Primeval (TV series)
Primeval | |
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5 title card | |
Genre | Science fiction Drama |
Created by | |
Starring | See List of Primeval characters, Ciarán McMenamin (Third team leader) |
Composers |
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Country of origin | United Kingdom |
Original language | English |
No. of series | 5 |
No. of episodes | 36 (list of episodes) |
Production | |
Executive producers |
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Producers |
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Running time | 45 minutes |
Production companies | |
Original release | |
Network | ITV (2007–2011) Watch (2011) |
Release | 10 February 2007 28 June 2011 | –
Primeval is a British
The idea for Primeval had originally been devised by Haines in the early 2000s, in the aftermath of the production of
Though the
The success of Primeval spawned an accompanying franchise of merchandise, including novels, games and toy lines. An American film adaptation was announced to be in production in 2009 but languished in development and was ultimately never made. A Canadian spinoff series, Primeval: New World, aired in 2013 but was cancelled after a single 13-episode season.
Production
Conception
Tim Haines, who studied zoology and had a background in science journalism,[3] made his first television breakthrough in the late 1990s when, as a television producer at the BBC, he envisioned and created the nature documentary series Walking with Dinosaurs (1999).[4] Walking with Dinosaurs was the first ever natural history series on dinosaurs to make use of extensive special effects to depict them as animals in their natural environments[5] and was a massive success, becoming the most watched science programme in British television history.[6] While working on Walking with Dinosaurs, Haines came up with the idea of using the technology of the series to produce a science fiction drama. Although the BBC were receptive to the idea, they wanted a recognisable property rather than a new idea, leading Haines to produce The Lost World (2001), an adaptation of the Arthur Conan Doyle novel of the same name.[3] According to Haines, the success of The Lost World showed that it was possible to take the technology of Walking with Dinosaurs and create "very entertaining Hollywood-esque stories".[7]
The successes of his programmes allowed Haines to co-found his own high-end television production company in 2002, Impossible Pictures.[7] After the production of The Lost World, Haines came up with the idea of Primeval, though he at this point called it Cutter's Bestiary.[3] Among the inspirations for the idea were the old science fiction films of Ray Harryhausen, which Haines felt had a "certain charm".[7] Another inspiration were fossil ghost lineages, which Haines imagined could be explained by animals "swapping times".[8] Other influences included Jurassic Park and King Kong.[9] Commentators unassociated with the production team have also suggested that Primeval was partly inspired by series such as Doctor Who, Lost, Stargate and Quatermass.[10]
Haines wrote a script together with another writer though it ultimately led to nothing. Adrian Hodges, a television writer who at this point had recently won a BAFTA for Charles II: The Power and the Passion (2003), met with Laura Mackie, the BBC Head of Drama to discuss possibilities of future work. Hodges turned down working on Bleak House (2005) due to wanting to do "something that's fun" in the vein of Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Mackie then suggested Cutter's Bestiary; although Hodges thought the title was "terrible" he thought the concept of dinosaurs in the modern day was brilliant.[3] Hodges came up with the title Primeval and he wrote several scripts for the BBC with the concept going through several different iterations, at first envisioned only as a 90-minute television film.
When Haines and Hodges began working on the concept they had strived to create something that was also akin to Doctor Who, which at the time had not yet been revived. Once Doctor Who was revived by Russell T Davies in 2005, Primeval was deemed to be too similar by the BBC and was turned down, four or five years after Haines had first pitched Cutter's Bestiary.[3] After being turned down by the BBC, Haines and Hodges pitched Primeval to ITV commissioner Nick Elliott. Elliott greenlit the series on account of liking the scripts produced by Hodges and out of a wish to replicate the success of the revived Doctor Who.[3] Additional funding for Primeval was also secured from the German ProSieben and the French M6.[11]
Development history
With the production of the series secured and several scripts already written,[3] the producers in January 2006[12] moved on to casting the lead actors.[3] Hodges and Haines personally approached Douglas Henshall, who played lead character Nick Cutter, for the role but the other actors were cast through regular auditions.[3] Henshall was joined in the main cast by James Murray, Andrew-Lee Potts, Hannah Spearritt, Lucy Brown, Juliet Aubrey, Ben Miller and Mark Wakeling.[11][a]
Primeval was envisioned as a family series that did not take itself too seriously
When choosing directors for Primeval, Haines and Hodges wished to hire people with good track records.
