Primorsky Krai
This article needs additional citations for verification. (October 2013) |
Primorsky Krai Primorye | |
---|---|
Приморский край Приморье | |
ISO 3166 code | RU-PRI |
License plates | 25, 125 |
OKTMO ID | 05000000 |
Official languages | Russian[10] |
Website | http://www.primorsky.ru/ |
Primorsky Krai (
The krai shares Russia's only border with North Korea, along the Tumen River in Khasansky District in the southwestern corner of the krai. Peter the Great Gulf, the largest gulf in the Sea of Japan, is located along the south coast.
Historically part of
Etymology
The name of the krai is derived from the Russian words приморский (primorsky), meaning "littoral" or "coastal", and край (kray), meaning "region" or "area".[13][14][15] It is informally known as Primorye (Приморье, IPA: [prʲɪˈmorʲjɪ]) in Russian, and is occasionally translated as Maritime Territory in English.[13]
Geography
- Border length — over 3,000 kilometers (1,864 mi), including 1,350 kilometers (839 mi) of the sea borders.
- Highest peak — Anik Mountain, 1,933 meters (6,342 ft)
- Rail network length — 1,628 kilometers (1,012 mi) (of which 345 kilometers (214 mi) are electrified).
- Automobile road length — 12,633 kilometers (7,850 mi)
Primorsky Krai, bordered by China (Jilin and Heilongjiang), North Korea (Rason) and Khabarovsk Krai, and the relatively warm—although freezing in winter—waters of the Sea of Japan, is the southeasternmost region of Russia, located between the 42° and 48° north latitude and 130° and 139° east longitude. It is stretched in the meridianal direction, the distance from its extreme northern point to its most southerly point being about 900 kilometers (559 mi).
Topography
Highlands dominate the territory of the krai. Most of the territory is mountainous, and almost 80% of it is forested. The average elevation is about 500 meters (1,640 ft). Sikhote-Alin is a mountainous formation, extending for the most part of the Krai. It consists of a number of parallel ranges: the Partizansky (Partisan), the Siny (Blue), the Kholodny (Cold), and others. There are many karst caves in the south of Primorye, including the relatively accessible Spyashchaya Krasavitsa cave (the Sleeping Beauty) in the Ussuriysky Nature Preserve. There are comparatively well-preserved fragments of ancient volcanoes in the area.
The ranges are cut by the picturesque narrow and deep valleys of the rivers and by large brooks, such as the
Coast and islands
The krai's coastline is fairly straight, except for the southernmost section around Vladivostok which contains the Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula. There are numerous islands in this area, the main ones being Lisy Island, Askold Island, Putyatin Island, Skrebtsov island, Sibiryakov Island, the Eugénie Archipelago (the largest island of which being Russky Island), the Rimsky-Korsakov Archipelago and Furugelm Island.[16]
Flora and fauna
The geographic location of Primorye accounts for the variety of its
There are mountainous tundra areas, conifers and coniferous-deciduous forests, and forest-steppe, which is sometimes called the Far Eastern Prairie, where many ancient plant species have been preserved, including ferns, lotus, and the willow Salix arbutifolia (syn. Chosenia arbutifolia). The flora of the territory contains such plants as Taxus cuspidata, Juniperus rigida, Phellodendron amurense, Kalopanax, Aralia elata, Maackia amurensis, Alnus japonica, Actinidia kolomikta, Schisandra chinensis, Celastrus orbiculatus, Thladiantha dubia, Weigela, Eleutherococcus, Flueggea suffruticosa, Deutzia, Nelumbo nucifera, Betula schmidtii, Carpinus cordata, Acer mandshuricum, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Vitis amurensis, Panax ginseng and many others.[17]
The
Climate
- Primorsky Krai is dominated by a four-season humid continental climate.[18]
- Average annual temperature — near +1 °C (34 °F) in the north of the krai; +5.5 °C (41.9 °F) on the southern coast.[citation needed][vague]
- Average annual precipitation — 600–850 mm (23.6–33.5 in).[citation needed][vague]
History
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The area was settled by several Tungusic and Mongolic tribes, such as the Sushen, the proto-Mongol Shiwei and the Mohe. The
During the
The acquisition of
Primorskaya Oblast was established as the easternmost division of the Russian Empire in 1856. It included the territory of modern Primorsky Krai as well as the territories of modern Khabarovsk Krai and Magadan Oblast, stretching from Vladivostok to the Chukchi Peninsula in the far north.
In the period from 1859 to 1882, ninety-five settlements were established in the Primorye region, including Vladivostok, Ussuriysk, Razdolnoye, Vladimiro-Aleksandrovskoye, Shkotovo, Pokrovka, Tury Rog, and Kamen-Rybolov. The population was primarily engaged in hunting, fishing and cultivation. More than two-thirds of the territory's inhabitants followed these occupations.
