Prime minister
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A prime minister or chief of cabinet is the head of the
In parliamentary systems fashioned after the
Under some presidential systems, such as South Korea and Peru, the prime minister is the leader or most senior member of the cabinet, but not the head of government. As such, in South Korea, the prime minister is equivalent to that of a vice president which is the second in-command and assumes the presidency in the absence of the president.
In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to members within the government. In most systems, the prime minister is the presiding member and
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Today, the prime minister is often, but not always, a member of the legislature or its lower house, and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature. In some monarchies the monarch may also exercise executive powers (known as the royal prerogative) without the approval of parliament.
As well as being head of government, being prime minister may require holding other roles or posts—the
Etymology
The term "prime minister" is attested in 17th century sources referring to
In the 18th century in the United Kingdom, members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to
History
Origins
The monarchs of England and the United Kingdom had ministers in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government. Examples were
. These ministers held a variety of formal posts, but were commonly known as "the minister", the "chief minister", the "first minister" and finally the "prime minister".The power of these ministers depended entirely on the personal favour of the monarch. Although managing the parliament was among the necessary skills of holding high office, they did not depend on a parliamentary majority for their power. Although there was a cabinet, it was appointed entirely by the monarch, and the monarch usually presided over its meetings.
The monarch could dismiss the minister at any time, or worse: Cromwell was executed and Clarendon driven into exile when they lost favour. Kings sometimes divided power equally between two or more ministers to prevent one minister from becoming too powerful. Late in Anne's reign, for example, the
Development
In the mid 17th century, after the English Civil War (1642–1651), Parliament strengthened its position relative to the monarch then gained more power through the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and passage of the Bill of Rights in 1689.[4] The monarch could no longer establish any law or impose any tax without its permission and thus the House of Commons became a part of the government. It is at this point that a modern style of prime minister begins to emerge.[5][6]
A tipping point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of Anne in 1714 and the accession of George I to the throne. George spoke no English, spent much of his time at his home in Hanover, and had neither knowledge of, nor interest in, the details of British government. In these circumstances it was inevitable that the king's first minister would become the de facto head of the government.
From 1721, this was the
Walpole always denied that he was "prime minister", and throughout the 18th century parliamentarians and legal scholars continued to deny that any such position was known to the Constitution.
The prestige of British institutions in the 19th century and the growth of the British Empire saw the British model of cabinet government, headed by a prime minister, widely copied, both in other European countries and in British colonial territories as they developed self-government.[7][8][9] In some places alternative titles such as "premier", "chief minister", "first minister of state", "president of the council" or "chancellor" were adopted, but the essentials of the office were the same.
Modern usage
In the late 20th century,
Overview of the office
In monarchies and in republics
The post of prime minister may be encountered both in constitutional
This contrasts with the
Appointment of the prime minister of France does not require any approval by the parliament either, but the parliament may force the resignation of the government. In these systems, it is possible for the president and the prime minister to be from different political parties if the legislature is controlled by a party different from that of the president. When it arises, such a state of affairs is usually referred to as (political) cohabitation.[citation needed]
Entry into office
In parliamentary systems a prime minister may enter into office by several means.
- The head of state appoints a prime minister, of their personal choice: Example: France, where the president has the power to appoint the prime minister of their choice, though the National Assembly can force a government to resign, they cannot nominate or appoint a new candidate.
- While in practice most prime ministers under the coalitionin parliament, technically the appointment of the prime minister is de jure exercised by the head of state.
- The head of state appoints a prime minister who has a set timescale within which they must gain a vote of confidence: Example: Italy, Romania, Thailand
- The head of state appoints a formateur from among the members of Parliament, who then has a set timescale within which they must form a cabinet, and receive the confidence of Parliament after presenting the Cabinet Composition and Legislative Program to Parliament, and the formateur becomes prime minister once approved by parliament: Example: Israel
- The head of state appoints the leader of the political party with the majority of the seats in the parliament as prime minister. If no party has a majority, then the leader of the party with a plurality of seats is given an exploratory mandate to receive the confidence of the parliament within three days. If this is not possible, then the leader of the party with the second highest seat number is given the exploratory mandate. If this fails, then the leader of the third largest party is given it and so on: Example: Greece, see Prime Minister of Greece
- The head of state nominates a candidate for prime minister who is then submitted to parliament for approval before appointment as prime minister: Example: Spain, where the King sends a nomination to parliament for approval. Also Germany where under the Batasang Pambansâ(Legislature) upon nomination by the president. In these cases, parliament can choose another candidate who then would be appointed by the head of state (or, in the case of the Philippines, outright elect that candidate).
