President of Croatia
President of the Republic of Croatia | |
---|---|
Predsjednik Republike Hrvatske | |
Office of the President of the Republic | |
Style | Mr President (informal) His Excellency (diplomatic) |
Type | Head of state |
Member of | Armed Forces of Croatia |
Reports to | Croatian Parliament |
Residence | 36 Krajiška Street, Zagreb[1][2] |
Seat | Predsjednički dvori, Zagreb |
Appointer | Popular vote |
Term length | Five years, renewable once |
Constituting instrument | Constitution of the Republic of Croatia |
Inaugural holder | Franjo Tuđman |
Formation | 22 December 1990 |
Deputy | Speaker of the Croatian Parliament |
Salary | €39,000 annually[3] |
Website | predsjednik |
The president of Croatia, officially the president of the Republic of Croatia (
The president maintains the regular and coordinated operation and stability of the national government system, and safeguards the independence and territorial integrity of the country. The president has the power to call ordinary and extraordinary elections for the
The
The president is elected on the basis of
List of office-holders
This is a graphical timeline listing of the presidents of Croatia since the first multi-party elections in 1990.
Powers, duties and responsibilities
The president of Croatia, officially
The president of Croatia calls elections for the
Foreign affairs
The president of Croatia and the Government cooperate in the formulation and implementation of Croatia's foreign policy. This provision of the constitution is an occasional source of conflict between the president and the government.[5] The president decides on the establishment of diplomatic missions and consular offices of the Republic of Croatia abroad, at the Government's proposal and with the countersignature of the prime minister. The president, following prior countersignature of the prime minister, appoints and recalls diplomatic representatives of the Republic of Croatia, at the proposal of the Government and upon receiving the opinion of an applicable committee of the parliament. The president receives letters of credence and letters of recall from foreign diplomatic representatives.[4]
National security and defense
The president of Croatia is the
The president cooperates with the government directing operation of the Croatian security and intelligence system. The president and the prime minister jointly appoint heads of the security agencies, and the president may attend cabinet meetings, taking part in discussions held at such meetings.[4] The president and the prime minister jointly convene Defense Council as well as the National Security Council; the president chairs these councils and their meetings.[7]
The president of Croatia is supported in his defense and national security duties and responsibilities by the Military Cabinet (Vojni ured) as a part of the Office of the President, staffed by commissioned officers.[8] The President works closely with the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces.
War and state of emergency
Pursuant to decisions of the parliament, the president declares war and concludes peace. In cases of immediate threats to the independence, unity and existence of the state, the president may order the use of armed forces, even if no state of war is declared, provided that such an order is countersigned by the prime minister. During a state of war, the president may promulgate regulations with the force of law on the basis of, and within the scope of, authority obtained from the parliament. In such circumstances, the president may convene government cabinet meetings and preside over them. If the parliament is not in session, the president is authorized to regulate all matters required by the state of war through regulations carrying the force of law. In case of an immediate threat to the independence, unity and existence of the state, or if the governmental bodies are prevented from performing their constitutional duties regularly, the president may, at the proposal of the prime minister, issue regulations carrying the force of law. Such regulations must also be countersigned by the prime minister to become valid. The president is required to submit regulations that are promulgated thus to the parliament for approval as soon as the parliament may convene, otherwise the regulations become void.
Dissolution of parliament
The president of Croatia may dissolve Parliament upon the request of the government if the government proposes a confidence motion to Parliament and the majority of all deputies adopt a motion of no confidence or if Parliament fails to approve government budget 120 days after the budget is proposed in the parliament. That decision must be countersigned by the prime minister to become valid. The president may also dissolve Parliament after a motion of no confidence supported by a majority of all deputies has been adopted and a new government cannot be formed within 30 days or if a new government cannot be formed after general elections (maximum period of 120 days). However, the president may not dissolve Parliament at the request of the government if a procedure to determine if the president has violated provisions of the constitution is in progress.[4]
Office of the President