During the latter part of the 19th century, there was a significant resource, industrial and resulting economic development in Primorye. Coal mining became a prominent industry, as did the export of
After the Russian Revolution and the victory of the communists, the new government renamed Primorskaya Oblast as the
The area became a battleground for allied and Bolshevik troops during the
Primorsky was the center of the ethnic Korean minority of Russia. The Pos'et Korean National Raion was created under the policy of
During this period, the Soviet government emphasized centralized planning of the economy. As in the rest of the Soviet Union, priority was given to heavy industry, with a special emphasis on mining and commercial fishing. There was a widespread investment in the construction of rail and sea transit, and new port facilities were constructed.
Primorsky Krai was formed by further subdivision of Far-Eastern Krai in 1938, as part of the Stalin-era policy of "unbundling". Primorsky Krai, as defined in 1938, corresponds to the northeastern part of the historical region of
On April 18, 1942, the region became accidentally involved in
During the 1970s, the Soviet Union expanded scientific institutions in Primorye, especially in the city of
By the early 1990s, once-small enterprises in the city had developed into large companies. Some of the most prominent include the
The
Politics
During the Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Primorsky CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). After 1991, the head of the Oblast administration and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament.
The Charter of Primorsky Krai is the fundamental law of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Primorsky Krai is the province's regional standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as the guarantor of the observance of the krai Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia.
Administrative divisions
Economy
Primorsky Krai's economy, the most balanced in the Russian Far East,[
The
Primorsky Krai is the Russian Far East's
The krai's proximity to
Primorsky Krai's compact territory is well endowed with
The largest companies in the region include Far-Eastern Energy Company, NNK-Bunker, Mazda Sollers, and Vostochny Port.[24]
Natural resources
Coal
More than 100 deposits of coal are known in Primorsky Krai. The commercial deposits of coal are connected to the Partizansky and Razdolnensky coal basins, the Podgorodnensky deposit, the Uglovsky basin, and the Shkotovsky, Pavlovsky, Bikinsky, Rettikhovsky, and Suputinsky deposits.
Partizansky Basin: The city of Partizansk is located in the southern part of the basin. The total area of the basin is 6,000 km2 (2,300 sq mi). The basin has been known since the 19th century and has been explored since 1902. Five coal-bearing regions—Staropartizansky, Melnikovsky, Belopadinsky, Molchanovsky, and Sergeyevsky—are within the limits of the basin. The coal is anthracite coal. By the output of volatile substances and caking ability, rich coals prevail. The reserves of coal in the basin total 193.6 million tonnes. The deposits are maintained by the mines of the Partizanskugol Association. A coal-mining factory also operates in this area.
Razdolnensky Basin: The total area of this basin is about 4,500 km2 (1,700 sq mi). The basin is located to the north and the west of the city of Ussuriysk. The basin includes the following deposits: Ussuriysky, Lipovetsky, Verkhne-Razdolnensky, Konstantinovsky, and Alekseye-Nikolsky. The deposits were prospected as early as 1868. The mining of coal has been conducted since 1909. By the output of volatile substances and coking ability, long-flame coals prevail. The reserves of coal in the basin total of 66.7 million tons. The deposits are maintained by the mines and the open-pit coal mines of the Lipovetskoye Mine Administration.
Uglovsky Basin: Located 30 km (19 mi) northeast of
Podgrodnensko-Surazhevsky: This coal-bearing region is located close to Vladivostok. The stocks of the Podgrodnensky deposit are estimated to be a total of 19.6 million tons. The coal is anthracite coal. By the output of volatile substances and caking ability, the coal is hard (non-bituminous). The deposits are maintained by the Podgorodenka mine of the Artyomugol Association.
The Paleogene-Neogene deposits of Primorsky Krai are the Bikinsky, Pavlovsky, Shkotovsky, Rettikhovsky, Rakovsky, and Khasansky deposits. The deposits are the major sources of fuel for the largest heat and power stations of Primorye: Luchegorskaya and Vladivostokskaya. The coal is
The Bikinsky Deposit is the largest
Pavlovsky Deposit: The total area is 400 km2 (150 sq mi). The reserves total 400 million tons. The coal-bearing thickness is up to 400 m (1,300 ft). The mining is maintained by the Pavlovsky-1 and Pavlovsky-2 Open-Pit Coal Mines. Coal is used as fuel for the Vladivostok Heat and Power Plant-2.
Skotovsky Deposit: The total area is 150 km2 (58 sq mi). The reserves total 251.6 million tons. The coal-bearing thickness ranges from 800 to 950 m (2,620 to 3,120 ft). Maintenance is by the open-pit mine of the Artyomugol Association.