- Parliament nominates a candidate who the head of state is then constitutionally obliged to appoint as prime minister: Example: Ireland, where the president appoints the Taoiseach on the nomination of Dáil Éireann. Also Japan.
- Election by the legislature: Example: the Philippines under the unamended 1973 Constitution, where the prime minister was supposed to be elected by the Batasang Pambansâ; these provisions were never used because the Philippines was under martial law at the time. Also Vanuatu.
- Direct election by popular vote: Example: Israel, 1996–2001, where the prime minister was elected in a general election, with no regard to political affiliation.
- Nomination by a state office holder other than the head of state or his or her representative: Example: Under the modern Swedish monarchto the speaker of the parliament and the parliament itself. The speaker nominates a candidate, who is then elected to prime minister (statsminister) by the parliament if an absolute majority of the members of parliament does not vote no (i.e. the candidate can be elected to the post even if more MP:s vote no than yes).
Exit from office
The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with British Commonwealth countries and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (November 2023) |
In older, convention-based
Newer parliamentary systems that operate based on a codified constitution, however, do have a term of office of the prime minister linked to the period in office of the parliament. Hence, for example, Latvian prime minister Krišjānis Kariņš, who was first appointed in 2018, had to be reappointed as head of a new government following the 2022 Latvian parliamentary election.
The position of prime minister is usually chosen from the political party that commands - whether by itself or as the largest member of a coalition - the majority of seats in the lower house of parliament, though this is not a requirement either; for example, following the 2018 Latvian parliamentary election, after two failed attempts by larger parties to form a coalition headed by them, the leader of the smallest party in parliament - Krišjānis Kariņš - was eventually appointed as a compromise candidate. Italy has seen several emergency technocratic governments, such as Carlo Azeglio Ciampi's and Mario Draghi's governments, where the prime minister was a non-partisan expert backed by the confidence and supply of a broad cross-section of the parliament.
In parliamentary systems,
- a letter of resignation or
- a request for parliamentary dissolution.
The latter in effect allows the government to appeal the
Older constitutions often vest this power in the
Some systems, such as Germany and Spain, require motions of no confidence to be constructive: i.e., they must include the name of an alternative prime minister; if the motion of no confidence is successful, the alternative prime minister automatically takes office in place of the incumbent government, which cannot appeal this replacement to the electorate.
In
.Organisational structure
The prime minister's executive office is usually called the Office of the Prime Minister or Cabinet Office. The U.K.’s Cabinet Office includes the Prime Minister’s Office. Conversely, some Prime Minister's Offices incorporate the role of Cabinet, while Australia’s Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet joins them at par. In Israel, the prime minister's executive office is officially titled the "Prime Minister's Office" in English, but the original Hebrew term can also be translated as the Prime Minister's Ministry. The Prime Minister's Department is also used, as is Cabinet Department.
Description of the role
Wilfried Martens, who served as Prime Minister of Belgium, described his role as follows:
- First of all the Prime Minister must listen a lot, and when deep disagreements occur, he must suggest a solution to the matter. This can be done in different ways. Sometimes during the discussion, I note the elements of the problem and think of a proposal I can formulate to the Council (cabinet), the Secretary taking notes. The Ministers then insist on changing game ages. The Prime Minister can also make a proposal which leaves enough room for amendments in order to keep the current discussion on the right tracks. When a solution must be found in order to reach a consensus, he can force one or two Ministers to join or resign.[citation needed]
Cross-country comparative details
Titles
In many cases, though commonly used, "prime minister" is not the official title of the office-holder. In the Russian constitution, the prime minister is titled Chairman of the government. The Irish prime minister is called the Taoiseach (which is rendered into English as prime minister), in Israel the prime minister is Rosh HaMemshalah, meaning "head of the government", and the Spanish prime minister is the President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno). The head of government of the People's Republic of China is referred to as the Premier of the State Council.[citation needed]
Other common forms include
It is convention in the English language to call nearly all national heads of government "prime minister" (or sometimes the equivalent term "premier"), except in cases where the head of state and head of government are one position (usually a presidency), regardless of the correct title of the head of government as applied in his or her respective country. The few exceptions to the rule are Germany and Austria, whose head of government's title is Federal Chancellor; Monaco, whose head of government is referred to as the Minister of State; and Vatican City, for which the head of government is titled the Secretary of State. A stand-out case is the president of Iran, who is not actually a head of state, but the head of the government of Iran. He is referred to as "president" in both the Persian and English languages.
