Prince Louis of Battenberg

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the first Marquess of Milford Haven. For his son, see Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma.

Hereditary peerage
7 November 1917 – 11 September 1921
Marquess of Milford Haven
Preceded byNew creation
Succeeded byGeorge Mountbatten
Personal details
Born
Count Louis Alexander of Battenberg

(1854-05-24)24 May 1854
St. Mildred's Church, Whippingham
, Isle of Wight
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1884)​
Children
Battles/warsAnglo-Egyptian War
AwardsSee list

Louis Alexander Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Milford Haven (24 May 1854 – 11 September 1921), formerly Prince Louis Alexander of Battenberg, was a British

German prince related by marriage to the British royal family
.

Although born in Austria, and brought up in Italy and Germany, Louis enrolled in the

King Edward VII) occasionally intervened in his career: the Queen thought that there was "a belief that the Admiralty are afraid of promoting Officers who are Princes on account of the radical attacks of low papers and scurrilous ones".[1] However, Louis welcomed assignments that provided opportunities for him to acquire the skills of war and to demonstrate to his superiors that he was serious about his naval career. Posts on royal yachts and tours arranged by Queen Victoria and Prince Edward actually impeded his progress, as his promotions were perceived as undeserved royal favours.[2]

After a naval career lasting more than forty years, in 1912 Louis was appointed

King George V, in 1917. The King made Louis Marquess of Milford Haven
.

Louis married Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine, a granddaughter of Queen Victoria. They had four children: Alice, Louise, George, and Louis. Louise later became Queen of Sweden, while the younger Louis served as First Sea Lord, like his father, from 1954 to 1959. The Marquess and Marchioness of Milford Haven were the maternal grandparents of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.

Early life

Prince Louis photographed by Franz Backofen, c. 1865

Louis Alexander of Battenberg was born in

His Serene Highness Prince Louis of Battenberg when his mother was elevated to Princess of Battenberg with the style of Serene Highness, by decree of her husband's brother, Louis III, Grand Duke of Hesse.[4]

Shortly after Louis's birth, his father was stationed with the

Jugenheim, and the Alexander Palace in Darmstadt. Because his mother spoke French to him and he had an English governess, he grew up trilingual.[5]

Among the visitors entertained at Heiligenberg were Battenberg's relations, the

receiving ship.[11]

In January of the following year, the

Ottoman Sultan.[15]

Early naval career

Prince Louis photographed by Backofen in Darmstadt, 1869

Louis returned to Britain in May 1869. In June he joined

Franco-Prussian war,[17] but he spent the next three-and-a-half years in the Americas (Bermuda and Halifax, Nova Scotia), where his tour of duty served to make up for the training he had missed while posted with the Prince of Wales on the Ariadne.[18] Returning to Europe in early 1874, he was placed on the books of HMS Excellent at Portsmouth,[19] and passed the sub-lieutenant's examinations—gaining the best marks ever recorded at seamanship and joint best-ever at gunnery.[20]

In 1875, again at the invitation of the Prince of Wales, he joined

Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, as a lieutenant on board HMS Sultan.[24] In addition to acting as the Duke's equerry, Louis continued his naval duties. He did not enjoy the position, as the Duke was rather touchy[25] and Louis's cabin was infested with rats, one of which he caught with his bare hands as it ran across his chest as he lay in bed.[26] The Sultan toured the Mediterranean from July 1876.[24]

In late February–early March 1878, Louis was still serving on the Sultan as it lay in the

Stephen Chalturin unsuccessfully attempted to assassinate the Tsar with dynamite beneath the great dining room.[29]

HMS Agincourt, c. 1878

On 24 August 1880, Louis was posted to

Jeanne Marie. Langtry was also a one-time mistress of the Prince of Wales. Jeanne Marie's parentage was never completely verified, but Louis made a financial settlement nonetheless.[31][32][33]

From South Africa the Inconstant sailed to

Ras Al Teen Palace.[35] He was decorated with the Egypt War Medal by Queen Victoria personally.[36]

In November 1882, he left the Inconstant, spent Christmas in Darmstadt, and in March the following year visited his younger brother, Prince Alexander, in Bulgaria.[37] Alexander had been made Sovereign Prince of Bulgaria in 1879 with the approval of Europe's Great Powers. Louis accompanied his brother on a state visit to Turkey, and then on a tour of Cyprus and the Holy Land with the Turkish navy, during which Louis was appalled at the lack of seamanship—the Turkish captains were unable to navigate and had to hug the coast so as not to get lost; when they did leave the coast they became so disoriented that they were unable to steer for Jaffa. On its return journey the ship on which they had travelled ran aground.[38]

