorder Has Subsided,' Philippines Lifts Its Emergency". New York Times. May 7, 2001. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
- ^ Laurel, Herman T (February 22, 2006). "Small setback..." The Daily Tribune. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved August 10, 2007.
- ^ "Article 7: Executive Department". The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines. The Official Website of the Republic of the Philippines. Archived from the original on May 18, 2007. Retrieved June 4, 2007.
- ^ ISBN 978-971-27-1487-0.
- ^ "Arroyo U-turn on re-election bid". CNN. October 4, 2003. Retrieved June 4, 2006.
- ^ Mangahas, Mahar (May 8, 2004). "SWS May 1–4, 2004 Survey". Social Weather Stations. Archived from the original on May 18, 2007. Retrieved June 4, 2007.
- ^ "Results of the Past Presidential & Vice-Presidential Elections". The Philippine Presidency Project. Archived from the original on August 24, 2007. Retrieved June 4, 2007.
- ^ "Philippines". Annual report 2007. Reporters Without Borders. 2007. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved April 6, 2007.
- ^ "Trillanes, Lim decide to call it quits - report". Gmanews.tv. November 29, 2007. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
- ^ GMA News, 'It's over,' says Barias of hotel standoff Archived March 17, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Impeachment complaint filed vs Arroyo amid tight security". Gmanews.tv. October 13, 2008. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
- ^ "radioaustralia.net.au, Philippines opposition seeks to impeach president". Radioaustralia.net.au. October 13, 2008. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
- ^ "Arroyo faces new impeachment bid". Aljazeera. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
- ^ "Impeachment case filed against Philippines' Arroyo". Reuters. October 13, 2008. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
- ^ "Arroyo impeach rap filed at House". Philippine Daily Inquirer. October 13, 2008. Archived from the original on September 26, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
- ^ "news.monstersandcritics.com, Philippine leader pardons ex-president Estrada". Monstersandcritics.com. October 25, 2007. Archived from the original on August 12, 2011. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
- ^ "Inquirer.net, Arroyo grants pardon to Estrada". Archived from the original on August 14, 2009. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
- ^ "GMA News, Estrada granted executive clemency". Gmanews.tv. October 25, 2007. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
- ^ Cueto, Francis (November 22, 2008). "Erap slams DOJ, insists he can run again in 2010". Manila Times. Archived from the original on August 26, 2009. Retrieved January 29, 2009.
- ^ "Full text: Arroyo's declaration of martial law in Maguindanao - Nation - GMANews.TV - Official Website of GMA News and Public Affairs - Latest Philippine News". GMANews.TV. December 5, 2009. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
- ^ "Bongbong, Noynoy one in questioning martial law". Gmanews.tv. December 5, 2009. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
- ^ "Arroyo to run for Congress". Philippine Daily Inquirer. November 30, 2009. Archived from the original on November 9, 2009. Retrieved December 31, 2009.
- ^ "Arroyo now an official bet for Congress". Philippine Daily Inquirer. December 1, 2009. Archived from the original on December 4, 2009. Retrieved December 31, 2009.
- ^ Economic Indicators Table Archived August 10, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, National Economic and Development Authority
- ^ "Manila Standard Today". Archived from the original on August 13, 2009. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
- ^ "Philippines Economy Profile 2008". Indexmundi.com. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
- ^ Arroyo shares spotlight with global leaders in forum - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos Archived July 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Leyco, Chino (April 3, 2008). "Philippines Trails In Poverty Reduction, Says UN Report". Manila Times. Archived from the original on November 2, 2008. Retrieved January 28, 2009.
- ^ "Fourth Quarter 2008 Social Weather Survey: Hunger at new record-high 23.7% of families; Moderate Hunger at 18.5%, Severe Hunger at 5.2%". Social Weather Stations Site. December 22, 2008. Archived from the original on May 26, 2009. Retrieved January 28, 2009.
- ^ Cooper, Michael. "Arroyo facing a dilemma after voiding of new tax". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
- ^ CIA - The World Factbook - Philippines
- ^ "Pacific Newsletter". Archived from the original on December 18, 2007.
- ^ Ferriols, Des. "December inflation falls to 9-month low of 8%". Philstar.com. Retrieved January 28, 2009.
- ^ "WB exec laments RP's slow growth". Retrieved March 26, 2008.
- ^ "The World Bank smells corruption". Archived from the original on January 2, 2009. Retrieved March 26, 2008.
- ^ Calica, Aurea (January 19, 2007). "GMA bares list of holidays". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on July 9, 2007. Retrieved June 5, 2007.