In non-Commonwealth countries, the prime minister may be entitled to the style of
In the UK, where devolved government is in place, the leaders of the
Entity | Title |
---|---|
Albania | Albanian definite form: Kryeministri |
Algeria | Arabic: الوزير الأول الجزائري French: Premier ministre d'Algérie |
Australia | English: Prime Minister of Australia |
Austria | Bundeskanzler |
Bangladesh | Bengali: প্রধানমন্ত্রী, prodhan montri |
Bhutan | Lyonchhen |
Buganda | Katikkiro |
Bulgaria | Министър-председател, Ministar-predsedatel |
Cambodia | នាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រី, Néayuŏk-roătmôntrei |
Canada | French : Premier ministre du Canada
|
China |
Chinese: 国务院总理, Guówùyuàn Zǒnglǐ |
Denmark | Danmarks statsminister |
Estonia | Peaminister |
Eswatini | Ndvunankhulu |
Faroe Islands | Faroese: Løgmaður Danish: Lagmand |
Finland | Finnish: Suomen pääministeri Swedish: Finlands statsminister |
France | French: Premier ministre de la République Française |
Germany | Bundeskanzler |
Georgia | პრემიერ-მინისტრი, Premier-Ministri |
Greece | Prothypourgós tis Ellinikís Dimokratías |
Greenland | Greenlandic: Naalakkersuisut siulittaasuat Danish: Landsstyreformand |
Hungary | Miniszterelnök |
Iceland | Forsætisráðherra Íslands |
India | प्रधान मंत्री , Pradhān Mantrī
|
Israel | Hebrew : רֹאשׁ הַמֶּמְשָׁלָה, Rosh HaMemshala |
Ireland | Taoiseach |
Italy | Presidente del Consiglio dei ministri |
Japan | 内閣総理大臣, Naikaku-sōri-daijin |
Latvia | Ministru prezidents |
Lithuania | Ministras Pirmininkas |
Malaysia | Jawi : ڤردان منتري مليسيا
|
Malta | Prim Ministru ta' Malta |
Montenegro | Premijer Crne Gore |
Norway | Statsminister |
Nepal | Nepali: प्रधानमन्त्री, Pradhān Mantrī |
Netherlands | Minister-president van Nederland |
Pakistan | Urdu: وزیر اعظم, Wazīr-ē-Āzam |
Poland | Prezes Rady Ministrów |
Portugal | Primeiro-Ministro |
Romania | Prim-ministrul Guvernului României |
Russia |
Председатель Правительства Российской Федерации, Predsedatel' Pravitel'stva Rossiyskoy Federatsii |
Singapore |
Malay: Perdana Menteri Republik Singapura Chinese: 新加坡共和国总理, Xīnjiāpō gònghéguó zǒnglǐ Tamil: சிங்கப்பூர் குடியரசின் பிரதமர், Ciṅkappūr kuṭiyaraciṉ piratamar |
South Korea |
Hangul: 국무총리 Hanja: 國務總理 RR: Gungmuchongni |
Spain | Presidente del Gobierno |
Sri Lanka | Sinhala: ශ්රී ලංකා අග්රාමාත්ය, Śrī Laṃkā agrāmāthya Tamil: இலங்கை பிரதமர் Ilaṅkai piratamar |
Sweden | Statsminister |
Tanzania | Waziri mkuu |
Thailand | นายกรัฐมนตรี, Nayok Ratthamontri |
Turkey | Başbakan |
Ukraine | Прем'єр-міністр України Premier-ministr Ukrainy |
United Kingdom | Prime Minister |
Vietnam | Thủ Tướng |
Constitutional basis for the position in different countries
The position, power and status of prime ministers differ depending on the age of the constitution.