Marriage and family

Prince Louis photographed by Elliott & Fry in London, 1884

In September 1883,

Hessian Order of Louis.[42]

Louis and Victoria had four children:

Name Birth Death Notes
Alice 25 February 1885 5 December 1969 Married 1903, to Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark; had issue, including Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.
Louise 13 July 1889 7 March 1965 Married 1923, to
Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden
(making this his second marriage); one stillborn daughter.
George 6 November 1892 8 April 1938 Married 1916, to Countess Nadejda Mikhailovna de Torby; had issue.
Louis 25 June 1900 27 August 1979 Married 1922, to Edwina Cynthia Annette Ashley; had issue.

In 1885, one of Louis's younger brothers, Prince Henry of Battenberg, married Princess Beatrice, the youngest child of Queen Victoria, and took up residence with the Queen in Britain so that Beatrice could continue to serve as her mother's companion and personal secretary.[43]

Commander

HMS Dreadnought, c. 1894

On his penultimate day aboard the Queen's yacht, 30 August 1885, Louis was promoted to the rank of

British House of Commons. Conybeare asked, "What special qualifications have entitled a foreigner to be promoted over the heads of some 30 British officers?"[7] First Lord of the Admiralty Lord George Hamilton said, "Captain Stephenson, who commands the Dreadnought, applied for Prince Louis of Battenberg to fill the appointment. I may add that another officer who is about to command a large iron-clad in the Mediterranean has made a similar application."[7] He added that 22 commanders junior to Battenberg held similar appointments,[7] and that Battenberg was a naturalised British subject.[8] Another Liberal MP, Edward Pickersgill, backed up by Conybeare and Irish nationalist Charles Tanner, questioned the propriety of Battenberg's appointment to the Navy in 1868, given Battenberg's failure to get the required medical certificate, and suggested that he only got in the Navy because of royal favour.[9]

On 3 October 1889, Battenberg was appointed to his first independent command, HMS Scout, a torpedo-cruiser, which saw service in the Red Sea.[47]

Captain

On 31 December 1891, Prince Louis was promoted to the rank of captain.[48][49] At the beginning of the following year, he was appointed naval advisor to the inspector-general of fortifications. His role was to act as a liaison between the navy and the army in order to ensure a co-ordinated defence.[31] Traditionally, there was a great deal of friction between the two services, but Louis exercised his social skills in the role, leading Prince George, Duke of Cambridge, to write to him, "You have produced a mutual feeling of goodwill and unanimity which I have always wished to see established, and which, by your tact and sound judgement, you have brought about to the fullest extent."[50]

In 1892, Battenberg invented the

analogue computer device used by seamen to determine course and speed to steer for changes of position between ships.[51][52]

By February 1894 his role was further developed when he was appointed joint secretary of the naval and military committee on defence, which was later renamed the

Mediterranean Fleet from October 1894 to May 1897 and HMS Majestic in the Channel Fleet from June 1897.[53] His careful study of both naval and military defence, as well as its interaction, led to his appointment as assistant director of the Naval Intelligence in June 1899.[54] He used his relationships with the royal houses of Europe to gather intelligence on the naval fleets of other nations, which he passed on to the Admiralty in full and detailed reports.[55] He became an aide-de-camp to the Queen in 1897,[56] a post he would retain under both King Edward VII and King George V.[57]

Prince Louis photographed by Carl Vandyk of London, 1905

He commissioned the newly built battleship HMS Implacable on 10 September 1901,[58] and served as its captain for a year in the Mediterranean, during which he spectacularly defeated a larger opposing force in a naval exercise.[59] When the Second-in-Command of the Mediterranean Fleet, Rear-Admiral Burges Watson, died suddenly in late September 1902, Louis was temporarily appointed 2nd class Commodore with added responsibilities.[60] In November of the same year he was appointed as Director of Naval Intelligence,[61][62] an apt posting for a man whom First Lord of the Admiralty the Earl of Selborne described as "the cleverest sailor I have met yet".[63] The outgoing Director, Rear-Admiral Reginald Custance, had been Battenberg’s superior at the Naval Intelligence Department a few years earlier and tried to prevent Battenberg’s promotion to succeed him.[64]

