Primula veris
Primula veris | |
---|---|
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Ericales |
Family: | Primulaceae |
Genus: | Primula |
Species: | P. veris
|
Binomial name | |
Primula veris | |
Subspecies | |
Primula veris subsp. macrocalyx |
Primula veris, the cowslip, common cowslip, or cowslip primrose (
Names
The common name cowslip may derive from the old English for cow dung, probably because the plant was often found growing amongst the manure in cow pastures.[3] An alternative derivation simply refers to slippery or boggy ground; again, a typical habitat for this plant.[4] The name "cowslop" derived from Old English still exists in some dialects, but the politer-sounding cowslip became standard in the 16th century.[5]
The species name veris ('of spring', referring to the season) is the genitive case form of Latin ver ('spring').[6] However, primrose P. vulgaris, flowers earlier, from December to May in the British Isles.[7]: 240
Other historical common names include cuy lippe, herb peter, paigle or pagil,[8] peggle, key flower, key of heaven, fairy cups, petty mulleins, crewel, buckles, palsywort, and plumrocks.[9]
Description
Primula veris is a variable
Distribution and habitat
The cowslip is frequently found on more open ground than the primrose, including open fields, meadows, coastal dunes, and clifftops.
Conservation
The plant suffered a decline due to changing agricultural practices throughout the 1970s and 1980s in Britain. It may therefore be rare locally, though where found it may be abundant. Additionally the seeds are now often included in wildflower seed mixes used to landscape motorway banks and similar civil engineering earthworks where the plants may be seen in dense stands. This practice has led to a revival in its fortunes.[11][12][13]
Cultivation
In cultivation this plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[14][15]
Similar species
The cowslip may be confused with the closely related
Chemical constituents
The roots of Primula veris contain several
The subspecies macrocalyx, growing in Siberia, contains the phenolic compound riccardin C.[21]
Cuisine
Cowslip leaves have been traditionally used in Spanish cooking as a salad green. Uses in English cookery include using the flowers to flavor country wine[22] and vinegars; sugaring to be a sweet or eaten as part of a composed salad while the juice of the cowslip is used to prepare tansy for frying.[citation needed] The close cousin of the cowslip, the primrose P. vulgaris has often been confused with the cowslip and its uses in cuisine are similar with the addition of its flowers being used as a colouring agent in desserts.
English children's writer Alison Uttley in her story "The Country Child" (1931) of family life on an English farm from the perspective of a 9-year-old farmer's daughter Susan describes cowslips among the favourite flowers of her heroine and mentions her participation in preparing them for making cowslip wine, a locally important process. After its initial preparation, cowslip wine "would change to sparkling yellow wine" offered in "little fluted glasses" with a biscuit to important "morning visitors" of the farm: such as the curate coming for subscriptions, the local squire (landowner) and an occasional dealer (of their produce). This wine "was more precious than elderberry wine, which was the drink for cold weather, for snow and sleet".[22]
In the midland and southern counties of England, a sweet and pleasant wine resembling the muscadel is made from the cowslip flower, and it is one of the most wholesome and pleasant of home-made wines, and slightly narcotic in its effects. In times when English wines were more used, every housewife in Warwickshire could produce her clear cowslip wine…the cowslip is still sold in many markets for this purpose, and little cottage girls still ramble the meadows during April and May in search of it…country people use it as a salad or boil it for the table.[23]
Anne Pratt
Myth and folklore
This herb was already mentioned by
References
- ^ "Primula veris L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
- ^ Preston, Pearman & Dines (2002). New Atlas of the British Flora. Oxford University Press.
- ^ Anon. "Cowslip". Word-Origins. Word-Origins.com. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
- ISBN 978-0199206872.
- ISBN 0-71-390442-9
- Perseus Project.
- ISBN 0521232902.
- ^ Notes to Beachy Head; with Other Poems: Charlotte Smith, 1807
- ^ Cowslip, from A Modern Herbal
- ISBN 978-1405332965.
- ^ "Primula veris – Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora". brc.ac.uk.
- ^ "Cowslip – Primula veris". Naturespot.org.uk.
- ^ "Cowslip" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector – Primula veris". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
- ^ "AGM Plants – Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 82. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
- ^ See CID 3038513 from PubChem for chemical structure
- ^ See Merck Index monograph for chemical details
- ISBN 978-0-8493-1961-7.
- ISBN 978-0-7126-1731-4.
- ^ "Glykosidy" (in Czech). biotox.cz.
- CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1052.8459.
- ^ a b Uttley, Alison (1952). The Country Child. London: Faber and Faber. p. 156.
- ^ Anne Pratt
- ^ ES Burgess (Jan. 1902). History of Pre-Clusian Botany in Its Relation to Aster pgs 70, 72, 246, 324, 332, 334/5, 435, 440. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
External links
- Davidson, Alan. Oxford Companion to Food (1999), "Cowslip". p. 221 ISBN 0-19-211579-0
- Gilmartin, Philip M. (October 2015). "On the origins of observations of heterostyly in Primula". New Phytologist. 208 (1): 39–51. PMID 26255981.
- Encyclopedia Americana. 1920. .
- Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921. .