Algeria's constitution (1962) lists the powers, functions and duties of the prime minister of Algeria.
Australia's
Bangladesh's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the prime minister, and also details the process of his/her appointment and dismissal.
The People's Republic of China constitution set a premier just one place below the National People's Congress in China. Premier read as (Simplified Chinese: 总理; pinyin: Zŏnglĭ) in Chinese.
Canada has a 'mixed' or hybrid
Czech Republic's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the prime minister of the Czech Republic, and also details the process of his/her appointment and dismissal.
France's constitution (1958) lists the powers, functions and duties of the prime minister of France.
Germany's
Greece's constitution (1975) lists the powers, functions and duties of the prime minister of Greece.
Hungary's constitution (2012) lists the powers, functions and duties of the prime minister of Hungary.
India's constitution (1950) lists the powers, functions and duties of the prime minister of India. In India, prime ministerial candidates must be a member of parliament, i.e. of either the Lok Sabha (Lower House) or Rajya Sabha (Upper House). No parliamentary vote takes place on who forms a government.
Ireland's constitution (1937), provides for the office of Taoiseach in detail, listing powers, functions and duties.
Italy's constitution (1948) lists the powers, functions and duties of the president of the Council of Ministers.
Japan's constitution (1946) lists the powers, functions and duties of the prime minister of Japan.
The Republic of Korea's constitution (1987) sections 86–87 list the powers, functions and duties of the prime minister of the Republic of Korea.
Malta's constitution (1964) lists the powers, functions and duties of the prime minister of Malta.
Malaysia's constitution (1957) lists the powers, functions and duties of the prime minister of Malaysia.
Norway's constitution (1814) lists the powers, functions and duties of the prime minister of Norway
Pakistan's constitution (1973) lists the powers, functions and duties of the prime minister of Pakistan.
Poland's constitution (1918) lists the powers, functions and duties of the prime minister of Poland.
Spain's
Sri Lanka's constitution (1978) lists the powers, functions and duties of the prime minister of Sri Lanka.
Thailand's constitution (1932) lists the powers, functions and duties of the prime minister of Thailand.
Taiwan's
The United Kingdom's constitution, being uncodified and largely unwritten, makes no mention of a prime minister. Though it had de facto existed for centuries, its first mention in official state documents did not occur until the first decade of the twentieth century. Accordingly, it is often said "not to exist"; indeed there are several instances of parliament declaring this to be the case. The prime minister sits in the cabinet solely by virtue of occupying another office, either First Lord of the Treasury (office in commission) or more rarely Chancellor of the Exchequer (the last of whom was Balfour in 1905).
- In such systems unwritten (and unenforceable) constitutional conventions often outline the order in which people are asked to form a government. If the prime minister resigns after a general election, the monarch usually asks the leader of the opposition to form a government. Where however a resignation occurs during a parliament session (unless the government has itself collapsed) the monarch will ask another member of the government to form a government. While previously the monarch had some leeway in whom to ask, all British political parties now elect their leaders (until 1965 the Conservatives chose their leader by informal consultation). The last time the monarch had a choice over the appointment occurred in 1963 when the Earl of Home was asked to become prime minister ahead of Rab Butler.
During the period between the time it is clear that the incumbent government has been defeated at a general election, and the actual swearing-in of the new prime minister by the monarch, governor-general, or president, that person is referred to as the "prime minister-elect" or "prime minister-designate". Neither term is strictly correct from a constitutional point of view, but they have wide acceptance. In a situation in which a ruling party elects or appoints a new leader, the incoming leader will usually be referred as "prime minister-in-waiting". An example or this situation was in 2016 in the United Kingdom when Theresa May was elected leader of the Conservative Party while David Cameron was still prime minister.
Russia's
Ukraine's constitution (1996) lists the powers, functions and duties of the prime minister of Ukraine.
Lists of prime ministers
The following table groups the list of past and present prime ministers and details information available in those lists.