Admiral

He was promoted to

Second Cruiser Squadron, and further visits to Spain (where his niece Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg was Queen), he was appointed second-in-command of the Mediterranean Fleet as acting vice-admiral with HMS Venerable as his flagship.[67]

After less than six months in post his flag was transferred to the battleship

Third and Fourth Divisions of the Home Fleet two years later. The years immediately preceding this appointment were marred by disagreements between Admirals Sir John Fisher and Lord Charles Beresford over the direction of the navy and the imposition of reforms. Louis largely supported Fisher's modernising efforts, although he disapproved of his methods, and as a result Fisher's opponents attempted to prevent Louis's promotions.[71]

Sea Lord

Fisher recommended Louis as

Second rather than First Sea Lord. As Second Sea Lord, Louis pushed through improvements in working conditions for the ratings, and created an Admiralty War Staff that would prepare the navy's plans in case of war.[74] He was promoted to full admiral on 13 July 1912.[75]

Portrait by Philip de László, 1910

However, almost a year to the day later, on 8 December 1912, Battenberg assumed the post of First Sea Lord in succession to

Wilson, Bridgeman and Battenberg] ensured that the professional leadership of the Royal Navy lost its direction in the four years preceding the war. Power now lay with the service's civilian head ... Winston Churchill."[77] Late in 1913 Battenberg (according to draft notes in Churchill's papers) gave what historian Nicholas Lambert describes as "uncharacteristically fierce resistance" to Churchill's suggestion of appointing his former superior Reginald Custance to the post of Chief of Naval War Staff (Doveton Sturdee was appointed instead). Jack Sandars, Arthur Balfour’s former political secretary, at one point recorded that his many sources at the Admiralty complained of Battenberg’s subservience to Churchill and that his nickname was "Quite Concur" after the words which he often wrote on Churchill’s memos.[64]

As First Sea Lord, Battenberg was responsible to the First Lord for the readiness of the fleet and the preparation of naval strategy, as well as the development of a scheme for state insurance of merchant vessels in times of war, which was to prove essential in preventing prohibitive insurance rates that would have stifled British trade.[78]

On the eve of the World War, Churchill and Battenberg made the crucial decision to cancel the scheduled dispersal of the British fleet following practice manoeuvres, to preserve the Royal Navy's battle readiness.[31][79] In the view of Andrew Lambert, "While Churchill planned to recall Fisher if war broke out, he missed the chance to prevent war that might have been provided by drafting him earlier. No Cabinet advised by Fisher would have made such a blundering, incompetent, disastrous response to the July [1914] Crisis. The British trumpet gave a very uncertain note in July [1914], allowing the Germans to delude themselves that Britain might be neutral ... the contrast in habits between the energy and enthusiasm of the young First Lord and the lackadaisical habits of the First Sea Lord Prince Louis of Battenberg made Fisher's recall all but inevitable."[80]

Upon the outbreak of war, gout began to cause Battenberg considerable pain, and the naval staff he had set up did not function as well as it ought to have done.[81] On 6 August 1914 Battenberg and the French Deputy Chief of Staff of the Navy Antoine Schwerer signed a convention in London on the division of responsibilities between the two navies.[82] The convention confirmed the terms of the Entente Cordiale, and placed France in command of all naval operations in the Mediterranean.[82] Malta and Gibraltar would both be treated as French naval bases. In the event that Austria entered the war France would act against its naval forces, and would at minimum prevent them passing the Strait of Otranto.[82]

Anti-German sentiment rose among the British public, in newspapers, and in elite

gentlemen's clubs, where resentment was inflamed by Admiral Lord Charles Beresford despite Churchill's remonstrances.[83] Driven by public opinion, Churchill asked Prince Louis to resign as First Sea Lord on 27 October 1914.[84] When acceptance of Battenberg's resignation was delayed by the King's opposition to the appointment of Fisher in his place, Louis wrote to Churchill, "I beg of you to release me. I am on the verge of breaking down & I cannot use my brain for anything."[85] On 13 November he wrote to Churchill's Naval Secretary, Rear-Admiral Horace Hood, "It was an awful wrench, but I had no choice from the moment it was made clear to me that the Government did not feel themselves strong enough to support me by some public pronouncement".[86] Churchill later told George Riddell (Diary 29 April 1915) that Battenberg had been "very lethargic". He was also critical of Doveton Sturdee "not a good Chief of Staff. He is a good fighting admiral but not a clever man."[87]