Following the success of the first series, Primeval was recommissioned for a
Cancellation and a revival
Despite the third series being successful, Primeval was cancelled after its run on 15 June 2009 for financial reasons, ITV having come very close to
Primeval was recommissioned three months after being cancelled. The "resurrection" of the series was made possible through a new deal made by Impossible Pictures, in which the series would be co-produced by both ITV and
Although most of the cast of the third season were announced as returning for the fourth and fifth series,[25][29] the production needed to cast several new characters, due to the departures of several actors and the third series leaving several characters stranded in the past.[3][30][31] New main cast members Laila Rouass and Jason Flemyng were also unable to commit to an entire further series.[32] As a result, the fourth and fifth series brought in several new main characters, played by Ciarán McMenamin, Ruth Kearney, Ruth Bradley and Alexander Siddig.[33][34] Ultimately, poor ratings for the fifth series when it aired on ITV in 2012 caused Primeval not to be renewed for a sixth series,[35] despite both the production team and the cast being interested in continuing the series.[36][37][38]
Production schedule
Series | Announced | Filming | Filming time | First aired | Last aired | Ref(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Series 1
|
27 December 2005 | March–August 2006 | c. 4.5 months | 10 February 2007 | 17 March 2007 | [15][12] |
Series 2
|
8 June 2007 | June–September 2007 | c. 3 months | 12 January 2008 | 23 February 2008 | [16][17][39] |
Series 3
|
30 January 2008 | Middle–late 2008 | c. 6 months | 28 March 2009 | 6 June 2009 | [18][40][41] |
Series 4
|
29 September 2009 | 22 March–26 June 2010 | 3 months | 1 January 2011 | 5 February 2011 | [25][42][43] |
Series 5
|
July–November 2010 | c. 4 months | 24 May 2011 | 28 June 2011 | [25][34][28] |
Special effects
The visual effects of the first three series of Primeval were created by the London-based visual effects company Framestore, who were brought in due to being long-time collaborators with Haines and Impossible Pictures, previously having worked on Walking with Dinosaurs and the other Walking with... series. Christian Manz was hired as a visual effects supervisor due to the highly ambitious effects required for Primeval. Each episode required about thirteen weeks of effects work, with eight weeks of animation, six weeks of compositing and three weeks of lighting.[2] Compositing was the most expensive portion, taking up about half of the budget.[8] Usually multiple episodes were worked on at the same time. Framestore employed a crew of 60 people for Primeval, including fifteen animators and fifteen compositors, about the same number of people as the crew that shot the series. The large crew was necessary in order to be able to produce the effects on time since production of Primeval was often very fast; the effects work on the first series began during filming in April 2006 and was finished in September.[2]
The producers did not initially have a clear idea for how the anomalies were supposed to look; in his scripts, Hodges simply described them as "shimmering in the air". The design was created by Haines and the effects team, with the goal to make it quite beautiful. The crushed glass-like final design drew on the idea that they were a fragmented version of what was on the other side―in scenes where people are depicted as going through them, the fragments gradually get bigger until they finally step into the world on the other side.[8]
Framestore were initially announced as also working on the fourth series,[42] but ended up not partaking in its production. In their place, the visual effects of the fourth and fifth series were created by the visual effects company The Mill.[44] According to Haines, the production team opted to work with The Mill due to shooting in HD, an area in which The Mill had a "superb track record".[45] The practical effects of Primeval, including puppets and animatronics, were created by Crawley Creatures, a company which had previously worked with Impossible Pictures on both the Walking with... programmes and on Prehistoric Park.[46]
Music
Dominik Scherrer was the lead composer for the first three series of Primeval.[47][48] Scherrer spent ten days composing tracks and an additional three days to record and mix them for each episode. He opted to create music that was a hybrid between electronic and traditional orchestra, noting that the urban nature of the setting and the attitudes of the characters were an influence. Scherrer said that the CGI nature of the show was a creative challenge, as the themes he scored for the creatures were often based on incomplete images. He noted "sometimes a drawing of the creature, or just a description from the director may help me get a feel for the creature. The final look and texture can be very influential on the music".[48] On creating the theme song of Primeval, Scherrer stated that "the central feel is that of majesty and adventure, reflecting the momentous occasion of mankind linking up with the pre-historic past and also the majesty of the creatures themselves – they are dangerous and wonderful."[48] 75 minutes of Scherrer's original score for the first three series was released by MovieScore Media both digitally and on CD on 20 September 2011 under the title Primeval: Original Television Soundtrack.[47][48]
For the third series, composer James Hannigan also wrote new music to accompany Scherrer's themes.[49] Angus Moncrieff worked as orchestrator, synth programmer and trumpet player for the first two series and also composed, produced and mixed 35–40 minutes of new music for four episodes of the third series.[50] Stephen McKeon was the lead composer for the fourth and fifth series.[51]
The initial broadcast of the first series featured the song "All Sparks" by Editors in each episode's end credits.
