Presidential transition of Warren G. Harding
.jpg) Outgoing president Wilson (left) and incoming president Harding (right) ride together to Harding's inauguration | |
| Date of election | November 2, 1920 |
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| Inauguration date | March 4, 1921 |
| President-elect | Warren G. Harding (Republican) |
| Vice president-elect | Calvin Coolidge (Republican) |
| Outgoing president | Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) |
| Outgoing vice president | Thomas R. Marshall (Democrat) |
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| Transitions | ||
Planned transitions
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Political rise
29th President of the United States
Presidential campaigns
Controversies
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The
Harding began his transition with roughly a month of traveling, which he wrapped with a two-day trip to
Background
A presidential transition was guaranteed to occur in 1920, as incumbent president Woodrow Wilson was not nominated for reelection by the Democratic Party.
At the time that Harding's occurred, the term "presidential transition" had yet to be widely applied to the period between an individual's election as president of the United States and their assumption of the office.[1]
Harding's staff and advisors during transition
Judson Welliver served as the president-elect's public relations manager.[2] Harry M. Daugherty served as Harding's "personal representative", a role which saw him meet with those visiting Harding and conduct confidential errands across the country on Harding's behalf. In his book Presidential Transitions, Laurin L. Henry wrote that positioning individuals for patronage appointments seemed to be in Daugherty's purview during the transition.[3]
Key members of Harding's entourage that seemed to have been interviewing officials on Harding's behalf included
Other key members of Harding's staff included George B. Christian Jr., Charles E. Sawyer, and Judson Welliver.[2] Harding also had a sizable clerical staff in Marion.[5]
Initial post-election traveling
Early into the transition period, Harding traveled, largely vacationing. At the time, it was common for president-elects to take weeks long vacations following their election, as presidential transitions were longer than they have been more recently (the Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution would shorten transitions), and were far less substantial in scale compared to the large operations of more recent presidential transitions.[6]
Port Isabel, Texas
Harding, after his election victory, left his home in Marion, Ohio, and took a train trip down to Port Isabel, Texas in the company of key members of his staff, such as George B. Christian Jr., Harry M. Daugherty, Charles E. Sawyer, and Judson Welliver. The train made occasional whistle stop appearances along the route. In Port Isabel, Harding spend several days relaxing, with activities including golfing, fishing, and hunting.[7] Harding gave a Armistice Day speech in nearby Brownsville, Texas.[8]
Trip to Panama
On November 17, Harding departed from Brownsville to head to New Orleans, Louisiana, arriving the next day. Once in New Orleans made a brief speech from the steps of the city hall. That evening, Harding left New Orleans for a cruise to Panama.[8]
Harding arrived in Panama on November 23. He insisted that he be treated as a private visitor rather than an official visitor to Panama. He spent most of his time in Panama sightseeing and vacationing, but also toured the Panama Canal Zone defenses and held discussions with the key individuals stationed there.[8][9]
Harding left Panama on November 28. His ship briefly stopped in
First post-election visit to Washington, D.C.
