Preston, Lancashire
Preston | |
---|---|
City | |
Region | |
Country | England |
Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
Post town | PRESTON |
Postcode district | PR1-PR2 |
Dialling code | 01772 |
Police | Lancashire |
Fire | Lancashire |
Ambulance | North West |
UK Parliament | |
Preston (
Preston and its surrounding area have provided evidence of ancient
Preston is the seat of
The demonym for residents of the city is "Prestonian".[6][7]
Toponymy
Preston was recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Prestune.[8] Various other spellings occur in early documents: Prestonam (1094), Prestone (1160), Prestona (1160), Presteton (1180), and Prestun (1226). The modern spelling occurs in 1094, 1176, 1196, 1212, and 1332.[9] The town's name is derived from the Old English words Presta and tun. The tun (enclosure, farmstead, village, manor, estate)[10] of the Presta.[11]
History
Early development
During the Roman period, Roman roads passed close to what is now the centre of Preston. For example, the road from Luguvalium to Mamucium (now Carlisle to Manchester) crossed the River Ribble at Walton-le-Dale, 3⁄4 mile (1 km) southeast of the centre of Preston, and a Roman camp or station may also have been here.[12][13] At Withy Trees, 1+1⁄2 miles (2 km) north of Preston, the road crossed another Roman road from Bremetennacum (the Roman fort at Ribchester) to the coast.[14]
An explanation of the origin of the name is that the Priest's Town refers to a priory set up by St Wilfrid near the Ribble's lowest ford. This idea is supported by the similarity of the Paschal lamb on Preston's crest with that on St Wilfrid's.[15]
When first mentioned in the 1086
Guild Merchant
The right to hold a Guild Merchant was conferred by King Henry II upon the burgesses of Preston in a charter of 1179; the associated Preston Guild is a civic celebration held every 20 years, the last being in 2012. It is the only guild still celebrated in the UK.[17]
Before 1328, celebrations were held at irregular intervals, but at the guild of that year it was decreed that subsequent guilds should be held every 20 years. After this, there were breaks in the pattern for various reasons, but an unbroken series were held from 1542 to 1922. A full 400-year sequence was frustrated by the cancellation of the 1942 guild due to World War II, but the cycle resumed in 1952. The expression '(Once) every Preston Guild', meaning 'very infrequently', has passed into fairly common use, especially in Lancashire.
Guild week is always started by the opening of the Guild Court, which since the 16th century has traditionally been on the first Monday after the feast of the Beheading of John the Baptist celebrated on 29 August. As well as concerts and other exhibitions, the main events are a series of processions through the city. Numerous street parties are held in the locality.
In 1952 the emphasis was on the bright new world emerging after the war. The major event, held in the city's Avenham Park, had every school participating, and hundreds of children, from toddlers to teenagers, demonstrated different aspects of physical education in the natural amphitheatre of the park.
The 2012 guild formally opened on 2 September with a mayoral proclamation and the return of "friendship scrolls" that had travelled the world.
Pre-industrial Preston
In the mid-12th century, Preston was in the hundred of
The location of the city, almost exactly midway between
In the last great Jacobite Rising, on 27 November 1745 the Jacobite Prince of Wales and Regent,
Industrial revolution
The 19th century saw a transformation in Preston from a small market town to a much larger industrial one, as the innovations of the latter half of the previous century such as Richard Arkwright's water frame (invented in Preston) brought cotton mills to many northern English towns. With industrialisation came examples of both oppression and enlightenment.
The town's forward-looking spirit is typified by it being the first English town outside London to be lit by gas. The Preston Gas Company was established in 1815 by, amongst others, a Catholic priest: Rev. Joseph "Daddy" Dunn of the
The more oppressive side of industrialisation was seen during the
The Preston Temperance Society, led by Joseph Livesey pioneered the Temperance Movement in the 19th century. Indeed, the term teetotalism is believed to have been coined at one of its meetings. The website of the University of Central Lancashire library has a great deal of information on Joseph Livesey and the Temperance Movement in Preston.[27]
Preston was one of only a few industrial towns in Lancashire to have a functioning corporation (local council) in 1835 (its charter dating to 1685), and was reformed as a
Preston since the early 20th century
By 1901, nearly 120,000 people were living in Preston, now a booming industrial town.
New industries arrived in Preston during the interwar years which helped ease the pain felt through the sharp decline of the cotton industry. Electrical goods manufacturing and engineering arrived in the town, and the building sector enjoyed a boom with nearly 3,000
Despite its heavy industry, Preston endured only a handful of Luftwaffe air raids in World War II and there were no fatalities in the town, although an air crash in the Freckleton district claimed the lives of 61 people in 1944.
For some 20 years after 1948, Preston became home to a significant number of Asian and Caribbean Commonwealth immigrants, who mostly worked in the manufacturing industry. However, an economic decline hit the town once again in the 1970s, capped by the closure of the Courtaulds factory in 1979 (nearly 3,000 job losses) and the decline of the docks on the River Ribble, which finally closed in 1981. Mass unemployment was firmly back in Preston by the early 1980s, although it was now very much a national crisis due to the recession of that time.
