President of the Philippines
President of the Philippines | |
---|---|
Pangulo ng Pilipinas | |
Government of the Philippines Office of the President | |
Style |
|
Type | 1987 Constitution of the Philippines |
Precursor | Governor-General Prime Minister[a] |
Inaugural holder | Emilio Aguinaldo (official)[b] Manuel L. Quezon (official)[c] |
Formation | January 23, 1899 (official)[1][b] November 15, 1935 (official)[2][c] |
First holder | Emilio Aguinaldo |
Salary | ₱411,382/US$ 7,409 per month[d][3][4][5][6] |
Website | op-proper |
Philippines portal |
The president of the Philippines (
The president is
Filipinos generally refer to their president as pangulo or presidente in their local language. The president is limited to a single six-year term. No one who has served more than four years of a presidential term is allowed to run or serve again.
The current president of the Philippines is Bongbong Marcos, who was sworn in on June 30, 2022.
Title
The official title of the Philippine head of state and government is "President of the Philippines." The title in Filipino is Pangulo (cognate of Malay penghulu "leader", "chieftain"). In the other major languages of the Philippines such as the Bisayan languages, presidente is more common when Filipinos are not actually code-switching with the English word. The honorific for the president is "Your Excellency" or "His/Her Excellency." During his tenure, President Rodrigo Duterte broke precedent by not using the honorific, opting to drop the title in all official communications, events or materials.[7][8][9]
Historical titles
The term "President of the Republic of the Philippines" used under
History
Early republics
Bonifacio's Tagalog Republic
Depending on the definition chosen for these terms, a number of persons could alternatively be considered the inaugural holder of the office. Andrés Bonifacio could be considered the president of the tagalog provinces, while he was the third Supreme President (Spanish: Presidente Supremo; Filipino: Kataas-taasang Pangulo) of the Katipunan, a secret revolutionary society that started an open revolt against the Spanish colonial government in August 1896, he transformed the society into a revolutionary government with himself as "President of the Sovereign Nation/People" (Filipino: Pangulo ng Haring Bayan).[14] While the term Katipunan (and the title "Supreme President") remained, Bonifacio's government was also known as the Tagalog Republic (Spanish: República Tagala; Filipino: Republika ng Katagalugan),[15][16][17] and the term haring bayan or haringbayan as an adaptation and synonym of "republic", from its Latin roots as res publica.[18] Since Presidente Supremo was shortened to Supremo in contemporary historical accounts of other people, he thus became known by that title alone in traditional Philippine historiography, which by itself was thus understood to mean "Supreme Leader"[19][20][21] in contrast to the later "Presidents". However, as noted by Filipino historian Xiao Chua, Bonifacio did not refer himself as Supremo but rather as Kataas-taasang Pangulo (Supreme President), Pangulo ng Kataas-taasang Kapulungan (President of the Supreme Assembly), or Pangulo ng Haring Bayan (President of the Sovereign Nation/People), as evidenced by his own writings.[21]
Although the word Tagalog refers to the Tagalog people, a specific ethno-linguistic group mostly in southern Luzon, Bonifacio used the term "Tagalog" in "Tagalog Republic" to denote all non-Spanish peoples of the Philippines in place of Filipinos, which had colonial origins, referring to his concept of the Philippine nation and people as the "Sovereign Tagalog Nation/People" or more precisely "Sovereign Nation of the Tagalog People" (Filipino: Haring Bayang Katagalugan), in effect a synonym of "Tagalog Republic" or more precisely "Republic of the Tagalog Nation/People".[22][23][24][25][26]
According to Filipino historian Ambeth Ocampo, including Bonifacio as a past president would imply that Macario Sakay and Miguel Malvar should also be included, as Sakay continued Bonifacio's concept of a national Tagalog Republic, and Malvar continued the Philippine Republic which was the culmination of several governments headed by Emilio Aguinaldo that superseded Bonifacio's, Malvar taking over after Aguinaldo's capture.[27] Nevertheless, there are still calls, including from a descendant of Bonifacio, to let Bonifacio be recognized by the current government as the first Philippine president.[15][18] In 1993, historians Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnacion and Ramon Villegas petitioned before the National Historical Institute (now the National Historical Commission of the Philippines) to recognize Bonifacio as the first Philippine president but the institute turned down the petition and reasoned that Bonifacio was not even the Katipunan's first Supremo, but rather Deodato Arellano.[28]