At 11:20 PM
Harding followed his farewell speech with a press conference, where he confirmed that he would call a special session of Congress following his inauguration.[4]
Harding spent the rest of the day, and the day after, holding meetings with members of Congress and with other leaders of the Republican Party.[4]
Harding did not meet with President Wilson. However, his wife, Florence Harding, did meet with First Lady Edith Wilson at the White House on December 7, and received a tour of the White House from her.[17]
Transition work in Marion and Florida
After his trip to Washington, D.C., Harding returned to his home in Marion, Ohio on December 9. At his house, he then began work on preparing to take office.[18] Transition activities also overflowed into the house of Harding's neighbor George Christian.[5]
In Marion, Harding made himself available to reporters, but was not always willing to be directly quoted.[5] There were also regularly press briefings about what happened at the meetings held for the transition, and information was also frequently leaked.[19]
After roughly five weeks of transition work in Marion, Harding continued his transition work while vacationing in Florida from January 22 through February 27.[20] In Florida, he, for the majority of his time, stayed in St. Augustine.[21]
Correspondence
While in Marion during December and January, Harding and his team had a lot of correspondence they needed to conduct. The clerical staff, as well as principal staffers such as George B. Christian Jr., Harry M. Daugherty, and Judson Welliver conducted most of the correspondence, but some correspondence required the president-elect's attention.[22]
Visitors
There were many individuals that visited Marion during December and January.[22] Some were potential Cabinet selections. However, there were many visits from other leading political figures.[22] Additionally, there were visits from lesser political figures, including local and state Republican leaders.[22]
There were also visits from representatives of various groups, including business groups, farmer organizations, fraternal organizations, patriotic organizations, trade unions, and veterans organizations.[22] One example of this was when a sizable delegation from the Child Conservation League visited Harding on December 15 (Harding read this delegation a prepared statement, and secured their support for his proposal to create a federal public welfare department).[22][23]
While Harding had, by leaving Washington, D.C. for Marion, strongly signaled his intent to not play an active leadership role in the lame duck congressional session, he did receive occasional visits to Marion from Congressional Republican leaders seeking to discuss matters that were pending in the Congress.[16]
On December 16, Vice President-elect Calvin Coolidge and his wife Grace Coolidge visited Marion, and the vice president-elect met with the president-elect.[22] It was reported Harding and Coolidge discussed choices for Cabinet appointments, and that Harding, with strong reluctance, consented to Coolidge's request that Coolidge be allowed, as vice president, to regularly attend Cabinet meetings and take part in the administration's councils, which would be a departure from convention.[22][24]
Harding continued to receive a great number of visitors while in St. Augustine.[25]
Policy formulation
Harding lacked firm positions on a number of policy issues, and had expressed his willingness to act as an instrument of the Republican Party.[5] He also was, in the words of Laurin L. Henry, "committed to the role of the accommodating and conciliating leader", and, therefore, sought the approval of party elders on all matters.[5] On policy maters involving Congress, Harding would seek out the views of both experts and leading legislators, and would seek to incorporate them into a party agenda.[5] Therefore, the process of formulating policy during the transition has been characterized by Laurin L. Henry as "a exercise in group thinking".[18]
A major policy question was whether the United States would enter the League of Nations.[26] Harding gave some signs that he might allow the United States to enter the League of Nations, even requesting that Charles Evans Hughes revise the Treaty of Versailles in order to "secure its ratification in the Senate."[26] However, he also gave some signs that he would not support entering the League of Nations.[26]
Selection of appointees
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Albert J. Beveridge declined an offer to join Harding's Cabinet due to his belief that Harding might enter the United States into the League of Nations, which Beveridge strongly opposed.[26]
By late December, with many Cabinet selections appearing to have been in place, news editorials speculated that Harding would soon make an early announcement of some of his Cabinet selections, in order help enable for designees to be able to both familiarize themselves with their pending jobs and work with Republican leaders of the lame duck Congress. At the end of the month, reporters anticipated such announcements, but they did not materialize.[27][28]
Most of Harding's choices, as rumors leaked of their selection, faced opposition from figures within his party.[29]
Attorney general
By December 24, it was being reported that Harding desired to make
Postmaster general
By the final week of December, it appeared all but certain that Will H. Hays would be Harding's choice for postmaster general.[31][35][36] The prospective choice faced opposition from leaders in his home state, and many considered him inexperienced.[29]
Secretary of agriculture
On December 20,
Secretary of commerce
On December 12, Herbert Hoover met with Harding in Marion. Hoover was selected for secretary of commerce.[38]
Hoover was a choice that came with political risks. He was likely to be opposed by the
After an agreement was reached on February 24 between Harding and Hoover, it was announced that he would be Harding's choice for secretary of commerce.[43][44]