The rehousing of families from town centre slums to new council houses continued after World War II, though it slowed down to a virtual standstill after 1975.[citation needed] The face of the town centre began to change in the 1960s, with old developments being bulldozed and replaced by modern developments such as the St George's Shopping Centre, which opened in 1966, and the Fishergate Shopping Centre which was built nearly 20 years later. The remains of the Victorian town hall, designed by George Gilbert Scott and mostly destroyed by fire in 1947, were replaced by an office block (Crystal House) in 1962, and a modern-architecture Guild Hall opened in 1972, to replace the Public Hall.[28]
The town was by-passed by Britain's very first motorway, built and operated by engineer James Drake, which was opened by Harold Macmillan in December 1958. Within a decade, this formed part of the M6 – giving Preston a direct motorway link with Manchester and Birmingham. The late 1960s saw the completion of Ringway, a bypass around the town centre, as well as a new bus station.[29]
On 6 April 2012 the city's residents performed the
Governance
The unparished urban settlement of Preston is represented by 19 of the 22 council wards within
Geography
The River Ribble provides a southern border for the city. The Forest of Bowland forms a backdrop to Preston to the northeast while the Fylde lies to the west. At 53°45′N 2°42′W / 53.750°N 2.700°W, Preston is approximately 27 miles (43 km) north west of Manchester, 26 miles (42 km) north east of Liverpool, and 15 miles (24 km) east of the coastal town Blackpool.
The current borders came into effect on 1 April 1974, when the
Climate
The climate of Preston is of a temperate maritime type, with a narrow range of temperatures, similar to the rest of the British Isles. Being relatively close to the Irish sea, this is more pronounced than areas to the south and east of Preston. The official Met Office weather station is located at Moor Park, less than 1 mile (1.6 km) north of the city centre, and surrounded by built-up areas, suggesting a degree of urban warming is likely, particularly during clear and calm nights.
The absolute high recorded at the weather station was 38.2 °C (100.8 °F)[32] during July 2022. In a typical year the warmest day should reach 27.6 °C (81.7 °F)[33] and 5.9 days[34] in total should attain a maximum temperature of 25.1 °C (77.2 °F) or more. In October 2011, a new record October high temperature of 26.9 °C was set.[35]
The absolute minimum is −13.3 °C (8.1 °F), recorded during February 1969.[36] In a typical year the coldest night should fall to −6.8 °C (19.8 °F),[37] and 40.2 nights[38] should receive an air frost. The lowest temperature in recent years was −9.2 °C (15.4 °F)[39] during December 2010.
Annual rainfall totals just under 1000 mm per year,[40] with over 1 mm of precipitation falling on 150 days.[41] All averages refer to the period 1971–2000.
In October 2014 Preston was officially ranked "the wettest city in England", and third wettest in the UK behind Cardiff and Glasgow.[42] It was also ranked "the gloomiest city in England", as it gets fewer hours of sunshine in a year than any other English city or town.[43] However, in March 2018 the Lancashire Evening Post reported that Preston has lost its "soggy city status" to the neighbouring city of Lancaster.[44]
On 10 August 1893, approximately 32 millimetres (1.3 in) of rain fell in Preston in 5 minutes, being a record for the most rainfall to fall in that time in the United Kingdom.[45]
Climate data for Preston Moor Park, elevation 33 m, 1971–2000, extremes 1960–2005 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 14.1 (57.4) |
16.2 (61.2) |
22.2 (72.0) |
24.0 (75.2) |
27.3 (81.1) |
30.6 (87.1) |
38.2 (100.8) |
33.1 (91.6) |
26.8 (80.2) |
23.6 (74.5) |
18.4 (65.1) |
15.6 (60.1) |
33.1 (91.6) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 6.9 (44.4) |
7.3 (45.1) |
9.4 (48.9) |
12.0 (53.6) |
15.6 (60.1) |
17.7 (63.9) |
19.8 (67.6) |
19.5 (67.1) |
16.8 (62.2) |
13.4 (56.1) |
9.7 (49.5) |
7.7 (45.9) |
13.0 (55.4) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.7 (35.1) |
1.9 (35.4) |
3.1 (37.6) |
4.5 (40.1) |
7.1 (44.8) |
10.0 (50.0) |
12.2 (54.0) |
12.1 (53.8) |
9.9 (49.8) |
7.3 (45.1) |
4.0 (39.2) |
2.4 (36.3) |
6.4 (43.5) |
Record low °C (°F) | −11.1 (12.0) |
−13.3 (8.1) |
−9.4 (15.1) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
0.6 (33.1) |
4.4 (39.9) |
2.8 (37.0) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
−12.8 (9.0) |
−13.3 (8.1) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 93.83 (3.69) |
63.66 (2.51) |
79.11 (3.11) |
52.08 (2.05) |
58.79 (2.31) |
73.51 (2.89) |
65.40 (2.57) |
86.51 (3.41) |
92.00 (3.62) |
113.78 (4.48) |
103.86 (4.09) |
112.02 (4.41) |
997.99 (39.29) |
Average snowy days | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 9 |
Source: KNMI[46] |
Religion
One of the proposed derivations of the city's name coming from 'Priests' town'. The lamb on the city shield is a biblical image of Jesus Christ, and the same image that represented 7th-century bishop
The 2001 Census recorded 72% of the population of the City of Preston as Christians, 10% as having no religion, and 8% as Muslims.
Preston has places of worship for people of a wide variety of religions, including churches of many
Preston has a significant Muslim (
Church denominations
A wide range of denominations are, or have been, represented in the city including:
Preston has a strong Roman Catholic Christian history and tradition, recently noted by Archbishop Vincent Nichols in his Guild 2012 Mass Homily: "The history of the Christian and Catholic faith is long and deep here in Preston."