In 2013, the Manila City Council passed a resolution persuading the national government to declare Bonifacio as the first president of the Tagalog Republic, attributing to all natives of the archipelago of the Philippines.[28] A separate resolution was also signed in 2013 by the Philippine Historian Association urging then Philippine President Benigno Aquino III to recognize Bonifacio as the first Philippine president.[29] In the same year, representatives of the Philippine House of Representatives passed a house resolution that sought to acknowledge Bonifacio as the first president.[28] A similar house resolution was also filed in 2016.[30]
According to Marlon Cadiz of the NHCP, the agency is waiting for a thorough and clear study containing new evidence as well as explanations of experts regarding Bonifacio's status as the first president.[28]
Aguinaldo's governments and the First Republic
In March 1897, during the Philippine Revolution against Spain, Emilio Aguinaldo was elected president of a new revolutionary government at the Tejeros Convention in Tejeros, Cavite.[31] The new government was meant to replace the Katipunan.[32] It variously called itself the "Philippine Republic" (Spanish: Republica Filipina),[33] "Republic of the Philippines" (Spanish: Republica de Filipinas)[34] and "Government of All Tagalogs" or "Government of the Whole Tagalog Nation/People" (Filipino: Pamahalaan ng Sangkatagalugan).[35]
Months later, Aguinaldo was again elected president at Biak-na-Bato, Bulacan in November,[36] leading a reorganized "Republic of the Philippines" (Spanish: Republica de Filipinas),[37] commonly known today as the Republic of Biak-na-Bato.[38] Aguinaldo therefore signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato and went into exile in Hong Kong at the end of 1897.[39]
In April 1898, the Spanish–American War broke out,[40] and afterwards, the Asiatic Squadron of the United States Navy sailed for the Philippines.[41] At the Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898, the American Navy decisively defeated the Spanish Navy.[42] Aquinaldo subsequently returned to the Philippines aboard a U.S. Navy vessel[43] and renewed the revolution.[44] He formed a dictatorial government on May 24, 1898,[44] and issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence on June 12, 1898.[45] During this brief period he took the title "Dictator" and the Declaration of Independence refers to him as such.[46]
On June 23, 1898, Aguinaldo transformed his dictatorial government into a
Like all of its predecessors and would-be successors until the 1935 Commonwealth of the Philippines, the First Philippine Republic was short-lived[55] and never internationally recognized,[56] and never controlled or was universally recognized by the entire area covered by the current republic, though it (and they) claimed to represent and govern the entire Philippine archipelago and all its people.[57] The Philippines was transferred from Spanish to American control by the Treaty of Paris of 1898, signed in December of that year.[58] The Philippine–American War broke out between the United States and Aguinaldo's government.[59] His government effectively ceased to exist on April 1, 1901, after he pledged allegiance to the United States following his capture by U.S. forces in March.[59]
The current government of the
Other claimants
Miguel Malvar continued Aguinaldo's leadership of the Philippine Republic after the latter's capture until his own capture in 1902, while Macario Sakay revived the Tagalog Republic in 1902 as a continuing state of Bonifacio's Katipunan. They are both considered by some scholars as "unofficial presidents", and along with Bonifacio, are not recognized as presidents by the government.[61][62]
American occupation
Between 1898 and 1935, executive power in the Philippines was exercised by a succession of four American military governors-general and eleven civil governors-general.[63][64][65]
Philippine Commonwealth
In October 1935,
The Second Republic under the Japanese
On October 14, 1943,
After World War II
The 1935 Constitution was restored after the Japanese surrender ended World War II,[68] with Vice President Sergio Osmeña becoming president due to Quezon's death on August 1, 1944.[66] It remained in effect after the United States recognized the sovereignty of the Republic of the Philippines as a separate self-governing nation on July 4, 1946.[66] On the same day, Manuel A. Roxas, the last president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, became the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines,[66] also known as the Third Republic of the Philippines.[78]
1973 and 1987 Constitutions
A new Constitution ratified on January 17, 1973,[79] under the rule of Ferdinand Marcos introduced a parliamentary-style government.[80] Marcos instituted himself as prime minister while serving as president in 1978.[81] Marcos later appointed César Virata as prime minister in 1981, although, he was only a figurehead as the government control was still with Marcos.[82]