His resignation was announced amid an outpouring of appreciation from politicians and naval comrades. Battenberg had written to Churchill on 28 October, "What I shd (sic) value above all else is to be admitted to the

Admiral of the Fleet Lord John Hay thought that the "ingeniously propagated lies" originated from Germany.[90]

Prince Louis held no official post for the remainder of the war and lived in retirement at Kent House on the Isle of Wight.[91] He occupied his time in writing a comprehensive encyclopaedia on naval medals published in three large volumes, which became the standard reference work on the subject.[92] His naval career had been characterised by industry, invention and intellect; he introduced mechanical calculators to compute navigations and a cone signalling apparatus.[31] Although assured that he would be returned to command post-war, on 9 December 1918 the First Sea Lord, Admiral Sir Rosslyn Wemyss, wrote to Prince Louis informing him that he would not be employed again and suggested that he might retire in order to facilitate the promotion of younger officers. Prince Louis agreed,[93] and he officially retired on 1 January 1919 "at [his] own request", shortly before reaching the mandatory retirement age of 65.[94]

Adoption of the surname Mountbatten

Punch cartoon depicting King George V sweeping away the German titles held by members of his family, 1917

During the war, persistent rumours that the

Mountbatten", having considered but rejected "Battenhill" as an alternative.[95] On 7 November, the King created him Marquess of Milford Haven, Earl of Medina, and Viscount Alderney in the peerage of the United Kingdom.[96] He was offered a dukedom by George V, but declined as he could not afford the lavish lifestyle expected of a duke.[97]

The King's British relatives in the

Greek Royal Family in 1903, and never had occasion to use the surname Mountbatten. However, her only son, Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, adopted the name when he became a British subject in 1947.[98]

While the transition in names and titles was being effected, Louis spent some time at the home of his eldest son, George. After anglicising his surname to Mountbatten and becoming Marquess of Milford Haven, Louis wrote in his son's guestbook, "Arrived Prince Hyde, Departed Lord Jekyll".[99]

Final years and death

During the war, two of Lord Milford Haven's sisters-in-law (

Bolsheviks in Russia. Eventually, in January 1921, after a long and convoluted journey, the body of Grand Duchess Elizabeth Fyodorovna was interred in Jerusalem in the presence of Milford Haven and his wife.[100]

In 1919, the Milford Havens had to give up their home, Kent House, for financial reasons.

mark.[102] He sold Heiligenberg Castle, which he had inherited from his father, in 1920.[103]

Milford Haven was appointed Military

St. Mildred's Church, Whippingham, on the Isle of Wight.[102]

The marquess's elder son,

Viceroy of India, and was created Earl Mountbatten of Burma in 1947.[106]

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

Honours

Orders and decorations
Appointments

Arms

Coat of arms of Prince Louis of Battenberg
Coronet
A Coronet of a Marquess
Crest
1st: Out of a Coronet Or two Horns barry of ten Argent and Gules issuing from each three Linden Leaves Vert and from the outer side of each horn four Branches barwise having three like Leaves pendent therefrom of the last (Hesse); 2nd: Out of a Coronet Or a Plume of four Ostrich Feathers alternately Argent and Sable (Battenberg)
Escutcheon
Quarterly: 1st and 4th, Azure a Lion rampant double-queued barry of ten Argent and Gules armed and langued of the last crowned Or within a Bordure company of the second and third (Hesse); 2nd and 3rd, Argent two Pallets Sable (Battenberg)
Supporters
On either side a Lion double-queued and crowned all Or
Motto
In Honour Bound