Carey Baptist Church, on Pole Street, was built in 1826 for the Calvinistic Methodists of Lady Huntington. Formerly known as St Paul's Chapel, it was purchased by the Baptists in 1855. It is a Grade II listed building.[54][55] The church survives remains active in the community.[citation needed]
Preston was the location of the world's first foreign mission of the
Church buildings
In July 2016,
Landmarks
There are many notable buildings dotted in and around the city centre including the
Museums | Parks | Nature reserves |
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Listed buildings
Grade I | Grade II* | Grade II | |
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and hundreds more[65] |
The chimney of the Grade II listed Tulketh Mill was designed by engineer Fred Dixon of Bolton for the Tulketh Spinning Company and dates from 1905. It has its own Grade II listing, the designation record describing it as "very tall, forms group with associated mill, both being very prominent landmarks to the north-west of the town".[66]
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The old windmill on Cragg's Row
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Tulketh Mill and its chimney, as seen from the Lancaster Canal
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Deepdale Hall
-
The interior of Miller Arcade at Christmas
Monuments and public artworks
Preston has a number of notable monuments and public artworks, including:
- Obelisk: located opposite the Cenotaph on Preston's Market Square, the Obelisk dates back to 1782 and was originally installed for the Guild celebration of the same year.[67]
- Peace Gardens: located on Friargate, the gardens, designed by Graham Mort, originally housed the praying hands sculpture which now resides on Fylde Road.[68]
- Preston Martyrs' Memorial: located in front of the Corn Exchange in Lune Street, this sculpture marks the site of the Lune Street Riots which occurred during the 1842 General Strike, when troops opened fire on striking mills workers, killing four and injuring three.[69]
- "The Splash": a sculpture of Tom Finney, located in front of the Deepdale football stadium. The statue is based upon a famous photo taken of Finney in a game against Chelsea in 1956, which was named England's Sports Photograph of the Year.[70]
- A bronze Wallace and Gromit bench statue, with Wallace in Wrong Trousers and Gromit reading his newspaper on the bench, was erected in September 2021 at the south market hall entrance to the Covered Market to commemorate its creator Nick Park, who originated from Preston.[71][72]
- Cotton Reel: designed by artist designed by Van Nong, this sculpture of a large cotton reel and needle is located in Avenham Road (between the city centre and Avenham Park) and commemorates the former Simpsons Gold Thread Works, which advanced the science of gold thread manufacture and from 1839 provided gold and silver thread for the military, royalty, cruise ships (including the Titanic), and Freemasons.
- Landscape With Trees: designed by artist Clare Bigger, this series of four metre high stainless steel pylons of stylised trees is located in Friargate in the city centre.
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The Cotton Reel in Avenham Road
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"The Splash", depicting Tom Finney, at Deepdale Stadium
-
Wallace and Gromit bronze sculpture at the Preston Market Hall
-
Preston Martyrs' Memorial (the troops)
-
Preston Martyrs' Memorial (the victims)
Economy
Preston has seen many changes over the course of its history in regards to its local economy, shifting from a market town to the textile industry and more recently to tertiary education and research.
The city was home to Alstom Transport's main UK spare parts distribution centre (formerly GEC Traction Ltd) until it transferred operations to Widnes in July 2018.[73] Matalan Retail Ltd was also founded in Preston under the name Matalan Cash and Carry. Although the head office of Matalan moved to Skelmersdale in 1998, the city still has the tax office for the company (located in Winckley Square).
Goss Graphic Systems Limited, a global supplier of printing presses based in the United States, formerly employed more than 1,000 people in Preston, but in 2007 the company moved manufacturing to the United States, China and Japan and now has around 160 employees in the city.[74]
Unemployment in Preston rose 15% in the year up to April 2012 to a total of 3,783 claimants.[75] However, in November 2018 Preston was named as "Most improved city in UK", with unemployment down to 3.1% from 6.5% in 2014, and improvements above the national average for health, transport, the work-life balance of its residents, and for the skills among both the youth and adult populations.[76]
Major employers
Preston is a major centre of the British defence aerospace industry with
On 20 February 2006, the telecommunications retailer
Due to Preston's location as a transport hub, sitting between the M6, M55, M65, and M61 it is home to several freight and haulage companies. Haulage supplier and operator James Hall and Co who supply produce for
The
The financial sector also has a presence in the city with a large selection of consultancies, insurance and law firms based in Winckley Square in the city centre.[citation needed]
The
Skiddle is an event ticketing operation based in Preston since 2001, which claims to be the UK's largest what's on the guide.
Retail
Retail is also a major contributor to Preston's economy. The city's main high streets are Fishergate and Friargate which offer shops, bars and restaurants with many more tucked away down the side streets. Two major shopping centres are located along the high streets:
- Sports Direct and TK Maxxstores.
- St George's Shopping Centre (formerly The Mall Preston) – a popular centrally located shopping mall dating from the 1960s.
Preston is also home to the historic Covered Market and Fishmarket. In 2016 these sites were redeveloped, and the old covered market now contains the new Market Hall and the Outdoor and Secondhand Markets, and the old fish market now contains the Box Market, a unique shopping space consisting of upgraded shipping containers. Market vendors sell fresh and local quality meat, fish, fruit, vegetables, and dairy products, other hot and cold food to eat in or take away, as well as brewed ales and artisan coffee. The markets are open Monday–Saturday, and on Tuesdays a car boot sale operates from the Outdoor Market.[80]
Also in the city centre is the
The first KFC outlet in the UK was opened on Fishergate in 1965.[81]
A number of large retail shopping centres can be found in Preston's suburbs and surrounding towns, including:
- Deepdale Shopping park, on the A5085 Blackpool Road on the northern edge of the city, has over 30 major stores including Boots, Carphone Warehouse, Halfords, Marks & Spencer and Next, and various fast-food restaurants including KFC, McDonalds and Pizza Hut. There is also an Aldi supermarket, as well as a Morrisons nearby. Free parking is provided for over 1,000 cars.[82]
- Riversway Retail Park, located off the A583 Riversway at Ashton-on-Ribble. Stores include home furnishings providers Bensons For Beds, DFS and ScS Sofa Carpet Specialist. Other retailers include Halfords and Pets At Home, and there is a Morrisons Supermarket,B&M and a McDonalds fast-food restaurant. Nearby is an Odeon cinema, KFC and a Chiquito restaurant. Free parking is provided.[83]
- Capitol Centre Retail Park on the A6 London Way just outside the city boundary at
- South Rings Business Park is located several miles outside Preston, off the A6 at Bamber Bridge, near the intersection of the M6, M65 and M61 motorways. There are Aldi and Sainsburys supermarkets, B&Q DIY, Matalan, Burger King fast-food restaurant and the Walton Fox country pub and restaurant. Free car parking is provided.[85]
Education and research
The University of Central Lancashire ("UCLan ") has become a major employer and source of economic growth not just for Preston in recent years, but for Lancashire as a whole, providing direct and indirect benefits to the local economy through employment, housing and retail.