Creature designs
Though the prehistoric creatures featured in Primeval were fundamentally rooted in science
Though fictionalised, prehistoric creatures in most cases still greatly resembled their real counterparts, not only a design decision but also a decision made to make it easier for animators; real creatures were always easier to animate since their biomechanics could often be figured out and animated convincingly more easily than fictional designs. Scientific theories on the animals featured were also often used for deciding the behaviour and abilities of creatures.[32] As an example, certain genera of therocephalians might have been venomous,[54] a theory which was used as the basis for also making the therocephalians featured in Primeval venomous.[32]
The process of creating the creature models involved first creating concept artwork; many of the creatures were designed by Daren Horley.[8] Horley was involved with the project very early on, before it was commissioned by ITV, and had produced some concept sketches for Haines's initial pitch of Cutter's Bestiary to the BBC. Horley also designed the texture maps for the finished models. Though his designs continued to be used, Horley ceased to work on Primeval after the third series.
After Horley had created concept artwork, sculptors made maquettes out of clay based on his designs. These were then scanned into the computer using a very high resolution laser scanner.[8]
Main cast and characters
- Douglas Henshall as Nick Cutter (series 1–3)
- James Murray as Stephen Hart (series 1–2)
- Andrew-Lee Potts as Connor Temple
- Lucy Brown as Claudia Brown/Jenny Lewis (series 1–3, guest series 4)
- Hannah Spearritt as Abby Maitland
- Juliet Aubrey as Helen Cutter (series 1–3)
- Ben Miller as James Lester
- Mark Wakeling as Captain Tom Ryan (series 1)
- Karl Theobald as Oliver Leek (series 2)
- Naomi Bentley as Caroline Steel (series 2)
- Jason Flemyng as Danny Quinn (series 3, guest series 4)
- Laila Rouass as Sarah Page (series 3)
- Ben Mansfield as Captain Hilary Becker (series 3–5)
- Belinda Stewart-Wilson as Christine Johnson (series 3)
- Ciarán McMenamin as Matt Anderson (series 4–5)
- Alexander Siddig as Philip Burton (series 4–5)
- Ruth Kearney as Jess Parker (series 4–5)
- Ruth Bradley as Emily Merchant (series 4–5)
- Anton Lesser as Gideon Anderson (series 4)
- Jonathan Byrne as Ethan Dobrowski/Patrick Quinn (series 4)
- Janice Byrne as April Leonard (series 5)
Episodes
Series | Episodes | Originally aired | Average UK viewers (millions) | |||
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First aired | Last aired | Network | ||||
1 | 6 | 10 February 2007 | 17 March 2007 | ITV | 6.39 | |
2 | 7 | 12 January 2008 | 23 February 2008 | 6.29 | ||
3 | 10 | 28 March 2009 | 6 June 2009 | 4.99 | ||
4 | 7 | 1 January 2011 | 5 February 2011 | 4.03 | ||
5 | 6 | 24 May 2011 | 28 June 2011 | Watch | 0.67 |
Series 1 (2007)
), presumed dead for eight years, is revealed to have been travelling in time through the anomalies.Series 2 (2008)
), who secretly works with Helen and plans to use creatures from the anomalies, particularly future predators, to gain political power.Series 3 (2009)
), a former police detective who became involved after discovering his brother had been killed by a creature from the future.Series 4 (2011)
), who is from the Victorian era.Series 5 (2011)
) are researching, all the while they are forced to deal with new anomalies and creature incursions.Reception and legacy
Critical reception
Primeval met with enthusiastic reactions during its original broadcast,
Though some reviewers found the characters of the first series to be insufficiently developed and some of the scripts to be "clichéd",[65] Primeval succeeded in overcoming early dismissals of being a "Doctor Who ripoff", with critics agreeing that the series was something unique in its own right.[66][67] The first series garnered praise for its overall story arc[66] and not being repetitive.[65] Opinions differed on the quality of the special effects.[66][68] Rob Hunter of Film School Rejects gave the series high praise as the "best monster-of-the-week show since The X-Files".[68] Reception for the second series was more lukewarm, with opinions differing on whether the effects were superior[69] or inferior[70] to those of the first series and on the quality of the writing and character development.[69] Reception of the later episodes of the second series, in particular the two-part finale, was more universally positive.[71][72]
The third series of Primeval met with high praise, with reviewers concluding that its greater number of episodes allowed for more extensive characterisation and character development, that it had a greater sense of thrill and suspense, that the actions of characters had consequences, and that its expanded central story was good.[31][73] Several reviewers favourably compared the third series to the Jon Pertwee era of Doctor Who (1970–1974), owing to its altered team dynamic,[74][75] and several considered it the strongest year of Primeval yet.[73][76] In contrast, the fourth series received a more mixed response, with reviewers criticising the introduction of the new characters,[77][78] the speed of the central story arc,[79] and its resolution.[80] The effects of the fourth series received praise as the best of Primeval so far.[77][81][82] The fifth and final series was praised by critics as Primeval "going out on a high";[83] particular praise was given to the final two episodes.[84][85][86]