Ancestry

Notes and citations

  1. ISBN 0-297-78470-6
  2. ^ Hough, p. 173
  3. ISBN 978-91-630-5964-3
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Ruvigny, Marquis of (1914), The Titled Nobility of Europe, London: Harrison and Sons, p. 307
  5. ^ Kerr, Mark (1934), Prince Louis of Battenberg, London: Longmans, Green and Co, pp. 4–5
  6. ^ Hough, p. 20
  7. ^ a b c d "Admiralty – Prince Louis of Battenberg – HMS Dreadnought HC Deb 2 August 1887 vol 318 cc924-6", Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), 2 August 1887, retrieved 6 February 2012
  8. ^ a b "Admiralty – Prince Louis of Battenberg – HMS Dreadnought HC Deb 4 August 1887 vol 318 c1170", Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), 4 August 1887, retrieved 6 February 2012
  9. ^ a b "Admiralty – the appointment of Prince Louis of Battenberg, HC Deb 5 August 1887 vol 318 cc1372-4", Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), 5 August 1887, retrieved 6 February 2012
  10. S2CID 159895698
  11. ^ Kerr, pp. 7–8
  12. ^ Kerr, pp. 9–10
  13. ^ Hough, p. 61
  14. ^ Kerr, pp. 14–16
  15. ^ Kerr, p. 18
  16. ^ Kerr, pp. 19–23
  17. ^ Kerr, pp. 25–27
  18. ^ Hough, pp. 67, 69 and 73
  19. ^ Kerr, p. 34 and p. xiii
  20. ^ Hough, p. 76
  21. ^ Kerr, p. 36
  22. ^ Hough, p. 80
  23. ^ "No. 24326". The London Gazette. 16 May 1876. p. 2982.
  24. ^ a b Kerr, p. 51
  25. ^ Kerr, p. 63 and Hough, p. 87
  26. ^ Kerr, p. 64
  27. ^ Kerr, p. 69
  28. ^ Kerr, p. 70
  29. ^ Hough, pp. 95–96
  30. ^ Kerr, pp. 71–99
  31. ^
    ISBN 978-0-19-861411-1
  32. ISBN 0-241-13686-5
  33. ^ Hough, pp. 97–98
  34. ^ Kerr, p. 100
  35. ^ Kerr, p. 101
  36. ^ Hough, p. 105
  37. ^ Kerr, p. 103
  38. ^ Kerr, p. 106
  39. ^ Kerr, p. 107
  40. ^ Vickers, p. 7
  41. ^ Kerr, p. 109 and Vickers, p. 20
  42. ^ Hough, p. 119
  43. ISBN 978-0-19-861411-1
  44. ^ Kerr, p. xii
  45. ^ "No. 25507". The London Gazette. 1 September 1885. p. 4131.
  46. ^ Kerr, p. xiii and p. 110
  47. ^ Kerr, pp. 111–114
  48. ^ Kerr, p. 166
  49. ^ "No. 26239". The London Gazette. 1 January 1892. p. 3.
  50. ^ Kerr, p. 118
  51. ^ "The Battenberg Course Indicator", Royal Navy document OU5274 "Remarks on Handling Ships", Great War Primary Document Archive, 1934, retrieved 11 June 2009
  52. ^ a b Lee, Annabel (12 November 1905), "Louis of Battenberg: A Talk with the Sailor-Prince" (PDF), The New York Times, retrieved 11 June 2009
  53. ^ Kerr, pp. 121–122
  54. ^ Kerr, p. xiv
  55. ^ Hough, pp. 179, 185–186
  56. ^ a b "No. 26809". The London Gazette. 1 January 1897. p. 3.
  57. ^ Kerr, p. 138
  58. ^ The Times (London) 11 September 1901, no. 36557, p. 8
  59. ^ Hough, pp. 223–225
  60. ^ The Times (London) 29 September 1902, no. 36885, p. 8
  61. ^ Kerr, pp. 142–157
  62. ^ "Important Naval Appointments", The Times (London) 23 October 1902, no. 36906, p. 3
  63. ^ Boyce, D. George (1990), The Crisis of British Power: The Imperial and Naval Papers of the Second Earl of Selborne, 1895–1910, London: The Historians' Press, p. 113
  64. ^ a b Lambert 2012, pp. 283-5
  65. ^ "No. 27692". The London Gazette. 5 July 1904. p. 4259.
  66. ^ Kerr, pp. 185–206
  67. ^ Kerr, pp. 214–221
  68. ^ "No. 28156". The London Gazette. 7 July 1908. p. 4940.
  69. ISBN 978-0-571-23156-0
  70. ^ Kerr, pp. 230–231
  71. ^ Hough, pp. 237–239
  72. ^ Fisher to J. A. Spender, 25 October 1911, quoted in Marder, vol. II, p. 398; see also Hough, p. 245
  73. ^ Horatio Bottomley in John Bull, 2 November 1911, quoted in Hough, p. 246
  74. ^ Hough, pp. 244–256
  75. ^ "No. 28627". The London Gazette. 16 July 1912. p. 5182.
  76. ^ Churchill, pp. 611–613; Kerr, p. 238
  77. ISBN 0-19-820877-4
  78. ^ Hough, p. 272
  79. ^ Kerr, p. 243
  80. ^ Lambert, p. 317