The Regeneris Report commissioned by the Lancashire County Council in 2013/14 found that UCLan:
- contributed over £200m to the North West economy
- was one of the largest employers in Preston and supported an estimated 4,300 Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) jobs in the North West through its core economic footprint and through the expenditure of students
- with 36,160 students was the largest university in Lancashire and the third-largest in the North West, with the 9th largest undergraduate population of all UK universities
- graduates add on average £24m to the North West economy per annum through increased skills and productivity[86]
In terms of direct economic benefits, in 2013/14 UCLan:
- directly employed 3,290 staff
- spent £15 million on suppliers based throughout Lancashire and the wider North West area
- had 18,390 full-time students residing in the North West who spent a total of £210m throughout the region, with £155m of that being spent in Lancashire.[86]
In 2015, UCLan announced its intention to create historic and transformational change at its Preston Campus through a £200 million development programme entitled Campus Masterplan 2020. UCLan's vision over the next five years is to create a unified, sustainable and welcoming campus which will enhance the experience for all those visiting the university.[87] The long-term vision is to spark a major focus on regeneration and business investment in the university quarter, reinforce the university's ties to the local community and create wider benefits for Preston and beyond.[88]
September 2019 saw the opening of the £35 million Engineering Innovation Centre (EIC), a facility with integrated teaching and research space.[89]
Also under development is the £57 million Student Centre and public square, which will provide a new campus reception building housing several student services, meeting rooms, office space, event venues and a rooftop garden. The new public square, provisionally known as Adelphi Square, will span over 8,400 square metres[90] and will be constructed in front of the new student centre and opposite the EIC, on empty land that was previously the site of the Fylde Building and public land bought by UCLan from the council. The project has seen the demolition of existing housing in St Peter's Square opposite the UCLan Library and St Peter's Arts Centre, and redevelopment of the A583 and other nearby public roadways, including the Adelphi roundabout, which will result in revised traffic flows. Construction commenced in the third quarter of 2019 and is expected to be completed in 2021.[91] On 30 July 2021 UCLan officially took ownership of the new Student Centre and University Square (which had provisionally been known as Adephi Square) when a ceremonial key was presented to the university's Vice-Chancellor, Professor Graham Baldwin, by the project's major contractor Bowmer + Kirkland. The building became operational in September 2021.[92]
As UCLan increases in the global rankings,[93] it continues to attract more international students, researchers and Fellows, as well as partnerships with international learning institutions. It is anticipated that further economics benefits from increased foreign investment and business opportunities should entail.[94]
Proposed developments
An £800 million[95] regeneration project known as the Tithebarn Project was also planned for Preston. The project was originally managed by property giants Grosvenor and Lendlease, Grosvenor withdrew from the project,[96] followed a few years later by Lendlease. The project was dependent upon a number of requirements (such as the re-location of the current bus station, which would cost at least £25million, and be funded largely by the taxpayer).[97] In November 2011, it was announced that John Lewis, who were originally intended to be the major flagship store of the Tithebarn development had also withdrawn from the project, effectively killing it.[98] The council is now exploring more piecemeal ways of bringing in development[99] and former Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn praises Preston for its "inspiring innovation".[100]
Since city status was awarded in 2002, Preston has been targeted by a number of developers. Residential developments were particularly popular with new apartments planned in and around the city centre. Many of these developments however are still struggling to find buyers for these apartments, and there are rising numbers of repossessions.[101] Office and hotel space is also in demand and a new Central Business District is being planned as well as a number of new hotels.
Transport
The Guild Wheel is a
The nearest airports from Preston with scheduled service are
Rail
Preston has a long history with the railways. Preston railway station opened in 1838 and has since been rebuilt and extended several times. It is a major stop on the West Coast Main Line between London and Scotland. It also provides for local services around Preston as well as regional services to the Fylde Coast, Cumbria and the Lake District, and various towns and cities in Lancashire, Merseyside and Yorkshire.