- ^ Dalangin-Fernandez, Lira (July 27, 2006). "People's support for Charter change 'nowhere to go but up'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on July 27, 2009. Retrieved July 27, 2006.
- ^ "2005 State of the Nation Address". The Official Website of the Republic of the Philippines. July 25, 2005. Archived from the original on February 9, 2007. Retrieved June 6, 2007.
- ^ Ubac, Michael Lim (December 12, 2006). "Arroyo allies retreat". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved June 6, 2007.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 1, 2012. Retrieved January 14, 2010.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Supreme Court partially voids EO 464". The PCIJ Blog. Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism. April 20, 2006. Archived from the original on December 17, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
- ^ Sy, Marvin (March 6, 2008). "GMA revokes EO 464". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on December 17, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
- ^ "2006 Elections to the Human Rights Council - Background information on candidate countries". Amnesty International. May 1, 2006. Retrieved September 13, 2006.
- ^ a b Alberto, Thea (February 15, 2007). "Melo: Commission report 'complete'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on February 15, 2007. Retrieved June 4, 2007.
- ^ "State of the Nation Address of President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo". The Official Website of the Republic of the Philippines. July 24, 2006. Archived from the original on February 27, 2007. Retrieved June 5, 2007.
- ^ "'Graft and corruption'". Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.). Archived from the original on May 14, 2007. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
- ^ Radio Pinoy USA Archived November 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Scared Silent: Impunity for Extrajudicial Killings in the Philippines". Hrw.org. June 28, 2007. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
- ^ Borbadora, Norman; Michael Lim Ubac (September 9, 2006). "Reign of terror continues". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on July 27, 2009. Retrieved September 13, 2006.
- ^ Marshall, Andrew (November 20, 2006). "A Philippine Shame". Time. Archived from the original on November 14, 2007. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
- ^ "Arroyo lays out economic agenda". BBC News. July 23, 2007. Retrieved July 23, 2007.
- ^ "SONA: Prexy's silence on killings hit by lawmakers - Nation - Official Website of GMA News and Public Affairs - Latest Philippine News - BETA". GMANews.TV. July 23, 2007. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
- ^ "PNP: Extrajudicial killings fell by 83% in 2007". Inquirer.net. January 14, 2008. Archived from the original on January 8, 2009. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
- ^ "Inquirer.net, Arroyo signs amnesty proclamation for communists". Archived from the original on March 16, 2008. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
- ^ a b c d e CNN.com - Philippines begins Iraq pullout - July 16, 2004 Archived December 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Office of the President of the Philippines" (PDF). Op.gov.ph. May 9, 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 13, 2010. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
- Philippine Information Agency. January 1, 2007. Archived from the originalon December 17, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
- ^ "BBC NEWS, Philippines fight over trade deal". BBC News. August 21, 2007. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
- ^ "Members". Council of Women World Leaders. Archived from the original on July 2, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
- VOA. Archived from the originalon October 8, 2022. Retrieved October 8, 2022.
- ^ Javellana-Santos, Julie (November 23, 2007). "Arroyo Pardons Soldier Jailed for Aquino Assassination". Arab News. Archived from the original on November 22, 2014. Retrieved October 8, 2022.
- ^ "Thirteen high-profile cases that became the talk of the town". Philippine Entertainment Portal. September 14, 2009. Archived from the original on September 25, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2022.
- ^ Bordadora, Norman (August 18, 2006). "2 men claim cheating for Arroyo in '04 election". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on July 27, 2009. Retrieved September 13, 2006.
- ^ "Senate election results could mean tough time ahead Arroyo - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos". Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
- ^ "GMA NEWS.TV, Most Mindanaoans believe Arroyo cheated in '04 polls - Pulse". Gmanews.tv. January 25, 2008. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
- ^ Maragay, Dino (November 30, 2009). "GMA gunning for House seat". Philippine Star. Retrieved July 5, 2010.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Punay, Edu; Sy, Marvin; Porcalla, Delon; Sapnu, Ric (February 24, 2010). "It's final: GMA can run for House seat". Philippine Star. Archived from the original on September 6, 2012. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
- ^ "Regional Election Results Tally: PAMPANGA". GMA News and Public Affairs. May 20, 2010. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
- ^ Calonzo, Dreo (June 30, 2010). "Arroyo takes oath of office as Pampanga rep". GMA News and Public Affairs. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
- ^ "Supreme Court rules to free former President Arroyo". CNNPhilippines.com. CNN Philippines. July 18, 2016. Archived from the original on July 20, 2016. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
- ^ "Supreme Court votes to free Arroyo". Manilatimes.net. The Manila Times. July 18, 2016. Retrieved July 18, 2016.