The 1973 Constitution was in effect until the People Power Revolution of 1986 toppled Marcos's 21-year authoritarian regime and replaced him with Corazon C. Aquino.[68] On March 25, 1986, Aquino issued Proclamation No. 3, s. 1986 or the "freedom constitution" that initially replaced the 1973 Constitution.[68] This provisional constitution was done as Aquino was installed as president through revolutionary means.[83] Proclamation No. 3 abrogated many of the provisions of the then 1973 Constitution,[84] including the provisions associated with the Marcos regime,[85] which gave the president legislative powers,[86] as well as the unicameral legislature called the Batasang Pambansa[85] (literally National Legislature in Filipino). The proclamation retained only parts of the 1973 Constitution that were essential for a return to democratic rule, such as the bill of rights.[84][85] This constitution was superseded on February 2, 1987, by the present constitution.[68]
Other issues
Both Bonifacio[87] and Aguinaldo[88] might be considered to have been an inaugural president of an insurgent government. Quezon was the inaugural president of a predecessor state to the current one,[89] while Roxas was the first president of an independent Philippines.[66]
The government considers Aguinaldo to have been the first president of the Philippines, followed by Quezon and his successors.[60][90] Despite the differences in constitutions and government, the line of presidents is considered to be continuous.[91] For instance, Rodrigo Duterte, is considered to be the 16th president.[92]
While the government may consider Aguinaldo as the first president, the First Republic fell under the United States' jurisdiction due to the 1898 Treaty of Paris which ended the Spanish–American War; the United States thus does not consider his tenure to have been legitimate.[60][45] Manuel L. Quezon is considered to be the first president by the United States when they gave the Philippines independence through the Tydings–McDuffie Act.[93] He is also the first to win a popular election and a nationwide election.[94]
During the
Powers and roles
Executive power
The president of the Philippines, being the chief executive, serves as both the head of state and head of government of the Philippines.[100] The constitution vests the executive power with the president who consequently heads the government's executive branch, including the Cabinet and all executive departments.[101] There are also government agencies that report to no specific department but are instead under the Office of the President.[102] The president also exercises general supervision over local government units.[103]
The president has the power to give executive issuances, which are means to streamline the policy and programs of an administration. There are six issuances that the President may issue, as defined in the Administrative Code of 1987:[100] executive orders, administrative orders, proclamations, memorandum orders, memorandum circulars, and general or special orders.
The president has power to grant reprieves, commutations and pardons, and remit fines and forfeitures after conviction by final judgment, except in cases of impeachment.[104] The president can grant amnesty with the concurrence of the majority of all the members of the Congress.[105] The president has authority to contract or guarantee foreign loans on behalf of the country but only with the prior concurrence of the Monetary Board and subject to such limitations as may be provided by law.[106]
The president has the authority to exercise the power of eminent domain. The president also has the power to direct escheat or reversion proceedings and the power to reserve lands of the public and private domain of the government. However, there are two constitutional provisions that limit the exercise of such power: Article 3, Section 9 of the Constitution provides that no person shall be deprived of his/her life, liberty, or property without due process of law and that private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation.[100]
With the consent of the Commission on Appointments, the president also appoints the heads of the executive departments, board of members and its leaders from any national government-related institutions, ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, high-ranking officers of the armed forces, and other officials.[107] The members of the Supreme Court and lower courts are also appointed by the president, but only from the list of nominees prepared by the Judicial and Bar Council. Such appointments do not need the approval of the Commission on Appointments.[108]
Legislative power
As per Article 6, Section 1 of the Constitution, the power of lawmaking is vested in the bicameral
Election process
Eligibility
Article 7, Section 2 of the Constitution sets the following qualifications for holding the presidency:[111]
- be a natural-born citizen of the Philippines
- be a registered voter
- be able to read and write
- at least forty years of age on the day of the election
- a resident of the Philippines for at least ten years immediately preceding such election.