The station has nine (9) platforms, eight (8) of which are in public use, and access is provided for the mobility-impaired. Facilities include:
- Staffed ticket office (limited hours) and self-service ticket machines
- Cafes and news agency
- Lost property office
- Toilets
- Waiting lounges
- Taxi rank
- Bus stop (near by)
The station is open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, and is managed by Avanti West Coast. For local passenger services outside the city boundaries, there are also stations at Bamber Bridge and Lostock Hall.[104]
The lines to Southport and Longridge closed to passengers in 1965 and 1930 respectively. The disused tracks of the Longridge line are extant as far as Deepdale. In 2010 plans were put forward to use part of this line for a demonstration tram system.[105]
Current routes and operators
As at May 2022 the station is serviced by the following rail operators providing passenger services on the following routes:
- Avanti West Coast: provides regular services between:[106]
- London Euston and Blackpool via Birmingham New Street or Nuneaton
- London Euston and Edinburgh via Birmingham
- London Euston and Glasgow via Birmingham or Nuneaton
- Caledonian Sleeper: an overnight sleeper service operating between London to Scotland; only the Highland Sleeper stops at Preston (the Lowland Sleeper is express to and from Carlisle). Northbound services operates from Euston station in London to Waverley station in Edinburgh, where the train divides into three different trains for the final destinations of Aberdeen, Fort William and Inverness. Southbound services are the reverse, whereby the three trains come together at Edinburgh and continue south to London as one.[citation needed]
- Northern Trains: provides regular services to many destinations in the North including:[107]
- Blackpool North via Poulton-le-Fylde
- Blackpool South via Lytham
- Bradford Interchange via Blackburn
- Carlisle via Barrow in Furness
- Huddersfield or Wakefield via Hebden Bridge
- Liverpool Lime Street) via Wigan
- Bolton
- Morecambe via Lancaster
- Ormskirk via Croston
- Windermere via Kendal
- TransPennine Express: provides regular services between:[108]
- Manchester Airport and Glasgow via Carlisle
Former stations
Although Preston is now only served by its main railway station, in the preceding decades there were a number of other stations which have since closed (and many demolished). The following is a list of former stations which were located within the boundaries of the current day City of Preston:[citation needed]
- Barton & Broughton
- Butler Street (goods only)
- Deepdale (Bridge)
- Deepdale Street
- Fishergate Hill
- Grimsargh
- Grimsargh WHR (separate station for the Whittingham Hospital railway)
- Lea Road
- Maudland Bridge
- Maudlands
- Maxwell House
- Oxheys (goods only, serviced Oxheys Cattle Market)
- Ribbleton
- Whittingham Hospital
New stations
In December 2020, the Lancashire County Council approved a proposal to construct a new station in Lea west of the city, to service new housing estates being built in the area. The proposed station will be located near the site of the former Lea Road station which closed in 1938. Although a timeline is yet to be established and construction yet to begin, government funding of £22.3M (along with local funding of £21.M) is conditional that it must be spent by 2023.[109]
Preston Dock branch line
With the industrialisation of Preston in the 19th century a branch line was built in 1846 from Preston's mail station to carry goods to and from Victoria Quay on the River Ribble. With the opening of the Albert Edward Basin and the new Preston Dock in 1892, the number and length of tracks increased and at their peak grew to over 25 miles.[110]
With the closure of the docks in 1981 and its subsequent redevelopment, most of the tracks were removed and now only a small section remains, used by the Ribble Steam Railway (RSR) and for bitumen trains operating to and from the Total refinery at the Riversway industrial park.[111]
A single station, Preston Riverside, is operated by the RSR for its heritage rail trips.
Water
River Ribble
The River Ribble has a length of approximately 75 miles (121 km), originating near the
The Ribble has played an important role in the history of Preston. Archaeological evidence confirms human settlement along its banks going back to
The river suffers from an on-going issue of sedimentation, and was regularly dredged downstream of Preston while the city had an active port. Since dredging operations ceased, silt from the river is now spreading more widely over the beaches of its estuary.[citation needed]
Preston Dock
Preston Dock was a former
Records show that Preston was already a trading port by the 12th century and from around the mid-14th century ships would come up the river to unload and shelter in a natural basin known in its time as 'Preston Anchorage', where the Moor Brook joined the Ribble. In 1806 the Ribble Navigation Company was formed, and construction of the New Quays wharf (later renamed Victoria Quay) commenced a few years later further downstream along the section of the river where Marsh Lane joined Strand Road.[citation needed]
Sedimentation and the shallowness of the Ribble limited access to Victoria Quay to when the tide was high, and it was proposed that the river be diverted and an artificial tidal basin created whose water level could be controlled to allow 24-hour loading and unloading operations. In 1884 diversion of the Ribble began along with and the excavation of the what was to be the Albert Edward Basin along its northern bank, and in June 1892 the new Preston Dock was opened. However, the on-going issue of sedimentation required constant dredging of the Ribble and along with loss of trade to large ports around the country, the docks never returned a profit, leading to their closure in October 1981.[citation needed]
Redevelopment of the former docks began in 1985 and continued through to 1992. Renamed Riversway, the first of the new retail and industrial estates, along with new roads, were opened in July 1987. Development of residential housing commenced in 1989, with the new estate along the basin's southern shore named Victoria Quay after the earlier docks.[citation needed]
These days, the Albert Edward basin is used only for leisure activities, is home to many waterbirds. A public marina is located on its northwestern end, and access to and from the River Ribble is provided through the basin's original locks, operated by the Preston City Council; operating times are seasonal.[112]
Lancaster Canal
The Lancaster Canal runs from Preston to Kendal in Cumbria. It was originally planned to join the Leeds and Liverpool Canal at Westhoughton and while the section north to near Chorley was built, the section south from Preston was never built. Instead, a "temporary" bridge - which still stands today - was constructed over the Ribble near Avenham Park, and a tramway operated from 1803 to Walton Summit.[citation needed]
From 1820 packet boats carried passengers between Preston and Kendal, providing faster journeys than the stagecoaches of the day, and by 1833 travel time had been reduced to seven hours. From the 1930s leakage problems caused sections of the canal, now owned by the LMS Railway, around Kendal to be closed to public traffic. However, the canal remained navigable to coal traffic from Preston to the Kendal Gas Works until 1944, but in 1955 the whole canal was closed to all traffic by an Act of Parliament. Subsequently, sections of the canal were filled in, later to be re-opened as interest in the canal returned, and currently, 42 miles (67.6 km) of the canal from Preston to Tewitfield near Carnforth is open to navigation.[113]
At Preston the canal originally terminated at a large boat basin located in the city centre between Marsh Lane and the A59 Ring Road, on the western side of Corporation Street. An aqueduct carried the canal from its current terminus on the northern side of Aqueduct Street in at
Originally the canal was isolated from the River Ribble, but this changed in 2002 with the opening of the Ribble Link.