  81. ^ Goldrick, pp. 17–18
  82. ^ a b c Koburger, pp. 31–32
  83. ^ Hough, pp. 302–303
  84. ^ Hough, p. 307
  85. ^ Hattendorf, p. 87
  86. ^ Quoted in Goldrick, p. 155
  87. ^ Bell 2017, p.162
  88. ^ Gilbert, p. 149
  89. ^ The Times (London), 4 November 1914
  90. ^ The Times (London), 1 November 1914
  91. ^ Kerr, p. 259
  92. ^ Kerr, p. 265
  93. ^ Hough, p. 330
  94. ^ a b ADM 196/38
  95. ^ Hough, p. 317
  96. ^ "No. 30374". The London Gazette. 9 November 1917. p. 11594.
  97. ISBN 978-1-4767-3381-4
  98. ^ The Royal Family name, Official web site of the British monarchy, archived from the original on 15 February 2009, retrieved 11 June 2009
  99. ^ Kerr, p. 289
  100. ^ Kerr, p. 261
  101. ^ Kerr, p. 290
  102. ^ a b Kerr, p. 293
  103. ^ Vickers, p. 155
  104. ^ a b "No. 32178". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 January 1921. p. 4.
  105. ^ Ziegler, p. 60
  106. ^
    ISBN 0-9711966-2-1
  107. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Großherzogliche Familie", Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Hessen (in German), Darmstadt: Im Verlag der Invalidenanstalt, 1912–1913, p. 2 – via hathitrust.org
  108. ^ a b c Shaw, William Arthur (1906), The Knights of England, vol. 1, London: Sherratt and Hughes, pp. 212, 288, 418
  109. ^ "No. 28263". The London Gazette (Supplement). 22 June 1909. p. 4853.
  110. ^ "No. 26725". The London Gazette. 27 March 1896. p. 1960.
  111. ^ "No. 27811". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 June 1905. p. 4549.
  112. ^ a b c Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste (in German), Darmstadt: Staatsverlag, 1914, pp. 2, 4, 21 – via hathitrust.org
  113. ^ a b "Ritter-Orden", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie (in German), Vienna: Druck und Verlag der K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, 1914, pp. 63, 178 – via alex.onb.ac.at
  114. ISBN 978-2-35077-135-9
    .
  115. ^ "No. 30363". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 October 1917. p. 11322.
  116. ^ "Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III". Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish). Madrid: Sucesores de Rivadeneyra. 1914. p. 208 – via bne.es.
  117. ^ "Caballeros Grandes Cruces de la Orden del Mérito Naval". Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish). Madrid: Sucesores de Rivadeneyra. 1914. p. 547 – via bne.es.
  118. ^ "Königliche Orden", Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg (in German), Stuttgart: Druck von W. Kohlhammer, 1896, p. 28
  119. ^ "No. 28965". The London Gazette. 6 November 1914. p. 9011.
  120. ^ Cokayne, G.E. (1940), The Complete Peerage, revised, enlarged and edited by Doubleday, H.A. and Howard de Walden, Lord, London: St Catherine Press, vol. XIII p. 260
  121. ^ Paget, Gerald (1977), The Lineage & Ancestry of HRH Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, Edinburgh and London: Charles Skilton

References

External links
Military offices
New title
Ship commissioned
 Captain of HMS Implacable
1901–1902 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Director of Naval Intelligence
1902–1905 		Succeeded by
New title
Squadron formed
 Rear-Admiral Commanding Second Cruiser Squadron
1905–1907 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Second-in-Command Mediterranean Fleet
1907–1908 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Sir Assheton Curzon-Howe
 Commander-in-Chief Atlantic Fleet
1908–1910 		Succeeded by
Sir John Jellicoe
Preceded by
Second Sea Lord

1911–1912
Preceded by
First Sea Lord

1912–1914 		Succeeded by
Peerage of the United Kingdom
New creation Marquess of Milford Haven
1917–1921 		Succeeded by


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