Natural-born Filipinos are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines at the time of their birth and those born before 17 January 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority are considered natural-born Filipinos.[112]
The Constitution also provides term limits where the president is ineligible for reelection and a person who has succeeded as president and has served as such for more than four years will be ineligible to be elected for a second term. However, with the case of
Election
The president is elected by direct vote every six years, usually on the second Monday of May.[113] The latest election was held in 2022.
The returns of every election for president and vice president, duly certified by the board of canvassers of each province or city, shall be transmitted to Congress, directed to the president of the Senate. Upon receipt of the certificates of canvass, the president of the Senate shall open all the certificates in the presence of a joint public session of Congress not later than 30 days after election day. Congress then canvasses the votes upon determining that the polls are authentic and were done in the manner provided by law.
The person with the highest number of votes is declared the winner, but in case two or more have the highest number of votes, the president is elected by a majority of all members of Congress, with the Senate and the House of Representatives voting separately.
Inauguration
The president of the Philippines usually takes the oath of office at noon of June 30 following the presidential election. Traditionally, the vice president takes the oath first, a little before noon for two reasons. First, according to protocol, no one follows the president (who is last due to his supremacy), and second, to establish a constitutionally valid successor before the president-elect accedes. During Quezon's inauguration, however, the vice president and legislature were sworn in after the president, to symbolize a new start.
Custom has enshrined three places as the traditional venue for the inauguration ceremony:
The dress code at the modern inaugural ceremony is traditional, formal Filipino clothing, which is otherwise loosely termed Filipiniana. Ladies must wear baro't saya (the formal wear of other indigenous groups is permissible), while men don the barong tagalog. Non-Filipinos at the ceremony may wear their respective versions of formal dress, but foreign diplomats have often been seen donning Filipiniana as a mark of cultural respect.
The Constitution provides the following oath or affirmation for the president and vice president-elect which must be taken before they enter into office:[114]
"I, (name), do solemnly swear [or affirm], that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my duties as President [or Vice-President or Acting President] of the Philippines. Preserve and defend its Constitution, execute its laws, do justice to every man, and consecrate myself to the service of the Nation. So help me God." [In case of affirmation, last sentence will be omitted.]
— Constitution of the Philippines, art. 7, sec. 5
The Filipino text of the oath used for the inaugurations of Fidel V. Ramos, Joseph Estrada, Benigno Aquino III, and Bongbong Marcos reads:[115]
"Ako si (pangalan), ay taimtim kong pinanunumpaan (o pinatototohanan) na tutuparin ko nang buong katapatan at sigasig ang aking mga tungkulin bilang Pangulo (o Pangalawang Pangulo o Nanunungkulang Pangulo) ng Pilipinas, pangangalagaan at ipagtatanggol ang kanyang Konstitusyon, ipatutupad ang mga batas nito, magiging makatarungan sa bawat tao, at itatalaga ang aking sarili sa paglilingkod sa Bansa. Kasihan nawa ako ng Diyos." (Kapag pagpapatotoo, ang huling pangungusap ay kakaltasin.)
— Konstitusyon ng Pilipinas, Artikulo VII, SEK. 5
As soon as the president takes the oath of office, a
Incumbency
State of the Nation Address
The State of the Nation Address (SONA) is an annual event, in which the president reports on the status of the nation, normally to the resumption of a joint session of the House of Representatives and the Senate. This is a duty of the president as stated in Article VII, Section 23 of the 1987 Constitution.[3]
Tenure and term limits
The 1935 Constitution originally set the president's term at six years, without re-election.