Ribble Link
Opened in July 2002, the Ribble Link is a navigation waterway built along a section of the Savick Brook that connects the previously isolated Lancaster Canal to the River Ribble. Featuring a series of locks, the Link allows narrowboats and other small watercraft to transit between the two waterways.[citation needed]
The Link is approximately 4 miles (6.4 km) in length, starting from the Lancaster Canal near Ingol and entering the Ribble (as the Savick Brook) south of Lea Gate. There are eight (8) locks in total, permitting boats up to 62 feet (19 m) length and 10 feet 6 inches (3.20 m) in width to navigate its course.[citation needed]
Unlike a canal, vessels are not free to travel in either direction at any time. Traffic flow is controlled so that the Link can only be navigated in a specific direction on alternate days. The Link is only open for approximately 90 days between April and October, and is used by approximately 200 boats a year.[citation needed]
The Link is operated by the Canal & River Trust and requires annual dredging to remain navigable.[citation needed]
Proposed developments
In 2006 the Preston City Council, in conjunction with the
In December 2007 the Preston City Council pulled out of a major part of the Riversworks plan, the highly contentious Ribble Barrage, and stated the revised plan would only look at improving Preston Docklands (in particular, the on-going blue green algae problem) and extending the Lancaster Canal from its current terminus at Ashton into the city at the back of the University of Central Lancashire (near the site of the former boat basin which was filled in prior to the construction of the current campus).[116]
A subsequent change in council's Sustainable Community Strategy, especially in regards to Environmental, Health and Well-being and People and Communities policies and targets, resulted in a ban on development on green belt land, and along with city's new Local Plan, the remaining (re)development proposals within the Riverworks plan were abandoned.[117][118]
Roads
The
In the 1980s, a motorway around the west of the city which would have been an extension of the
Preston has several Taxi, Private Hire and Cab Companies serving Preston and surrounding Villages, including Millers, Uber and Preston Taxis
In conjunction with car parking facilities at the bus station, local services operate to and from two
Local, regional and national bus services operate from the Preston bus station, which is located on the southeast edge of the city centre off the A59 and claimed by some residents to be the largest or second largest station in Europe.[119]
National and regional bus services
The national operators National Express, Eurolines, and Megabus provide services from the bus station to and from various major cities and destination en-route across the United Kingdom.
Stagecoach provides services to the nearby towns and cities of
Blackburn Bus Company, part of the Transdev group, operates the 152 Hotline route to Blackburn and Burnley. An independent company, John Fishwick & Sons, that provided frequent services into the city centre from Lower Penwortham, Lostock Hall, Leyland, Euxton and Chorley, ceased trading in October 2015.
Local bus services
Many services between Preston and the surrounding area were operated by
In October 2006, Preston Bus started operating two orbital bus routes.[120]
Bus stop displays
Preston was one of the first cities in the UK to have displays fitted to every bus stop which aim to provide an accurate time and destination of the next bus arriving using
Education
The city is home to the University of Central Lancashire. Formerly known as The Harris Institute, Preston Polytechnic, and more recently (1985–1992) as Lancashire Polytechnic, "UCLan" is now the sixth largest university in the country, with over 33,000 students.[124]
Colleges of further and higher education
- Preston College – Mainly based in Fulwood with two campuses – one near the Royal Preston Hospital for A-Levels and vocational courses, and an arts college in Moor Park. Has COVE (Centre of Vocational Excellence) status in Retail.
- Cardinal Newman College – Based on a single campus in Avenham, close to the city centre. Specialises in A-Level qualifications.
- TUC Education Unit – Based at Buckingham House, Preston city centre
- Royal Preston Hospital – A teaching hospital, with a proportion of medical students from the University of Manchester based here for their clinical training.
High schools
- Archbishop Temple School
- Ashton Community Science College
- Broughton High School
- Christ the King Catholic High School
- Corpus Christi Catholic High School
- Fulwood Academy
- Moor Park High School
- Our Lady's Catholic High School
- Preston Muslim Girls High School
Public health
Preston has a number of public and private hospitals, including:
- Fulwood Hall Hospital, a private hospital in Fulwood operated by Ramsay Health Care UK, providing a wide range of services[125]
- Greater Lancashire Hospital, a private hospital in Ribbleton operated by Bespoke Health Care Ltd, providing a limited range of services[126]
- Royal Preston Hospital, a general and teaching public hospital at Fulwood
Media
The following regional radio stations include Preston within their coverage:
- BBC Radio Lancashire - Lancashire wide, news, talk, sport and music. (Broadcast from Blackburn)
- Greatest Hits Radio Lancashire – Lancashire and North West England, classic hits. (Broadcast from Manchester)
- Rock FM– Lancashire and North West England, pop music. (Broadcast from Manchester)
- Heart North West – across the North West, pop music. (Broadcast from Manchester)
- Smooth North West – across the North West, easy-listening music. (Broadcast from Manchester)
- Capital Manchester and Lancashire - across the North West, pop music. (Broadcast from Manchester)
The Lancashire Evening Post newspaper is based in Fulwood.
Blog Preston[128] is a hyperlocal news website which provides community news, views and information about the city.[129][130]
Television is provided by ITV Granada, the ITV franchise holder for the North West region, BBC North West, the regional BBC station for the North West region, and a local TV service for Blackpool and Preston, That's Lancashire, from studios at the Northern Lights Business Centre in the University of Central Lancashire's Media Factory building.