Government | List starts | Parties shown |
Term given by years or dates |
Incumbent |
---|---|---|---|---|
Abkhazia | 1995 | - | dates | Alexander Ankvab |
Afghanistan | 1927 | - | years | Hasan Akhund (acting) |
Albania | 1912 | - | years | Edi Rama |
Algeria | 1962 | yes | years | Nadir Larbaoui |
Andorra |
1982 | - | years | Xavier Espot Zamora |
Angola | 1975 | - | dates | (Post abolished) |
Anguilla |
1976 | yes | dates | Ellis Webster |
Antigua and Barbuda | 1981 | - | years | Gaston Browne |
Argentina[note 4] | 1993 | yes | dates | Nicolás Posse |
Armenia | 1918 | yes | dates | Nikol Pashinyan |
Aruba | 1986 | - | dates | Evelyn Wever-Croes |
Australia (List) | 1901 | yes | dates | Anthony Albanese |
Austria | 1918 | yes | years | Karl Nehammer |
Azerbaijan | 1918 | yes | dates | Ali Asadov |
Bahamas | 1967 | - | dates | Philip Davis |
Bahrain | 1970 | - | years | Crown Prince Salman
|
Bangladesh (List) | 1971 | yes | dates | Sheikh Hasina |
Barbados (List) | 1953 | yes | dates | Mia Mottley |
Belarus | 1919 | - | dates | Roman Golovchenko |
Belgium (List) | 1831 | yes | dates | Alexander De Croo |
Belize |
1973 | yes | years | Johnny Briceño |
Benin |
1957 | yes | dates | (Post abolished) |
Bermuda |
1968 | yes | dates | Edward David Burt |
Bhutan |
1952 | - | dates | Lotay Tshering |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1945 | - | dates | Borjana Krišto |
Botswana |
1965 | yes | dates | (Post abolished) |
Brazil |
1847 | yes | dates | (Post abolished) |
British Virgin Islands |
1967 | yes | dates | Natalio Wheatley |
Brunei | 1984 | no | dates | Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah |
Bulgaria |
1879 | yes | dates | Nikolai Denkov |
Burkina Faso |
1971 | - | dates | Apollinaire de Tambèla |
Burundi |
1961 | yes | dates | (Post abolished) |
Cambodia |
1945 | - | years | Hun Manet |
Cameroon | 1960 | - | dates | Joseph Ngute |
Canada (List) | 1867 | yes | dates | Justin Trudeau |
Cape Verde |
1975 | yes | dates | Ulisses Correia e Silva |
Cayman Islands | 1992 | yes | dates | Julianna O'Connor-Connolly |
Central African Republic |
1958 | - | dates | Félix Moloua |
Chad |
1978 | - | dates | Succès Masra |
People's Republic of China (List) | 1949 | - | dates | Li Qiang |
Comoros |
1957 | yes | dates | (Post abolished) |
Congo (Brazzaville) |
1957 | yes | dates | Anatole Collinet Makosso |
Congo (Kinshasa) (List) | 1960 | yes | dates | Jean-Michel Sama Lukonde |
Cook Islands | 1965 | yes | dates | Mark Brown |
Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) | 1957 | yes | dates | Robert Beugré Mambé |
Croatia |
1939 | - | dates | Andrej Plenković |
Cuba |
1940 | - | dates | Manuel Marrero Cruz |
Curaçao | 2010 | - | dates | Gilmar Pisas |
Northern Cyprus | 1983 | yes | dates | Ünal Üstel |
Czech Republic (List) | 1993 | - | years | Petr Fiala |
List ) |
1848 | - | years | Mette Frederiksen |
Djibouti | 1977 | - | dates | Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed |
Dominica | 1960 | - | dates | Roosevelt Skerrit |
East Timor | 2002 | yes | dates | Xanana Gusmão |
Egypt (List) | 1878 | - | years | Moustafa Madbouly
|
Equatorial Guinea | 1963 | - | dates | Manuela Roka Botey |
Estonia | 1918 | - | dates | Kaja Kallas |
Ethiopia |
1942 | yes | dates | Abiy Ahmed |
Faroe Islands |
1946 | - | years | Aksel V. Johannesen |
Fiji | 1966 | - | dates | Sitiveni Rabuka |
Finland (List) | 1917 | yes | years | Petteri Orpo |
France (List) | 1589 | - | years | Gabriel Attal |
Gabon |
1957 | yes | dates | Raymond Ndong Sima |
The Gambia |
1961 | - | dates | (Post abolished) |
Georgia | 1918 | yes | dates | Irakli Garibashvili |
Germany (List) | 1871/1949 | yes | dates | Olaf Scholz |
Ghana | 1957 | - | dates | (Post abolished) |