On August 24, 1970, Congress enacted RA No. 6132, otherwise known as the Constitutional Convention Act, for the purpose of convening a Constitutional Convention. The 320 delegates met from June 1971 until November 30, 1972, when they approved the draft of the new Charter. While in the process of drafting a new Constitution, President Ferdinand Marcos declared Martial Law on September 21, 1972. The draft Constitution was submitted to the Citizen's Assemblies from January 10 to 17, 1973 for ratification. On January 17, 1973, President Marcos issued Proclamation No. 1102, announcing the ratification of the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines. In 1981, President Marcos secured a third term, defeating Alejo Santos in an election.[118]
The 1987 Constitution restored the 1935 Constitution's original ban on presidential reelection. Under Article 7, Section 4 of the current constitution, the term of the president shall begin at noon on the thirtieth day of June next following the day of the election and shall end at noon of the same date, six years thereafter. The incumbent president is not eligible for re-election, even if non-consecutive. Moreover, no president who serves more than four years of a presidential term is allowed to run or serve again.[3]
Vacancies and succession
At the start of the term
Under Article 7, Section 7 of the Constitution, In case the president-elect fails to qualify, the vice president-elect shall act as president until the president-elect shall have qualified.[3] If at the beginning of the term of the president, the president-elect shall have died or shall have become permanently disabled, the vice president-elect shall become president.[3] Where no president and vice president shall have been chosen or shall have qualified, or where both shall have died or become permanently disabled, the president of the Senate or, in case of his inability, the speaker of the House of Representatives, shall act as president until a president or a vice president shall have been chosen and qualified.[3]
During the term
The line of presidential succession as specified by Article 7, Section 8 of the Constitution are the vice president, Senate president and the speaker of the House of Representatives. Contrary to popular belief, the
The current presidential line of succession is:
No. | Office | Incumbent |
---|---|---|
1 | Vice President | Sara Duterte |
2 | President of the Senate | Juan Miguel Zubiri
|
3 | Speaker of the House of Representatives | Martin Romualdez |
Impeachment
Impeachment in the Philippines follows procedures similar to the United States. The
The Constitution enumerates the culpable violation of the Constitution, treason, bribery, graft and corruption, other high crimes, and betrayal of public trust as grounds for the impeachment of the president.[121] The same also applies for the vice president, the members of the Supreme Court, the members of the constitutional commissions, and the ombudsman.
Official residence
-
Malacañang Palace, the official residence
-
The Mansion, the official summer palace
Before Malacañang Palace was designated as the official residence of the president, various establishments served as residence of the chief executive in the Philippines. The Spanish governor-general, the highest-ranking official in the Philippines during the Spanish Era, resided in the
A secondary residence within the wider palace grounds is Bahay Pangulo (transl. President's House), formerly known as Bahay Pangarap (transl. House of Dreams) and Bahay ng Pagbabago (transl. House of Change),[124] a smaller structure located on the south bank of the Pasig River across the main palace in Malacañang Park,[125] which is itself part of the Presidential Security Group Complex.[124][126] President Benigno Aquino III was the first to use Bahay Pangarap as his official residence.[127][128] It was originally built in the 1930s under President Quezon as a rest house and venue for informal activities and social functions of the First Family.[124][128] The house was designed by architect Juan Arellano in the 1930s,[124][128] and underwent several renovations in the early 1960s, 2008, and 2010.[124][125][128]
The president also has several other official residences nationwide for official use.
Travel
Air transportation
The 250th (Presidential) Airlift Wing of the Philippine Air Force has the mandate of providing safe and efficient air transport for the president of the Philippines and the First Family. On occasion, the wing has also been tasked to provide transportation for other members of government, visiting heads of state, and other state guests.
The majority of the fleet is fairly dated with a few exceptions it includes: 1
Water transportation
BRP Ang Pangulo (BRP stands for Barkó ng Repúblika ng Pilipinas, "Ship of the Republic of the Philippines"; "Ang Pangulo" is Filipino for "the president") was commissioned by the Philippine Navy on March 7, 1959. It was built in and by Japan during the administration of President García as part of Japanese reparations to the Philippines for World War II.[133] It is primarily used in entertaining guests of the incumbent president.
Land transportation
The president of the Philippines uses two black and heavily armored
The Office of the President has also owned various cars over the decades, including a 1937
Security
The Presidential Security Group (abbreviated PSG), is the lead agency tasked with providing security for the president, vice president, and their immediate families. They also provide protective service for visiting heads of state and diplomats.
Unlike similar groups around the world who protect other political figures, the PSG is not required to handle presidential candidates. However, former presidents and their immediate families are entitled to a small security detail from the PSG. Currently, the PSG uses Toyota Fortuner SUVs as its primary security vehicles.