The Office of the President of the Republic (Croatian: Ured Predsjednika Republike) consists of the immediate staff of the president of Croatia, as well as support staff reporting to the president. As of May 2008, the office employed 170 staff, with the maximum staffing level set at 191 by the Regulation on Internal Organisation of the Office of the President of Croatia.[9] In 2009 government budget, the office was allocated 54 million kuna (c. 7.3 million euro).[10] The net monthly salary of the president is 23,500 kuna (c. 3,170 euro).[11][12]
The Office of the President was created by a presidential decree by Franjo Tuđman on 19 January 1991.[13] The office is headed by a chief of staff (Croatian: Predstojnik ureda), who is appointed by the president. The presidents declare bylaws regulating composition of the office.[14] The office employs advisors to the president and comprises eight departments, four councils, presidential pardon commission and two decorations and awards commissions.[15]
Position | Name |
---|---|
Chief of Staff | Orsat Miljenić |
Head of the Presidential Chancellery | Bartol Šimunić |
Secretary General of the Office of the President of the Republic | Mirjam Katulić |
Chief of Staff | Term start | Term end | Appointed by |
---|---|---|---|
Hrvoje Šarinić | 15 April 1992[16] | 7 August 1992 | Franjo Tuđman |
Jure Radić | 7 August 1992[17] | 12 October 1994 | |
Hrvoje Šarinić | 12 October 1994[18] | 24 November 1995 | |
Ivo Sanader | 24 November 1995 | 5 November 1996[19] | |
Hrvoje Šarinić | 5 November 1996[20] | 1998 | |
Ivica Kostović | 1998[21] | January 2000[22] | |
Željko Dobranović | 22 May 2000[23] | 27 April 2001[24] | Stjepan Mesić |
Davor Božinović | 10 February 2004[25] | 30 September 2005 | |
Boris Šprem | 1 October 2005 | late 2007[26] | |
Amir Muharemi | 1 April 2008[27] | 19 February 2010 | |
Joško Klisović | 19 February 2010 | 31 December 2011[28] | Ivo Josipović |
Vito Turšić | 1 February 2012 | 18 February 2015[29] | |
Domagoj Juričić | 19 February 2015[30] | 2 May 2016[31] | Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović |
Anamarija Kirinić | 2 May 2016[31] | 18 February 2020 | |
Orsat Miljenić | 18 February 2020 | Zoran Milanović |
Presidential Palace
The Presidential Palace (
Election and taking office
Presidential inaugurations | ||
---|---|---|
President | Date | Note |
Franjo Tuđman | 12 August 1992 | first term[33] |
12 August 1997 | second term[34] | |
Stjepan Mesić | 19 February 2000 | first term[35] |
19 February 2005 | second term[36] | |
Ivo Josipović | 19 February 2010 | one term[37] |
Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović | 19 February 2015 | one term |
Zoran Milanović | 19 February 2020 | incumbent |
The president is elected on the basis of universal
The constitution requires that the
Original Croatian text:
Prisežem svojom čašću da ću dužnost predsjednika Republike Hrvatske obavljati savjesno i odgovorno, na dobrobit hrvatskog naroda i svih hrvatskih državljana. Kao hrvatski državni poglavar:
- držat ću se Ustava i zakona,
- brinuti se za poštovanje ustavnopravnog poretka Republike Hrvatske,
- bdjeti nad urednim i pravednim djelovanjem svih tijela državne vlasti,
- čuvati nezavisnost, opstojnost i jedinstvenost države Hrvatske.
Tako mi Bog pomogao.
English version:
I swear with my honor that I will carry out the duty of the President of the Republic conscientiously and responsibly, to the benefit of the Croatian people and all Croatian citizens. As the Croatian head of state I will:
- abide by the Constitution and laws,
- take care that the constitutional order of the Republic of Croatia is respected,
- watch over the orderly and just functioning of all organs of the state,
- guard the independence, existence and unity of the Croatian state.
So help me God.
Presidential elections
Presidential elections were held in
Election | Candidates | First round voter turnout |
First round results (candidates with more than 10% of votes) |
Second round voter turnout |
Winner | Runner-up |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1992 | 8 | 74.90% | Franjo Tuđman (56.73%), Dražen Budiša (21.87%)[46] | Not required | Franjo Tuđman (56.73%) | Dražen Budiša (21.87%) |
1997 | 3 | 54.62% | Franjo Tuđman (61.41%), Zdravko Tomac (21.03%), Vlado Gotovac (17.56%)[47] | Not required | Franjo Tuđman (61.41%) | Zdravko Tomac (21.03%) |
2000 | 9 | 62.98% | Stjepan Mesić (41.11%), Dražen Budiša (27.71%), Mate Granić (22.47%)[48] | 60.88% | Stjepan Mesić (56.01%) | Dražen Budiša (43.99%) |
2005 | 13 | 50.57% | Stjepan Mesić (48.92%), Jadranka Kosor (20.31%), Boris Mikšić (17.78%)[49] | 51.04% | Stjepan Mesić (65.93%) | Jadranka Kosor (34.07%) |
2009–10 | 12 | 43.96% | Andrija Hebrang (12.04%), Nadan Vidošević (11.33%)[50] |
50.13% | Ivo Josipović (60.26%) | Milan Bandić (39.74%) |
2014–15 | 4 | 47.12% | Ivo Josipović (38.46%), Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović (37.22%), Ivan Vilibor Sinčić (16.42%)[51] |
59.05% | Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović (50.74%) | Ivo Josipović (49.26%) |
2019–20 | 11 | 51.20% | Zoran Milanović (29.55%), Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović (26.65%), Miroslav Škoro (24.45%) | 55.00% | Zoran Milanović (52.66%) | Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović (47.34%) |
Source: State Election Commission[52] |
History
The
