Urgesellschaft
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Urgesellschaft (meaning "primal society" in German) is a term that, according to Friedrich Engels,[1] refers to the original coexistence of humans in prehistoric times, before recorded history. Here, a distinction is made between the kind of Homo sapiens as humans, who hardly differed from modern humans biologically (an assertion disputed by anthropology), and other representatives of the genus Homo such as the Homo erectus or the Neanderthal. Engels claimed "that animal family dynamics and human primitive society are incompatible things" because "the primitive humans that developed out of animalism either knew no family at all or at most one that does not occur among animals".[1] The U.S. anthropologist Lewis Henry Morgan and translations of his books also make use of the term.[2]
In specificity, this long period of time is not directly accessible through
Archaeological classification
The so-called primitive society, or more appropriately, the primitive societies, probably span by far the longest period in the history of mankind to date, more than three million years, while other forms of society have existed and continue to exist for only a relatively short period in comparison (less than 1 percent of the period).
The
Age | Period | Duration | Human species |
---|---|---|---|
Stone Age | Paleolithic | Lower Paleolithic: 3.3 Ma–300 ka
Middle Paleolithic: 300–50 ka Upper Paleolithic: 50,000–12,000 BC
|
Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis
In Middle Paleolithic: Homo sapiens
|
Mesolithic | Europe: 15,000–5,000 BC
Middle east: 20,000–10,000 BC |
Homo sapiens
| |
Neolithic | 10,000–4,500 BC (2,200 BC in Western Europe) | ||
Bronze Age | Early Bronze Age
Middle Bronze Age Late Bronze Age |
3300–1200 BC (900 BC in Europe) | |
Iron Age | Between 2000 BC and 800 AD, greatly varies per region |
Theoretical assumptions
A society is formed by different-sized social groups acting together. At different times in history, as well as in different climates and ecozones, human societies were quite different.
The gradual dispersal of early human groups (estimated at 1 to 10 kilometers per year) initially placed few demands on them and their generational succession-they did not perceive any changes, especially in equatorial regions. However, drastic environmental changes such as ice and warm periods, to which the migrants were exposed in the target area, caused new forms of adaptation with corresponding social structures. Food gathering and weather protection as well as the use of fire were socially successful. However, a high social differentiation of primitive social forms of organization cannot be assumed. The first graspable societies as well as similar present groups appear relatively equal (egalitarian).
The isolation of individual groups, e.g. during the
Some religious traditions also speak of a primal society, referring to the preforms of later religions spread across all hunter-gatherer groupings, derived from the social practices of their members. In
Whether early humans lived
In Marxist theory on the social development of mankind, especially in historical materialism, primitive society is also called classless primitive communism[7] because, just as in the "communism" that followed capitalism, there was no private property in the means of production.
See also
- Lewis Henry Morgan: Die Urgesellschaft (Ancient Society, USA 1877)
- Primitive communism
Literature
- Dieter Claessens: Das Konkrete und das Abstrakte. Soziologische Skizzen zur Anthropologie. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt 1993, ISBN 3-518-28708-7.
- Friedrich Engels: Anteil der Arbeit an der Menschwerdung des Affen. SAV, Berlin 2009 (original: 1876).
- Lewis Henry Morgan: Die Urgesellschaft oder Untersuchung über den Fortschritt der Menschheit aus der Wildheit durch die Barbarei zur Zivilisation. 1891 (Nachdruck: Achenbach, Lahn 1979; US-Original 1877: Ancient Society, Or: Researches in the lines of human progress from savagery through barbarism to civilisation).
- Hansjürgen Müller-Beck: Die Steinzeit. Der Weg der Menschen in die Geschichte. 4., durchgesehene und aktualisierte Ausgabe. Beck, München 2004, ISBN 978-3-406-47719-5.
- Joachim Herrmann, Irmgard Sellnow (Hrsg.): Produktivkräfte und Gesellschaftsformationen in vorkapitalistischer Zeit. Akademie, Berlin 1982 (= Veröffentlichungen des Zentralinstituts für Alte Geschichte und Archäologie der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR. Band 12).
External links
- Wolfgang Currlin (2013-02-13). "Steinzeit". Geschichtszentrum – Lernumgebung für webbasierten Präsenzunterricht. Friedrichshafen. Retrieved 2014-04-21. mehrteiliges Tutorial
References
- ^ a b Friedrich Engels: Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigentums und des Staats (1884), in: MEW 21, Seite 36-84
- ^ Lewis Henry Morgan: Die Urgesellschaft, erste deutsche Übersetzung von 1908
- ISSN 0305-4403.
- ^ Werner Conze, Antje Sommer: Rasse. In: Otto Brunner, Werner Conze, Reinhart Koselleck (Hrsg.): Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe. Historisches Lexikon zur politisch-sozialen Sprache in Deutschland. Band 5, Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-608-91500-1, S. 135–178, hier S. 137.
- ^ Vgl. Carel van Schaik, Kai Michel: Das Tagebuch der Menschheit. Was die Bibel über unsere Evolution verrät. Rowohlt Verlag, Reinbek bei Hamburg 2016, ISBN 978-3-498-06216-3.
- ^ Bernd Andreae: Die epochale Abfolge landwirtschaftlicher Betriebsformen in Steppen und Trockensavannen (= Schriften der Gesellschaft für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften des Lanbaues e. V. Band 14). Landwirtschaftsverlag, Münster-Hiltrup 1977, S. 349–352.
- ^ Dieter Reinisch (Hrsg.): Der Urkommunismus. Auf den Spuren der egalitären Gesellschaft. Promedia, Wien 2012, ISBN 978-3-85371-350-1.