List of presidents
Post-presidency
After leaving office, a number of presidents held various public positions and made an effort to remain in the limelight. Among other honors, except Ferdinand Marcos Sr, former presidents and their immediate families are entitled to seven soldiers as their security detail.[140]
- Laurel-Langley Agreement. Laurel was also the chairperson of the Economic Mission to the United States (1954) and the founder of Lyceum of the Philippines University.[141][142]
- Council of State under Roxas, Quirino, Magsaysay, and García. He was also a member of the National Security Council in the García administration.[142][143]
- Elpidio Quirino became a councilor of state under President Magsaysay.[144]
- Carlos P. Garcia was a delegate, later elected, president of the Constitutional Convention on June 1, 1971.[145]
- Diosdado Macapagal was also a delegate and then succeeded Carlos P. García as president of the 1971 Constitutional Convention. He also lectured in universities and was later a Councilor of State under presidents Aquino and Ramos.
- Corazon Aquino was a member of the National Security Council under Ramos, Estrada and Arroyo. She was also a member of the Council of State under President Arroyo.
- Ambassador-at-Large under President Arroyo. He was later appointed as special envoy to China under President Duterte to open bilateral negotiations with China over the disputes in the South China Seabut later resigned on November 1 following President Duterte's state visit to Beijing on October 16, 2016.
- Ang Tanging Pamilya: A Marry Go Round as part of a promotional attempt to run for a second term as president in 2010 amid controversy on the legality of his intent (he was allowed to run anyway by the COMELEC since the Supreme Court never weighed in on the matter) with many questioning why such a constitutional violation was ever allowed. His release from prison in 2007 by his successor, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, restored his political privileges and allowed him to run again. Estrada eventually became a member of the National Security Council under Arroyo, Aquino III, Duterte and Marcos Jr.[146][147][148] Following his loss to Aquino III in 2010, he ran against Alfredo Lim for the office of Mayor of Manilain 2013, and won. Estrada was mayor from 2013 to 2019, thus making him the third head of state to run for lower office following his presidency.
- Gloria Macapagal Arroyo ran for and won a seat in the House of Representatives of the Philippines as the Representative for the 2nd District of Pampanga in the 2010 elections and in the 2022 elections, making her the second head of state after Laurel to seek lower office following her presidency.[149] Arroyo would later serve in major positions in the House of Representatives such as Deputy Speaker within two consecutive terms (from 2016 to 2017, and another currently in 2022) and was later elected as House Speaker on July 23, 2018, making her the first woman to hold that position.[150]
- Benigno Aquino III became a councilor of state under President Duterte.
- Rodrigo Duterte was a member of the National Security Council under Marcos Jr.
See also
- First ladies and gentlemen of the Philippines
- Spouse of the president of the Philippines
- Prime Minister of the Philippines
- Seal of the president of the Philippines
- Languages spoken by presidents of the Philippines
- List of unofficial presidents of the Philippines
- Vice President of the Philippines
- Filipino styles and honorifics
- Heads of state and government of the Philippines
- List of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines
- List of recorded datu in the Philippines
- Governor-General of the Philippines
- Principalía
- Malacañang Palace
- "We Say Mabuhay"
Notes
- ^ As head of government.
- ^ Philippine government now recognizes the Malolos Republic as its predecessor state, which it also calls the First Philippine Republic.
- ^ a b From an international standpoint at that time, the First Philippine Republic never existed but rather, Spain ceded its Spanish East Indies to the United States of America by the Treaty of Paris following the Spanish–American War. Therefore, the international community only recognizes the first Philippine presidency under the US-associated Commonwealth of the Philippines.
- ^ The Department of Budget and Management (DBM) has indicated on their website that the president's salary grade is the 33rd. The 33rd salary grade on COMELEC's website states 395,858 pesos.
- ^ The four vice presidents who succeeded to the presidency upon their predecessor's death or resignation and finished-out that unexpired term are: Sergio Osmeña (1944); Elpidio Quirino (1948); Carlos P. Garcia (1957); and Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001).
References
- Official Gazette: The Executive Branch This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ "Emilio Aguinaldo". Official Gazette of the Philippine Government. March 22, 2011.