The coal of the Pavlovsky, Skotovsky, and Bikinsky deposits contains
Tin
The major areas of occurrence of commercial
Tungsten
There are four major commercial deposits of tungsten in Krasnoarmeysky and Pozharsky Districts. The mining of only two of them is currently maintained, at Vostok-2 and Lermontovskoye by the Primorsky Mining Group and Lermontovskoye Mining Company. The enterprises have a 10-year reserve supply. The ores are complex, containing copper, gold, silver, bismuth, and other metals besides tungsten.
Lead and zinc
There are more than 10 commercial deposits of
Silver
Among the deposits of precious metals in Primorsky Krai,
Gold
More than 60 deposits of gold are found in the territory of the krai. Most of them are placer deposits. The southern part of the krai is the richest in placer deposits. Significant gold placer sites are at Kommisarovsky (the Pogranichnaya river), Fadeyevsky (the Fadeyevka river), Krinichny (the Bolshaya Rudnevka river), Nakhodkinsky (the Korobkovka river), and Soboliny (the Sobolinaya river). Okean Artel and Primorsky Mine are engaged in gold extraction. Gold is also extracted from complex deposits of tungsten ores.
Fluorspar
The Voznesenovsky and Pogranichny deposits of rare-metal-
Boron
Russia's largest deposit of
Limestone
There are more than 100 large deposits of various construction materials.
The Spasskaya group includes the Spasskoye and Dlinnogorskoye limestone deposits. The stocks total more than 100 million tons and are maintained by Spassktsement Stock Company.
The Suchanskaya group includes the Novitskoye and Chandolazskoye limestone deposits, which are located in Partizansky District. These deposits are suitable for the production of Portland cement of 400 and 500 types. The stocks total approximately more than 1 billion tons.
The Maikhinskaya group includes the Maikhinskoye and Glubinnogorskoye deposits located in Shkotovsky District. The estimated stocks of limestone in both deposits total about 60 million tons.
Ashlar stones
There are numerous deposits of granites, porphyrites, and marbles which, when polished, acquire a smooth surface of beautiful color. These deposits are located in Lesozavodsky, Khorolsky, Khasansky, Spassky, Chernigovsky, Partizansky, and other districts.
The Ambinskoye deposit of marble is located in Khasanky District. This marble is highly decorative and is easily polished. The estimated stocks total more than 2 million m3 (70.6 million ft3).
The Knorringskoye deposit of ashlar stones is located in Chernigovsky District. The estimated stocks total about 10 million m3 (35.3 million ft3). They are similar in color to the famous American ashlar stones.
Clays
There are more than 100 deposits of fusible clay which is used in brick production in the krai. Fusible clay deposits are found almost everywhere in the krai, except its northeastern parts. The Uglovskaya, Ussuriyskaya, and Spasskaya group of fusible clay deposits are noteworthy in this area.
The krai's largest stocks, a total of more than fifteen million tons, is the Uglovskaya group of deposits located in Uglovoye settlement. The deposits provide raw material to the brick factories in Vladivostok and Artyom.
There are more than twenty deposits of
The Lipovetskoye Deposit of refractory clay is located in Oktyabrsky District. The estimated stocks total about 1.5 million tons and are maintained by the Lipovetsky Brick Factory.
The Ozernovskoye deposit of fireclay is located in Uglovoye settlement. The estimated stocks total about 2 million tons and have been used for the manufacture of bricks since 1964.
Porcelain stones
Primorsky krai's best-known Gusevskoye deposit of porcelain stone is located in Khasansky District. The material is used by the Vladivostok and Artyom Porcelain Factories. The estimated stocks total about 3 million tons.
Feldspar rhyolites
The Sergeyevskoye deposit of ceramic rhyolites is located in Partizansky District. It may be used for the manufacture of porcelain.