Secretary of the interior
On December 15, Albert B. Fall met with Harding in Marion. Harding would select him for secretary of the interior.[38] Harding had also contemplated Fall as a candidate for the position of secretary of state.[37][45]
Secretary of labor
In his 1960 book Presidential Transitions, Laurin L. Henry wrote that secretary of labor appears to have been the only cabinet position that Harding had not decided upon at least a preliminary favorite for by the end of December.[31]
Perhaps under the influence of Pennsylvania U.S. Senators Philander C. Knox and Boies Penrose, after Knox's late-December visit with him in Marion, Harding offered James J. Davis the position on January 10.[46]
By the final week of December, Harding had chosen John W. Weeks for be his
Harding had decided on Edwin Denby for the position by late December, and this choice was seen as an utter surprise.[49] On February 26, Denby visited Haring in St. Augustine. The following day, at a press conference, he was introduced as Hoover's selection for the position.[50]
Secretary of state
Harding had initially considered Albert B. Fall, who he selected for secretary of the interior, as a potential choice for secretary of state.[37][45] He was strongly advised against this, however.[45]
Charles Evans Hughes met with Harding in Marion on December 10, the first individual to visit Harding in Marion for a meeting once he returned.[51] Harding asked him to be his secretary of state.[52][26] After consulting about the offer with his law partners in New York, Hughes wrote Harding on December 13 to accept the offer.[53] On December 22, Harding wrote Hughes to officially further confirm and finalize that he would be his choice for the job.[37]
The choice encountered criticism from the right-wing of the party when rumors about it began to circulate in mid-December.[41] Hughes was criticized by the party establishment as being too much of an internationalist and too much of an independent.[29] Hoping to pressure Harding against this choice for secretary of state, Senator Philander C. Knox, himself a former secretary of state, visited Harding in Marion on Decenter 30, and expressed both his and fellow Pennsylvania U.S. Senator Boies Penrose's opposition to both Hughes for secretary of state and Herbert Hoover for secretary of commerce.[29]
The uproar against Hughes largely dissipated by February.[42] On February 19, Hughes visited Harding in St. Augustine, and was presented at a press conference as Harding's choice for secretary of state.[42]
Secretary of the treasury
It was known that Harding desired not to give the post of secretary of the treasury to an individual who would be a tool of Wall Street.[54] Frank Orren Lowden had received much speculation early on as a prospective choice for the position.[54] While Harding thought positively of Lowden, he was also interested in Charles G. Dawes for the position, who he offered the position to when they met in Marion on December 20.[54] When rumors broke of Dawes being chosen for the position, the choice was opposed by William Hale Thompson, the Republican mayor of Dawes' home city of Chicago. It was also opposed by Republican members of the Chicago City Council.[29]
Harding relented to right-wing pressure for a more right-wing secretary of the treasury, and selected Andrew Mellon instead to appease them.[55] Mellon visited Harding in Marion on January 8.[56] Mellon had, at that meeting, expressed reluctance towards holding the position.[55]
Secretary of war
By late December, Harding was giving serious consideration to selecting Leonard Wood for secretary of war. Harding had been sending signals to Wood that he would be offered a cabinet position. In early January, significant Republican figures such as Henry L. Stimson were strongly lobbying on behalf of Wood for Harding to give him the position.[31][57] The prospect of Wood holding the position, however, also faced criticism from others. One area of criticism was the appropriateness of appointing an individual directly from service as an active duty general to the civilian role of secretary of war.[29] By the second week of January, Wood was no longer being considered for Harding's Cabinet.[56]
John W. Weeks, originally Harding's selection for secretary of the navy,[31] was reassigned to this position after discussions with him in mid-January.[46]
Other positions
In late-November, while Harding was still conducting his initial post-election travels, there had been reports that he was planning to ask congress to create a new cabinet position, "secretary of education", to which he planned to appoint a woman, likely Harriet Taylor Upton.[58] This did not materialize. It would be more than a decade before the nation would come to see its first female Cabinet member with Frances Perkins in 1933.[59]
Laurin L. Henry wrote in Presidential Transitions that patronage appointments seemed to be in Harry M. Daugherty's purview during the transition.[3]
On February 27, at the same time that Edwin Denby was announced as secretary of the navy, it was also announced that
It was announced in the closing days of the transition that George B. Christian Jr. would serve as secretary to the president and Charles E. Sawyer would serve as
References
- ^ Riley, Russell L. (January 5, 2021). "Presidential transitions didn't use to matter. Here's what changed". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
- ^ a b Henry, p. 142
- ^ a b Henry, p. 159–160
- ^ a b c d Henry, p. 145
- ^ a b c d e f Henry, p. 149
- ^ Skinner, Richard (October 3, 2016). "How the presidential transition process has evolved over time". Vox. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
- ^ Henry, pp. 137 and 142
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Henry, p. 143
- ^ "Harding Inspects the Panama Canal; Goes Through on Mine Layer and Examines Workings of Waterway. Inspects the Defenses Regards These as Inadequate-- Visits Panama's President and Exchanges Greetings". The New York Times. November 25, 1920. Retrieved June 15, 2021.