- ^ Guevara, Sulpico, ed. (2005). The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898–1899. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library (published 1972). Retrieved January 10, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g "1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines". Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. Retrieved January 7, 2008.
- ^ "Salary Grade Table". COMELEC. Government of the Philippines. January 1, 2020.
- ^ Salary Grades of Positions of Constitutional and Other Officials and Their Equivalents.
- ^ "NATIONAL-BUDGET-CIRCULAR-NO-588.pdf" (PDF). Department of Budget Management. Government of the Philippines. January 3, 2022.
- ^ Salaverria, Leila B. (July 22, 2016). "Don't call me 'Your Excellency'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
- ^ "Duterte order: Don't call me 'His Excellency'". Rappler. July 21, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
- ^ "Out na ang 'His Excellency'". Balita - Tagalog Newspaper Tabloid (in Tagalog). Balita. July 22, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
- ^ "The 1943 Constitution". Archived from the original on February 25, 2009. Retrieved April 1, 2009.
- ^ "The 1935 Constitution". Archived from the original on May 22, 2009. Retrieved April 1, 2009.
- ^ "The 1973 Constitution". Archived from the original on April 17, 2008. Retrieved April 1, 2009.
- ^ PROCLAMATION No. 1081 (September 21, 1972), PROCLAIMING A STATE OF MARTIAL LAW IN THE PHILIPPINES Archived August 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Lawphil.net.
- ^ Pedrosa, Carmen N. (December 1, 2018). "Was Andres Bonifacio the 1st Philippine president?". Philstar.com. The Philippine Star. Retrieved August 29, 2021.
- ^ a b "Recognition sought for Bonifacio as first Tagalog Republic president". The Manila Times. November 29, 2013. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
- ^ "Bonifacio's claim: Tagalog Republic". Philippine Daily Inquirer. December 26, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
- ^ Po, Julie L. (May 12, 2013). "Lessons from Gat Andres' death". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
- ^ a b Abad, Roderick (November 30, 2017). "Bonifacio descendant wants government to recognize him as first PHL president | Roderick Abad". BusinessMirror. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
- ^ "The Supremo's supreme love". Philippine Daily Inquirer. November 30, 2020. Retrieved September 8, 2021.
- ^ Musico, Jelly (November 30, 2018). "Filipinos honor 'Father of Philippine Revolution'". www.pna.gov.ph. Retrieved September 8, 2021.
- ^ a b Chua, Xiao (November 30, 2018). "Bonifacio did not call himself Supremo". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
- ^ Borromeo & Borromeo-Buehler 1998, p. 25 (Item 3 in the list, referring to Note 41 at p.61, citing "This article underscores the existence of a de facto revolutionary government (with Bonifacio as its president) that antedated the revolutionary government in Cavite based upon the controversial Tejeros Convention. An attempt to change the official date of the Cry [see Cry of Pugad Lawin] from 23 to 24 August 1896 during a committee hearing on Senate Bill No. 336, held on 17 August 1993, apparently failed.". Sulyap Kultura. 1 (2). National Commission of Culture and the Arts, Philippines. 1996.);
^ Borromeo & Borromeo-Buehler 1998, p. 26, "Formation of a revolutionary government";
^ Borromeo & Borromeo-Buehler 1998, p. 135 (in "Document G", Account of Mr. Bricco Brigado Pantos). - ^ Halili & Halili 2004, pp. 138–139.
- ^ Severino, Howie (November 27, 2007). "Bonifacio for (first) president". GMA News. Archived from the original on September 3, 2009. Retrieved July 16, 2022.
- ISBN 962-258-228-1..
- ^ *Guerrero, Milagros; Encarnación, Emmanuel; Villegas, Ramón (1996). "Andrés Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution". Sulyap Kultura. 1 (2). National Commission for Culture and the Arts: 3–12. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved August 2, 2009..
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External links
- Office of the President of the Philippines Archived July 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- The Presidential Museum and Library Archived May 27, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
- 1987 Constitution of the Philippines
- 'We Say Mabuhay' – The anthem of the president of the Philippines
- 'March of the President of the Philippines' (unofficial title) – song played when the president is given military honors by the Armed Forces of the Philippines