VisitPreston.com is a website that "showcases everything that Preston has to offer to all audiences", providing information on topics such as business investment, education, tourism, etc. It is provided by key local stakeholders including the Preston City Council, Lancashire County Council, University of Central Lancashire, Preston Business Improvement District, and The Chase creative consultants.[131]
Sport
Preston North End F.C.
Preston North End F.C. were one of the founder members of
Preston were champions of the
UCLan Sports Arena
The UCLan Sports Arena is the University of Central Lancashire's multi-million pound sporting venue, catering for a wide range of outdoor sports such as football, rugby, athletics, hockey, tennis, netball and cycling on a 64-acre site. Open to students and the wider community, the arena is the city's premier multi-sports venue.[134]
The arena is located in Lea, approximately two miles from the university's main campus in Preston. A shuttle bus operates for students on Monday-Saturdays from outside the UCLAN Students' Union building in Fylde Road. As well as being the home of a number of university sporting clubs, the arena also hosts various public sporting clubs including the Preston Harriers Athletics Club and the Preston Springsfields Tennis Club.[135]
The arena has a 1.5 km cycle track and a 0.75 km junior cycle track, open for use by individuals, clubs and cycle races/meetings. It is often used for cycle racing by the university's cycling club, as well as local and regional events and at such times is closed to general users.[136]
Golf
Preston has a number of golf clubs with 18-hole courses, including:
- Ashton and Lea Golf Club,[137] in Lea to the west of Preston
- Longridge Golf Club,[138] in Longridge to the northeast of Preston
- Penwortham Golf Club,[139] in Penwortham on the southwest bank of the River Ribble
- Preston Golf Club,[140] in Fulwood in the north of Preston.
Most clubs operate on a membership basis, and usually allow playing and non-playing visitors. Some also provide driving bays or ranges, and may provide further facilities such as restaurants and pro shops.
The Ingol Village Golf Club operated in Ingol in Preston's northwest from 1981 until its closure in 2017, when it was deemed nonviable due to dwindling membership.[141]
Other sports
Preston is home to many other sports leagues and clubs.
- Rugby union: Preston Grasshoppers R.F.C., established in 1869, play in the Northern Premier League, the fifth tier of the English league system.
- Cricket: Preston Cricket Club, founded in 1882 and based at West Cliff, compete in the Northern Premier Cricket League. Many other cricket clubs including Fulwood and Broughton Cricket Club are based in Preston, with many competing in locally based competitions such as the Palace Shield.
- Hockey: Preston Hockey Club was established in 1903.
- Mountaineering: Preston Mountaineering Club is based in the town and has been in existence for over 70 years.
- Roller derby: Preston is also home to Lancashire's first roller derby league; Preston Roller Girls, have been playing since 2011.
Attractions
Popular attractions around Preston include:
- Avenham and Miller Parks: located a short walk from the centre of the city on the banks of the River Ribble and adjacent to Winckley Square, these large parks rank amongst the finest examples of traditional Victorian parkland in the North West of England.[142]
- The Black Horse public house at 166 Friargate, is on the Campaign for Real Ale's National Inventory of Historic Pub Interiors.[143]
- commercial vehicles produced by the British manufacturing industry.
- M6 Motorway. It is owned by the Lancashire Wildlife Trustand was previously a major quarry excavation site. It provides a wide range of events throughout the year and over 250 acres of trails and hides.
- Deepdale is a football stadium and the home of Preston North End F.C.. It is a 15-minute walk from the city centre and located opposite Moor Park. Outside the Sir Tom Finney Stand is The Splash statue of the famous player which was inspired by a photograph taken in 1956.
- Harris Museum, Art Gallery & Preston Free Public Library: located in the city centre, the museum has collections on archaeology and local history; also fine art including decorative art, costume, and textiles, with a focus on local works.
- Lancashire Infantry Museum: located at Fulwood Barracks, the museum claims to be the "largest Regimental archive and the premier centre for military historical research in the North of England."[144]
- Lancaster Canal: from its terminus and boat basin at Ashton-on-Ribble the canal provides narrowboat cruising and a scenic cycle path and walk (approximately 22 miles) to Lancaster and destinations north.
- Museum of Lancashire: located a short walk from Preston bus station, the museum hosts historical collections on the theme of "Lancashire Through Time". On 30 September 2016 the museum closed to the general public due to council budget cuts. In July 2019 Lancashire County Council stated it was their "ultimate ambition" for the museum to reopen.[145]
- Preston Market Hall and Box Market: located on the site of the historic Covered Market and Fishmarket, traders sell local fresh produce, hot and cold foods to dine-in or take-away, artesan beer and coffee, gifts and bric-à-brac. Open Monday-Saturday.[80]
- Preston Minster, a grade II* building, dating from at least 1094, although most of it was rebuilt in the nineteenth century; it is the parish church of Preston and is united to the Church of St George, both of which are located in city centre.
- Ribble Steam Railway: a preserved railway running along Preston Dock, the museum includes workshops (where preservation work is undertaken), a visitor centre and cafe, and offers rides on restored steam trains on operating weekends.
- St Walburge's Church: located about a 15-20 minute walk from Preston Railway Station,[146] free guided tours are available around midday on Saturdays.[147] At certain times of the year, tours of the spire (the tallest in England for a church that is not a cathedral[60]) are available; tickets are limited and are available from the church in return for a recommended donation.[148]
Notable people
- Sir Richard Arkwright was born in Preston and developed his water frame in the building now known as Arkwright House A Blue Plaque commemorates the location at Stoneygate [149]
- Lord Lieutenant of Dumfrieswas born in Preston.