Gibraltar | 1964 | yes | dates | Fabian Picardo |
Greece (List) | 1833 | - | dates | Kyriakos Mitsotakis |
Greenland |
1979 | - | years | Múte Bourup Egede |
Grenada |
1954 | - | years | Dickon Mitchell |
Guernsey | 2007 | - | dates | Lyndon Trott |
Guinea |
1972 | - | dates | Bernard Goumou |
Guinea-Bissau |
1973 | - | dates | Rui Duarte de Barros |
Guyana |
1953 | - | dates | Mark Phillips
|
Haiti | 1988 | - | dates | Ariel Henry |
Hungary (List) | 1848 | - | dates | Viktor Orbán |
Iceland | 1904 | - | dates | Katrín Jakobsdóttir |
India (List) | 1947 | yes | dates | Narendra Modi |
Indonesia |
1945 | yes | dates | (Post abolished) |
List ) |
1624 | - | years | (Post abolished) |
Iraq | 1920 | - | years | Mohammed Al-Sudani |
Ireland | 1937 | yes | dates | Leo Varadkar |
Israel (List) | 1948 | - | years | Benjamin Netanyahu |
Italy (List) | 1861 | - | years | Giorgia Meloni |
Jamaica | 1959 | - | years | Andrew Holness |
Japan (List) | 1885 | - | dates | Fumio Kishida |
Jersey | 2005 | - | dates | Kristina Moore |
Jordan | 1944 | - | dates | Bisher Al-Khasawneh
|
Kazakhstan | 1920 | - | years | Alihan Smaiylov
|
Kenya | 1963 | - | dates | (Post abolished) |
North Korea |
1948 | - | years | Kim Tok-hun |
South Korea (List) | 1948 | - | years | Han Duck-soo |
Kosovo | 1945 | yes | dates | Albin Kurti |
Kuwait | 1962 | yes | dates | Sheikh Mohammad Sabah Al-Salem Al-Sabah |
Kyrgyzstan |
1924 | - | dates | Akylbek Japarov |
Laos | 1941 | - | years | Sonexay Siphandone |
Latvia | 1918 | yes | dates | Evika Siliņa |
Lebanon | 1926 | - | dates | Najib Mikati |
Lesotho |
1965 | yes | dates | Sam Matekane |
Libya | 1951 | - | dates | Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh |
Liechtenstein | 1921 | yes | dates | Daniel Risch |
Lithuania | 1918 | yes | dates | Ingrida Šimonytė |
Luxembourg |
1959 | - | years | Luc Frieden |
Madagascar |
1833 | - | dates | Christian Ntsay |
Malawi |
1963 | yes | dates | (Post abolished) |
Malaysia | 1957 | yes | years | Anwar Ibrahim |
Mali |
1957 | yes | dates | Choguel Kokalla Maïga (interim) |
Malta | 1921 | yes | years | Robert Abela |
Isle of Man |
1986 | - | years | Alfred Cannan |
Mauritania |
1957 | yes | dates | Mohamed Ould Bilal |
Mauritius | 1961 | yes | dates | Pravind Jugnauth |
Moldova |
1990 | - | dates | Dorin Recean |
Monaco | 1911 | n/a | dates | Pierre Dartout |
Mongolia | 1912 | yes | dates | Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene |
Montenegro | 1879 | yes | dates | Milojko Spajić |
Montserrat |
1960 | yes | dates | Easton Taylor-Farrell |
Morocco | 1955 | yes | years | Aziz Akhannouch |
Mozambique |
1974 | yes | dates | Adriano Maleiane |
Myanmar (Burma) |
1948 | yes | dates | Min Aung Hlaing |
Namibia | 1990 | yes | dates | Saara Kuugongelwa |
Nepal | 1803 | yes | dates | Pushpa Kamal Dahal |
Netherlands (List) | 1848 | yes | dates | Mark Rutte |
New Zealand (List) | 1856 | yes | dates | Christopher Luxon |
Newfoundland and Labrador (List) | 1855 | yes | dates | Andrew Furey |
Niger |
1958 | yes | dates | Ali Lamine Zeine |
Nigeria | 1960 | yes | dates | (Post abolished) |
Niue | 1974 | - | dates | Sir Dalton Tagelagi |
Norfolk Island |
1896 | 2015 | dates | (Post abolished) |
North Macedonia | 1943 | yes | dates | Dimitar Kovačevski |
Norway |
1814 | yes | years | Jonas Gahr Støre |
Pakistan (List) | 1947 | yes | dates | Anwaar ul Haq Kakar |
Palestine | 2003 | yes | dates | Mohammad Shtayyeh |
Papua New Guinea |
1975 | yes | years | James Marape |
Peru |
1975 | - | dates | Alberto Otárola |
Philippines | 1899 | yes | dates | (Post abolished) |
Poland (List) | 1918 | - | dates | Donald Tusk |
Portugal (List) | 1834 | yes | dates | Luís Montenegro |
Qatar | 1970 | - | dates | Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani |
List ) |
1862 | - | years | Marcel Ciolacu |
Russia (List) | 1864/1905 | yes | dates | Mikhail Mishustin |
Rwanda | 1960 | yes | dates | Édouard Ngirente |
Saint Kitts and Nevis |
1960 | - | dates | Terrance Drew |
Saint Lucia |
1960 | - | dates | Philip Pierre
|
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
1956 | - | dates | Ralph Gonsalves |
Samoa | 1875 | yes | dates | Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa |
São Tomé and Principe |
1974 | yes | dates | Patrice Trovoada |
Saudi Arabia | 1953 | no | dates | Mohammad bin Salman
|
Senegal | 1957 | yes | dates | Amadou Ba
|
Serbia | 1805 | yes | years | Ana Brnabić |
Seychelles | 1970 | yes | years | (Post abolished) |
Sierra Leone | 1954 | yes | dates | David Moinina Sengeh |
Singapore | 1959 | - | dates | Lee Hsien Loong |
Sint Maarten | 2010 | - | dates | Silveria Jacobs |
List ) |
1993 | - | dates | Robert Fico |
Slovenia | 1943 | yes | years | Robert Golob |
Solomon Islands |
1949 | yes | dates | Manasseh Sogavare |
Somalia |
1949 | yes | dates | Hamza Abdi Barre |
South Africa | 1910 | - | dates | (Post abolished) |
South Ossetia | 1991 | - | dates | Konstantin Dzhussoev |
Spain (List) | 1705 | yes | years | Pedro Sánchez
|
List ) |
1948 | - | dates | Dinesh Gunawardena |
Sudan |
1952 | yes | dates | Osman Hussein |
Suriname |
1949 | yes | dates | (Post abolished) |
Swaziland |
1967 | - | years | Russell Dlamini |
Sweden (List) | 1876 | yes | years | Ulf Kristersson |
Syria | 1920 | - | dates | Hussein Arnous |
Taiwan (Republic of China) (List) | 1912 | - | dates | Chen Chien-jen |
Tajikistan |
1924 | - | dates | Kokhir Rasulzoda |
Tanzania | 1960 | yes | dates | Kassim Majaliwa |
List ) |
1932 | yes | dates | Srettha Thavisin |
Togo |
1956 | yes | dates | Victoire Tomegah Dogbé |
Tokelau |
1992 | - | dates | Kerisiano Kalolo
|
Tonga | 1876 | - | years | Siaosi Sovaleni |
Transnistria | 2012 | yes | dates | Aleksandr Rosenberg
|
Trinidad and Tobago |
1956 | - | dates | Keith Rowley |
Tunisia | 1969 | - | dates | Ahmed Hachani |
Turkey (List) | 1920 | yes | dates | (Post abolished) |
Turkmenistan | 1924 | - | dates | (Post abolished) |
Turks and Caicos Islands | 1976 | yes | dates | Washington Misick |
Tuvalu | 1975 | n/a | dates | Kausea Natano |
Uganda | 1961 | yes | dates | Robinah Nabbanja |
Ukraine (List) | 1917 | - | dates | Denys Shmyhal |
United Arab Emirates |
1971 | - | years | Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum |
United Kingdom (List) | 1721 | yes | dates | Rishi Sunak |
Uruguay | No List (post established 1919) | - | - | (Post abolished) |
Uzbekistan | 1924 | - | dates | Abdulla Aripov |
Vanuatu | 1980 | yes | dates | Charlot Salwai |
Vatican | 1644 | - | years | Cardinal Pietro Parolin |
Vietnam | 1976 | yes | dates | Phạm Minh Chính |
Yemen | 1990 | yes | years | Maeen Abdulmalik Saeed |
Western Sahara | 1976 | no | years | Bouchraya Hammoudi Bayoun |
Zambia | 1964 | yes | dates | (Post abolished) |
Zimbabwe | 1923 | - | dates | (Post abolished) |
See also
- List of current prime ministers by date of assumption of office
- Chancellor
- Chief minister
- Governor-general
- Head of government
- Head of state
- Monarch
- President
- Prime ministerial government
- Lists
- List of current heads of state and government
- List of democracy and election-related topics
Notes
- ^ The posts of Prime Minister and First Lord of the Treasury are separate and need not be held by the one person, though the last prime minister not to be First Lord of the Treasury was Lord Salisbury at the turn of the 20th century. 10 Downing Street is actually the First Lord's residence, not the prime minister's. As Salisbury was not First Lord, he had to live elsewhere as prime minister.