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1897 | 190,012 | — |
1926 | 633,800 | +233.6% |
1939 | 906,805 | +43.1% |
1959 | 1,381,018 | +52.3% |
1970 | 1,721,285 | +24.6% |
1979 | 1,977,779 | +14.9% |
1989 | 2,258,391 | +14.2% |
2002 | 2,071,210 | −8.3% |
2010 | 1,956,497 | −5.5% |
2021 | 1,845,165 | −5.7% |
Source: Census data |
Demographics in the past
Several
Contemporary demographics
Population: According to the
Vital statistics for 2022:[27][28]
- Births: 16,150 (8.7 per 1,000)
- Deaths: 27,690 (14.9 per 1,000)
Total fertility rate (2022):[29]
1.43 children per woman
Life expectancy (2021):[30]
Total — 68.61 years (male — 63.98, female — 73.45)
Settlements
Largest cities or towns in Primorsky Krai
2020 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Administrative Division | Pop. | |||||||
Vladivostok Ussuriysk |
1 | Vladivostok | City of krai significance of Vladivostok | 606,589 | Nakhodka Artyom | ||||
2 | Ussuriysk | City of krai significance of Ussuriysk | 173,640 | ||||||
3 | Nakhodka | City of krai significance of Nakhodka | 145,159 | ||||||
4 | Artyom | City of krai significance of Artyom | 105,675 | ||||||
5 | Arsenyev | Town of krai significance of Arsenyev | 52,173 | ||||||
6 | Spassk-Dalny | Spassky District | 39,765 | ||||||
7 | Bolshoy Kamen | Town of krai significance of Bolshoy Kamen | 39,096 | ||||||
8 | Partizansk | Town of krai significance of Partizansk | 36,589 | ||||||
9 | Lesozavodsk | Town of krai significance of Lesozavodsk | 35,097 | ||||||
10 | Dalnegorsk | Town of krai significance of Dalnegorsk | 34,096 |
Ethnic groups
In the 2021 Census, the following ethnic groups were listed:
Ethnicity | Population | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Russians | 1,391,736 | 75.4% |
Ukrainians | 11,337 | 0.6% |
Koreans | 7,785 | 0.4% |
Uzbeks | 6,365 | 0.3% |
Armenians | 4,378 | 0.2% |
Tatars | 3,946 | 0.2% |
Other Ethnicities | 48,432 | 2.6% |
Ethnicity not stated | 371,186 | 20.1% |
Religion
According to a 2012 survey
Meteorite
The krai is the location of the massive
Sister districts
- Gangwon-do, South Korea[34]
- Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea
- Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea
- Osaka Prefecture, Japan
- Toyama Prefecture, Japan
See also
- Russian Manchuria
- Geography of Primorsky Krai
- List of cities in Primorsky Krai
- Winter storms of 2009–10 in East Asia
- Primorsky Krai Police
- Green Ukraine – a formerly proposed country in the Russian Far East
References
- ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
- ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
- ^ №14-КЗ 6 октября 1995 г. «Устав Приморского края», в ред. Закона №610-КЗ от 5 мая 2010 г «О внесении изменений в Устав Приморского края». Вступил в силу с момента официального опубликования. Опубликован: в виде отдельного издания, 16 октября 1995 г. (#14-KZ October 6, 1995 Charter of Primorsky Krai, as amended by the Law #610-KZ of May 5, 2010 On Amending the Charter of Primorsky Krai. Effective as of the moment of the official publication.).
- ^ Charter, Article 8.3.1
- ^ Charter, Article 8.4
- Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography. Archived from the originalon 9 February 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- ^ "Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
- ^ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
- ^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ "Kim Jong Il, leader of North Korea, dies | HISTORY".
- ^ a b "Primorye | kray, Russia". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-09-12.
- ^ "приморский translations and declension". en.openrussian.org. Retrieved 2020-09-12.
- ^ "край translations, 37 examples and declension". en.openrussian.org. Retrieved 2020-09-12.
- . Retrieved 8 December 2023.
- .
- ^ "Climate Primorsky Krai: Temperature, climate graph, Climate table for Primorsky Krai - Climate-Data.org". en.climate-data.org. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
- ^ RAIPON, June 13, 2008)
- ^ Pohl 1999, p. 10
- ^ See the article on the Doolittle Raid.
- ^ "Russia Casino Gambling". [World Casino Directory]. Retrieved 2015-02-22.
- ^ "NagaCorp's Primorsky Entertainment Resort City in Vladivostok". [World Casino Directory]. Retrieved 2015-02-22.
- ^ "Выписки ЕГРЮЛ и ЕГРИП, проверка контрагентов, ИНН и КПП организаций, реквизиты ИП и ООО". СБИС (in Russian). Retrieved 20 October 2018.
- ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
- ^ "Information on the number of registered births, deaths, marriages and divorces for January to December 2022". ROSSTAT. Archived from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
- ^ "Birth rate, mortality rate, natural increase, marriage rate, divorce rate for January to December 2022". ROSSTAT. Archived from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
- Russian Federal State Statistics Service (in Russian). Archived from the original(XLSX) on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
- ^ "Демографический ежегодник России" [The Demographic Yearbook of Russia] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service of Russia (Rosstat). Retrieved 2022-06-01.
- ^ "Национальный состав населения". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
- ^ a b c "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia". Sreda, 2012.
- ^ 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. Archived.
- ^ "Alberta Korea Office". www.albertacanada.com. 4 December 2023.
Sources
- №14-КЗ 6 октября 1995 г. «Устав Приморского края», в ред. Закона №359-КЗ от 18 декабря 2008 г. (#14-KZ October 6, 1995 Charter of Primorsky Krai, as amended by the Law #359-KZ of December 18, 2008. ).
- А. Р. Артёмьев и др. "История Российского Приморья". Дальнаука, 1998.
(A. R. Artyomyev et al. History of Russian Primorye. Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 1998)
External links
- Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). pp. 724–725.