- Leo Baxendale, who drew the comic characters Dennis the Menace, the Bash Street Kids and Minnie the Minx for The Beano was born in Whittle-le-Woods near Preston and educated at Preston Catholic College.
- Stu Bennett, WWE wrestler, lived in Preston until the age of six
- Holly Bradshaw, Great Britain Olympic track and field athlete, was born in Preston
- Eddie Calvert was a trumpeter who enjoyed his greatest success in the 1950s and he was known as the "Man with the Golden Trumpet." He was born in Preston.
- Clarke Carlisle, footballer and TV personality, was born and brought up in Preston
- EF Pro Cycling, was born in Preston
- Helen Clitheroe, Great Britain Olympic athlete, was born in Preston
- Joseph Delaney, author of science fiction and fantasy books, was born in Preston
- Tupele Dorgu, actress famous for her role as Kelly Crabtree in the British ITV soap-opera Coronation Street, was born in Preston
- Anulka Dziubinska, model and actress who was the Playboy centrefold in May 1973, was born and raised in Preston
- Westmorland and Lonsdale and former Leader of the Liberal Democrats, was born in Preston
- Sir Tom Finney, footballer, played for Preston North End F.C. and England. He was awarded the Freedom of the City in 1979, and was born and died in Preston.
- cricketer as well as a current broadcaster, was born in Preston. He was awarded the Freedom of the City in 2006 following England's Ashesvictory of 2005.
- Blue Plaque on the wall of the building commemorates the location[150]
- Lieutenant-General Sir John Bagot Glubb, better known as Glubb Pasha, born in Preston in 1897
- Sir George Grenfell-Baines was an architect and town planner, who founded the Building Design Partnership. He was born and died in Preston
- Edmund Robert Harris, local solicitor and former Prothonotary for Lancashire, was born and died in Preston. Harris was the principal benefactor of the Harris Museum, Harris Institute or Art School, Harris Technical School and the Harris Orphanage. A Blue Plaque is located at his former home at 13 Ribblesdale Place
- A. J. Hartley, award-winning, bestselling novelist, was born in Preston
- Lubaina Himid, Turner Prize-winning artist. Currently Professor of Contemporary Art at the University of Central Lancashire
- Crossroads, which she played from 1965 until 1987, was born in Preston.
- BBC Radio OneDJ and music journalist, was born in Preston
- Preston North and the first woman to hold the seat. A qualified barrister, she served as a judge on the Northern Circuit. She was born and died in Preston
- William Thomas Hughes, Prison escapee and mass murderer, was born in Preston in 1946
- John Inman, actor famous for his role as Mr. Humphries in Are You Being Served?, was born in Preston
- Phil Jones footballer who played for Manchester United, was born in Preston.
- Anne Jessopp, first ever female CEO of the Royal Mint was born in Preston.
- Stacey Kemp, former Great Britain competitive pair skater was born in Preston
- Ben and Holly's Little Kingdom, works at the University of Central Lancashire in Preston as a lecturer in animation[151]
- Simon Kerrigan, cricketer, was born in Preston
- Ian Kirkham, saxophone player for the group Simply Red, was born in Preston
- Mark Lawrenson, TV presenter, footballer and pundit was born in Penwortham, just south of the city centre.
- Joseph Livesey was a temperance campaigner, local politician, newspaper proprietor and philanthropist, who was born in Walton-le-Dale near Preston and died in Preston. A Blue Plaque commemorating him is located on Stoneygate
- Preston Guardian while living there.[152]
- Nick Park, animator and creator of Wallace and Gromit was born in Preston, and was awarded the Freedom of the City in 1997. There is a bronze statue of the two animated characters by the entrance to the Preston Market Hall in the city centre, which was unveiled by Park in September 2021.[153]
- British Ambassador to the United States at the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office was born in Preston and attended Penwortham Girls' High School
- Blue Plaquecommemorating her at a former home at 28 Winckley Square
- Blue Plaque commemorating him on Christian Road, near the railway station[154]
- Ranvir Singh, TV presenter, newsreader and Chancellor of the University of Central Lancashire was born in Preston
- Howard Stableford, Radio and TV broadcaster, former presenter of the BBC's "Tomorrow's World" He grew up in Preston and attended Hutton Grammar School
- Francis Thompson, Victorian poet and ascetic, was born at 7 Winckley Street, Preston and has a memorial plaque there[155]
- Steve Walsh, footballer for Leicester City, was born in Preston.
Twin cities/towns
Preston is twinned with:[156]
- Almelo, Netherlands; twinned in 1948.[157]
- Kalisz, Poland; twinned in 1989.
- Nîmes, France; twinned in 1955.
- Recklinghausen, Germany; twinned in 1956.
References
Explanatory notes
- ^ The area that is the subject of this article does not have legal city status of itself, but is widely regarded as a city since it is the main and nominate settlement in the City of Preston local government area.
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General and cited references
- Hodge, A. C. (1997) [1984]. History of Preston: An Introduction. Preston: Carnegie Publishing. ISBN 1-85936-049-1.
- Hunt, D. (1992). A History of Preston. Preston: Carnegie Publishing. ISBN 0-948789-67-0.
- Hunt, D. (2003). Preston: Centuries of Change. The Breedon Books Publishing Company. ISBN 1-85983-345-4.
- Sartin, S. (1988). The people and places of Historic Preston. Preston: Carnegie Publishing. ISBN 0-948789-25-5.
- Walsh, T. & Butler, G. (1992). The Old Lamb and Flag. Preston: Carnegie Publishing. ISBN 0-948789-79-4.
External links
- Preston City Council
- Visit Preston
- Preston City Centre Statue Trail Archived 9 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine
Media related to Preston, Lancashire at Wikimedia Commons