- ^ Although the roles of the Spanish head of government coincide with the definition of a 'prime minister', in Spain the position is in fact referred to as 'the Presidency of the Government'.
- Responsible Government, however, requires the Governor General to only act on the advice of the current Cabinet (or its ministers relevant to the issue at hand).
- ^ Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers
References
This article needs additional citations for verification. (June 2012) |
- ^ "Testament Politique du Cardinal Duc de Richelieu, Premier Ministre de France sous le Règne de Louïs XIII". 1709. Archived from the original on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
- ^ Ancien Régime Archived 31 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine in Encyclopédie Larousse ("Après 1661, Louis XIV impose une nouvelle formule, qui joue à la fois sur les ministres et sur les conseils, sans accepter la primauté d'un ministre.")
- ^ "Oxford English Dictionary". Retrieved 15 December 2014.
- ^ "Britain's unwritten constitution". British Library. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
The key landmark is the Bill of Rights (1689), which established the supremacy of Parliament over the Crown.... The Bill of Rights (1689) then settled the primacy of Parliament over the monarch's prerogatives, providing for the regular meeting of Parliament, free elections to the Commons, free speech in parliamentary debates, and some basic human rights, most famously freedom from 'cruel or unusual punishment'.
- ^ Dr Andrew Blick and Professor George Jones — No 10 guest historian series, Prime Ministers and No. 10 (1 January 2012). "The Institution of Prime Minister". Government of the United Kingdom: History of Government Blog. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ISBN 9781400878260. Archivedfrom the original on 1 June 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
- ISBN 9780773525085. Archivedfrom the original on 23 June 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
- ISBN 978-9047423935. Archivedfrom the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
- ISBN 9780313273261. Archivedfrom the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
- ISBN 978-9004151741. Archivedfrom the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
- ^ "How the Westminster Parliamentary System was exported around the World". University of Cambridge. 2 December 2013. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
- ^ "Privy Council Members". The Privy Council Office. Archived from the original on 25 September 2009. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
- ISBN 9780660674582, pp. 1–52.
- ISBN 9780660674582, pp. 3–4.
- ISBN 9780660674582, pp. 53–75 at 63, 68.
Further reading
- Andrew Blick & George Jones, Premiership: The Development, Nature and Power of the Office of the British Prime Minister (Exeter: Imprint Academic, 2010), ISBN 9781845406479.
- Michael Foley, The British Presidency (Manchester University Press, Manchester, 2000)
- Peter Hennessy, The Prime Minister: The Office and Its Holders Since 1945 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2001), ISBN 978-0-312-29313-0.
- Paul Langford, "Prime Ministers and Parliaments: The Long View, Walpole to Blair.", The Annual History of Parliament Lecture, 2005, Parliamentary History, 25, 3 (2006): 382–394, doi:10.1353/pah.2006.0045.
- Brian Carroll, Australia's Prime Ministers: From Barton to Howard[permanent dead link] (Rosenberg Publishing, 2004)
- James Manor, Nehru to the Nineties: The Changing Office of Prime Minister in India (C. Hurst & Co., 1994)
- Jagdish Chandra Sharma, Indian Prime Ministership: A Comprehensive Study (Concept Publishing Company, 2002), ISBN 9788170229247.