Tuđman won the presidential elections in 1992, and was inaugurated on 12 August 1992. He was reelected in 1997, and the Constitution of Croatia was amended the same year.[54] After his death in 1999, the constitution was amended and much of the presidential powers were transferred to the parliament and the government, creating a parliamentary system.[55] Mesić won two consecutive terms in 2000 on the HNS ticket and in 2005, the maximum term permitted by the constitution. Josipović, an SDP candidate, won the presidential elections held in 2009–2010.[43] Grabar-Kitarović won the elections of 2014–15 and she was voted to become the first woman president of Croatia.[45]
Immunity and impeachment
The President of Croatia enjoys immunity—the president may not be arrested, nor can any criminal proceedings be instituted against the president without prior consent from the Constitutional Court. The only case in which immunity does not apply is if the president has been caught in the act of committing a criminal offense, which carries a penalty of imprisonment for more than five years. In such a case the state body that has detained the president must notify the President of the Constitutional Court immediately.[4]
The President of Croatia is
Vacancy or incapacity
In the case of brief incapacitation to execute the office of the President of Croatia due to absence, illness or vacations, the president may transfer his powers to the
In the case of death in office or resignation, submitted to the President of the Constitutional Court and communicated to the Speaker of the parliament, or in cases when the Constitutional Court decides to terminate the presidential term through impeachment, the Speaker of the parliament becomes acting president. In those circumstances, new legislation is countersigned by the prime minister instead of the president and a new presidential election must be held within 60 days.[4] This situation occurred after the death of Franjo Tuđman (the only president to date to die in office) on 10 December 1999,[56] when Vlatko Pavletić became the acting president.[57] After the parliamentary elections of 2000, the role was transferred to Zlatko Tomčić, who filled the office until Stjepan Mesić was elected President of Croatia in 2000.[58]
Speakers of the parliament as acting presidents of Croatia
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Assumed office | Left office | Notes | Party | |
Vlatko Pavletić | 10 December 1999 | 2 February 2000 | Office expired when the 4th[57]
|
HDZ | |
Zlatko Tomčić | 2 February 2000 | 18 February 2000 | Replaced Pavletić after the 4th Sabor convened[58]
|
HSS |
Symbols
Legislation defines the appearance and use of the
The presidential sash (prjesednička lenta ) is a Croatian tricolour band, trimmed with gold and adorned with the coat of arms of Croatia, which is placed in a white field, with the tricolour at the front. The arms are bordered by oak branches on the left and olive branches on the right (the initial version, however, featured only the shield of the coat of arms). The sash is worn diagonally, over the right shoulder, and is fastened using a square clasp trimmed with golden Croatian interlace. The sash is adorned with the arms used on the presidential standard, although without the ribbon used in the arms. The constitution specifies that the sash is worn on Statehood Day, during awards ceremonies, during the acceptance of letters of credence and in other ceremonial occasions.[59] The presidential sash was not in use since the 2000 inauguration of Stjepan Mesić, but was revived in 2015 by Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović during her inauguration and her term in office.[61][62][63]
Post-presidency
Former presidents of the Republic of Croatia are provided with an office and two staff members paid by the state once they leave the office. In addition, former presidents are assigned a driver, an official car and bodyguards. The government of Croatia is required to provide these benefits within 30 days following the end of the term of president, upon a president's personal request.[64] Stjepan Mesić's office is located in Grškovićeva Street in Zagreb. The office employs a public-relations advisor and a foreign policy advisor.[65] The office was established in 2010 and assigned an annual budget of 1.3 million kuna (c. 175,000 euro).[66] According to Mesić himself, his new office of the former president shall be at the disposal of Croatian companies to help them expand their market.[67] Since the office has been established, former president Mesić also receives foreign diplomats and visits abroad where he meets officials and delivers lectures on occasion.[68][69]
The rights of the former presidents are defined by a parliamentary Act enacted in 2004, during the first term of Stjepan Mesić.[64] Before that act was enacted, the constitution provided that the former presidents shall become members of the Chambers of Counties of the Parliament of Croatia for life, unless otherwise requested by the president.[70] This was never exercised in practice, since Franjo Tuđman died in office and the Chamber of Counties was abolished before the end of the first term of Stjepan Mesić.[66]
See also
- List of presidents of Croatia
- Prime Minister of Croatia
- Speaker of the Croatian Parliament
- Politics of the Socialist Republic of Croatia#Executive
- Secretary of the League of Communists of Croatia
- List of heads of state of Yugoslavia
- Prime Minister of Yugoslavia
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