- ^ "Warren G. Harding - Travels of the President - Travels - Department History - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Office of the Historian of the United States Department of State. Retrieved June 15, 2021.
- ^ Fox, Albert W. (December 6, 1920). "Harding Demands Justice And Charity in Public Life In Elks Memorial Address". Newspapers.com. The Washington Post. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
- ^ "Harding Arrives in Washington; Will Sit in Senate; But Says He Is Undecided on Speech, Although He May Say Brief Farewell. Would Not Talk Politics Says He Has Not Received an Invitation to Call On President Wilson. Will See Knox and Lodge He Leaves for Marion Tomorrow, and Conferences Will Begin There on Friday. May Visit Wilson if Invited. Few Knew of His Arrival. Harding Arrives in Washington". The New York Times. December 6, 1920. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
- JSTOR 27552303. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
- ^ "Pledge by President-Elect; Will Keep Senate in Mind as Co-ordinate Branch of Government. But Insist On Own Rights Calls Talk of Senate Oligarchy "Highly Imaginative and Harmless Fiction." Bids Adieu to Chamber Republicans and Democrats Unite in Cordial Tribute-- Mrs. Harding Present. Swanson Greets His Old Friend. Harding's Speech of Farewell. Democrats Join in Applause". The New York Times. December 7, 1920. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
- ^ "Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress - Retro Member details". bioguideretro.congress.gov. United States Congress. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
- ^ a b c Henry, p. 160
- ^ Henry, pp. 146–147
- ^ a b Henry, p. 148
- ^ Henry, p. 150
- ^ Henry, pp. 180 and 194
- ^ Henry, pp. 180–181
- ^ a b c d e f g h Henry, p. 159
- ^ The New York Times (December 16, 1920)
- ^ The New York Times (December 18, 1920)
- ^ Henry, p. 191
- ^ JSTOR 1405810. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
- ^ Henry, pp. 158–159
- ^ The New York Times (December 27, 1920)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Henry, p. 162
- ^ The New York Times (December 24, 1920)
- ^ a b c d e f g Henry, p. 158
- ^ Letter by James Wadsworth to Ray Baker Harris (June 20, 1938), Harris Collecting of Harding Papers, United States Library of Congress
- ^ a b Henry, p. 185
- ^ a b The New York Times (February 22, 1921)
- ^ The New York Times (December 20, 1920)
- ^ Hayes, Will H. (1955). The Memoirs of Will H. Hayes. p. 270.
- ^ a b c d Henry, p. 156
- ^ a b Henry, p. 155–156
- ^ Henry, p. 155
- ^ ISBN 978-0307597960.
- ^ a b Henry, p. 161
- ^ a b c d Henry, p. 182
- ^ Henry, p. 187
- ^ Washington Evening Star (February 25, 1921)
- ^ a b c Mark Sullivan in Our Times vol. 6 (1935) pp.145–47
- ^ a b c d Henry, p. 165
- ^ Hutchison, William T. (1957). Lowden of Illinois Vol. 2. p. 485.
- ^ Henry, pp. 182 and 186
- ^ Henry, pp. 185–186
- ^ a b Henry, p. 188
- ^ Henry, pp. 150 and 154
- ^ Henry, p. 154
- ^ Henry pp. 154 and 156
- ^ a b c Henry, p. 157
- ^ a b Henry, p. 164–165
- ^ a b Henry, p. 164
- ^ Hagerdorn, Hermann (1931). Leonard Wood Vol. 2. pp. 375–377.
- ^ Lawrence, David (November 23, 1920). "Harding Decides to Name Woman Cabinet Member". Newspapers.com. Lexington Herald-Leader. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
- ^ Terrell, Ellen (September 2020). "Frances Perkins - First Female Cabinet Member: This Month in Business History (Business Reference Services, Library of Congress)". www.loc.gov. Library of Congress. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
- ^ Henry, p. 189
Sources cited
- Henry, Laurin L. (January 1961). Presidential Transitions. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
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