Criticism
Primeval has also faced some criticism for its portrayal of female characters. In his review of the first series in Strange Horizons, Iain Clark criticised Primeval's female characters as "strong, but only to a point" and that "when it comes to the crunch it's always the men who do the saving; even the nerdy men". Clark conceded that Helen Cutter was a strong character "who remains consistently independent and interesting" but also noted that she was also portrayed as "unlikeable right through to the finale".[65] The first series was also criticised for contriving the plot to have numerous scenes of Hannah Spearritt in her underwear.[91] According to Spearritt, the scenes were filmed in one block and then spread out over the series; both she and the producers were reportedly shocked when watching it back and noticing how many such scenes there ended up being;[93] no such scenes were filmed for subsequent series.[69] Both Spearritt's Abby Maitland and the later introduced Emily Merchant, played by Ruth Bradley, were more positively received as strong female characters in later series.[94][95]
Viewership
Primeval was nearly consistently met with good ratings.[3] The first and most watched episode of the series was watched by over seven million viewers,[96] over a million more than the usual viewing figures of its slot on ITV.[97] Although Primeval was commissioned by ITV due to the success of Doctor Who[3] and several commentators saw it as ITV's attempt at creating a rival series,[1][61][98] the cast and crew of Primeval did not envision the series as a Doctor Who-competitor.[3] Douglas Henshall stated in a 2007 interview that Primeval had a completely different format and instead compared it to The A-Team, with influences from Jurassic Park and Indiana Jones.[99] In a 2021 interview, Henshall stated that it would have been impossible to seriously compete with Doctor Who, a sentiment echoed by Adrian Hodges, who stated that although it would have been great if they had been able to beat Doctor Who, he "just wanted to do well". Though both Henshell and Hodges believed that Primeval would have done better if it had aired a few years later, Andrew-Lee Potts believed Primeval to have aired at just the right time based on its success.[3] Primeval was for its first two series not far behind the viewership figures of contemporary Doctor Who, with the first series having an average of 6.39 million viewers (compared to Doctor Who's 7.55 million) and the second having 6.29 million (compared to Doctor Who's 8.05 million).[96]
The third series averaged about five million viewers per episode; although this was down more than a million from the previous two series,[22] the numbers were still considered successful both by commentators and by ITV itself.[22][100] The series created after Primeval's cancellation and revival saw more seriously dropping viewing statistics. The fourth series averaged around four million viewers,[96] which was considered somewhat disappointing.[101] The fifth series first premiered on the digital channel Watch, where it averaged around 500,000 viewers. Although much less than on the terrestrial channel ITV, the numbers were a great success in comparison with other digital channels and Primeval was Watch's biggest series of the year.[36] When the fifth series was later broadcast on ITV it had a considerably more disappointing run, with the first episode being watched by 2.55 million viewers[96] and the last only by 1.38 million, the lowest ratings in Primeval's history.[35]
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Award nominations
Other mediaBooksPrimeval was accompanied by both novelisations of episodes of the series and by original novels with new stories. The original novels took the team from the series and placed them in new locations and situations[104] and were in many cases stories the producers had wished to do for the TV series but which would not have been achievable with their budget.[19] The book Extinction Event by Dan Abnett was in particular a storyline that they had wished to film but which would not be possible without a feature film-level budget. The storylines explored in the novels were created through a combination of the producers telling writers stories they had wanted to do and the writers pitching storylines themselves. Although the novels were written to not have any large-scale impacts on the plotlines of the TV series, the writers made an effort to keep them within the overall continuity.[19] Primeval: New World |